Professor Gareth Collins

Faculty of Engineering, Department of Earth Science & Engineering

Professor of Planetary Science

Contact

Location

4.83Royal School of MinesSouth Kensington Campus

Summary

Impact is a fundamental solar system process: it builds planets from dust, it shapes planetary surfaces, it causes mass extinction and it threatens the survival of humankind. My research explores the many consequences of impacts in the solar system through the development and application of numerical impact models.

Biography

2018-	Professor, Imperial College London
2014-2018	Reader, Imperial College London
2011-2014	Senior Lecturer, Imperial College London
2007-2012	NERC Advanced Research Fellow, Imperial College London
2004-2007	NERC Postdoctoral Research Fellow (EMS), Imperial College London
2002-2004	Research Associate, Lunar and Planetary Lab., University of Arizona
1998-2002	PhD Geology (Numerical Modelling of Large Impact Crater Collapse), Imperial College London
1995-1998	BSc Geophysics (with Mathematics), University of Liverpool

Recent Measures of Esteem

2019 - ESA Hera mission Impact Working Group Member
2018 - Co-Investigator - NASA InSight Mission
2017 - Plenary Talk – Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (Univ. of Kent, Canterbury)
2017 - APS Meeting on Shock Physics of Condensed Matter (St. Louis, MO, USA)
2016- NASA DART Investigation Team Member
2014- Associate Editor JGR Planets
2013 Invited talk Herdman Society Symposium, University of Liverpool
2007-12 NERC Advanced Research Fellowship
2012 Invited talk AGU Fall Meeting
2011 Scientific committee for the "Bombardment II" workshop
2010 Invited talk European Planetary Science Conference, Rome.
2004-7 NERC Research Fellowship
2007 Scientific committee for the "Bridging the Gap II" impact cratering workshop
2007 Invited talk British Geophysical Association

Research Interests

My interests include all aspects of impact cratering and other, related violent geologic processes.

I develop and use numerical models to study impact processes, their consequences on Earth and in our Solar System, and related large, rapid, violent geologic processes, such as large rock avalanches.

For more information on my research, please visit my research pages.

To learn more about impact cratering and the potential effects of impacts on Earth, try the calculators that I have helped develop:

Impact: Earth!

The Earth Impact Effects Program

Cratering in the News

There are ~190 known impact craters on Earth, and more are found each year. Some recent media articles I have been involved in:

Meteor crater formed by low-velocity impact
Is Silverpit "crater" the UK''s first impact crater?
Is Lake Cheko a crater associated with the Tunguska event?
An impact really did kill the dinosaurs
Lunar impact: how the Moon’s Mare Orientale was formed
Asteroid strike made 'instant Himalayas'
Ancient Earth rock found on the Moon
Dinosaur-dooming asteroid struck Earth at ‘deadliest possible’ angle
Extremely rare fireball meteorite found in UK

Selected Publications

Journal Articles

Cheng AF, Agrusa HF, Barbee BW, et al.Cheng AF, Agrusa HF, Barbee BW, Meyer AJ, Farnham TL, Raducan SD, Richardson DC, Dotto E, Zinzi A, Della Corte V, Statler TS, Chesley S, Naidu SP, Hirabayashi M, Li J-Y, Eggl S, Barnouin OS, Chabot NL, Chocron S, Collins GS, Daly RT, Davison TM, DeCoster ME, Ernst CM, Ferrari F, Graninger DM, Jacobson SA, Jutzi M, Kumamoto KM, Luther R, Lyzhoft JR, Michel P, Murdoch N, Nakano R, Palmer E, Rivkin AS, Scheeres DJ, Stickle AM, Sunshine JM, Trigo-Rodriguez JM, Vincent J-B, Walker JD, Wünnemann K, Zhang Y, Amoroso M, Bertini I, Brucato JR, Capannolo A, Cremonese G, Dall'Ora M, Deshapriya PJD, Gai I, Hasselmann PH, Ieva S, Impresario G, Ivanovski SL, Lavagna M, Lucchetti A, Epifani EM, Modenini D, Pajola M, Palumbo P, Perna D, Pirrotta S, Poggiali G, Rossi A, Tortora P, Zannoni M, Zanotti G close, 2023, Momentum transfer from the DART mission kinetic impact on asteroid dimorphos, Nature, Vol:616, ISSN:0028-0836, Pages:457-460

Daly RT, Ernst CM, Barnouin OS, et al.Daly RT, Ernst CM, Barnouin OS, Chabot NL, Rivkin AS, Cheng AF, Adams EY, Agrusa HF, Abel ED, Alford AL, Asphaug EI, Atchison JA, Badger AR, Baki P, Ballouz R-L, Bekker DL, Bellerose J, Bhaskaran S, Buratti BJ, Cambioni S, Chen MH, Chesley SR, Chiu G, Collins GS, Cox MW, DeCoster ME, Ericksen PS, Espiritu RC, Faber AS, Farnham TL, Ferrari F, Fletcher ZJ, Gaskell RW, Graninger DM, Haque MA, Harrington-Duff PA, Hefter S, Herreros I, Hirabayashi M, Huang PM, Hsieh S-YW, Jacobson SA, Jenkins SN, Jensenius MA, John JW, Jutzi M, Kohout T, Krueger TO, Laipert FE, Lopez NR, Luther R, Lucchetti A, Mages DM, Marchi S, Martin AC, McQuaide ME, Michel P, Moskovitz NA, Murphy IW, Murdoch N, Naidu SP, Nair H, Nolan MC, Ormö J, Pajola M, Palmer EE, Peachey JM, Pravec P, Raducan SD, Ramesh KT, Ramirez JR, Reynolds EL, Richman JE, Robin CQ, Rodriguez LM, Roufberg LM, Rush BP, Sawyer CA, Scheeres DJ, Scheirich P, Schwartz SR, Shannon MP, Shapiro BN, Shearer CE, Smith EJ, Steele RJ, Steckloff JK, Stickle AM, Sunshine JM, Superfin EA, Tarzi ZB, Thomas CA, Thomas JR, Trigo-Rodríguez JM, Tropf BT, Vaughan AT, Velez D, Waller CD, Wilson DS, Wortman KA, Zhang Y close, 2023, Successful kinetic impact into an asteroid for planetary defense, Nature, Vol:616, ISSN:0028-0836, Pages:443-447

Dundas CM, Mellon MT, Posiolova LV, et al.Dundas CM, Mellon MT, Posiolova LV, Miljković K, Collins GS, Tornabene LL, Rangarajan VG, Golombek MP, Warner NH, Daubar IJ, Byrne S, McEwen AS, Seelos KD, Viola D, Bramson AM, Speth G close, 2023, A large new grater exposes the limits of water ice on Mars, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol:50, ISSN:0094-8276, Pages:1-9

King AJ, Daly L, Rowe J, et al.King AJ, Daly L, Rowe J, Joy KH, Greenwood RC, Devillepoix HAR, Suttle MD, Chan QHS, Russell SS, Bates HC, Bryson JFJ, Clay PL, Vida D, Lee MR, O'Brien Á, Hallis LJ, Stephen NR, Tartèse R, Sansom EK, Towner MC, Cupak M, Shober PM, Bland PA, Findlay R, Franchi IA, Verchovsky AB, Abernethy FAJ, Grady MM, Floyd CJ, Van Ginneken M, Bridges J, Hicks LJ, Jones RH, Mitchell JT, Genge MJ, Jenkins L, Martin P-E, Sephton MA, Watson JS, Salge T, Shirley KA, Curtis RJ, Warren TJ, Bowles NE, Stuart FM, Di Nicola L, Györe D, Boyce AJ, Shaw KMM, Elliott T, Steele RCJ, Povinec P, Laubenstein M, Sanderson D, Cresswell A, Jull AJT, Sýkora I, Sridhar S, Harrison RJ, Willcocks FM, Harrison CS, Hallatt D, Wozniakiewicz PJ, Burchell MJ, Alesbrook LS, Dignam A, Almeida NV, Smith CL, Clark B, Humphreys-Williams ER, Schofield PF, Cornwell LT, Spathis V, Morgan GH, Perkins MJ, Kacerek R, Campbell-Burns P, Colas F, Zanda B, Vernazza P, Bouley S, Jeanne S, Hankey M, Collins GS, Young JS, Shaw C, Horak J, Jones D, James N, Bosley S, Shuttleworth A, Dickinson P, McMullan I, Robson D, Smedley ARD, Stanley B, Bassom R, McIntyre M, Suttle AA, Fleet R, Bastiaens L, Ihász MB, McMullan S, Boazman SJ, Dickeson ZI, Grindrod PM, Pickersgill AE, Weir CJ, Suttle FM, Farrelly S, Spencer I, Naqvi S, Mayne B, Skilton D, Kirk D, Mounsey A, Mounsey SE, Mounsey S, Godfrey P, Bond L, Bond V, Wilcock C, Wilcock H, Wilcock R close, 2022, The Winchcombe meteorite, a unique and pristine witness from the outer solar system., Science of Advanced Materials, Vol:8, ISSN:1947-2935, Pages:1-17

Davison TM, Collins GS, 2022, Complex crater formation by oblique impacts on the Earth and Moon, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol:49, ISSN:0094-8276, Pages:1-9

Posiolova LV, Lognonné P, Banerdt WB, et al.Posiolova LV, Lognonné P, Banerdt WB, Clinton J, Collins GS, Kawamura T, Ceylan S, Daubar IJ, Fernando B, Froment M, Giardini D, Malin MC, Miljković K, Stähler SC, Xu Z, Banks ME, Beucler É, Cantor BA, Charalambous C, Dahmen N, Davis P, Drilleau M, Dundas CM, Durán C, Euchner F, Garcia RF, Golombek M, Horleston A, Keegan C, Khan A, Kim D, Larmat C, Lorenz R, Margerin L, Menina S, Panning M, Pardo C, Perrin C, Pike WT, Plasman M, Rajšić A, Rolland L, Rougier E, Speth G, Spiga A, Stott A, Susko D, Teanby NA, Valeh A, Werynski A, Wójcicka N, Zenhäusern G close, 2022, Largest recent impact craters on Mars: Orbital imaging and surface seismic co-investigation., Science, Vol:378, ISSN:0036-8075, Pages:412-417

Garcia RF, Daubar IJ, Beucler É, et al.Garcia RF, Daubar IJ, Beucler É, Posiolova LV, Collins GS, Lognonné P, Rolland L, Xu Z, Wójcicka N, Spiga A, Fernando B, Speth G, Martire L, Rajšić A, Miljković K, Sansom EK, Charalambous C, Ceylan S, Menina S, Margerin L, Lapeyre R, Neidhart T, Teanby NA, Schmerr NC, Bonnin M, Froment M, Clinton JF, Karatekin O, Stähler SC, Dahmen NL, Durán C, Horleston A, Kawamura T, Plasman M, Zenhäusern G, Giardini D, Panning M, Malin M, Banerdt WB close, 2022, Newly formed craters on Mars located using seismic and acoustic wave data from InSight, Nature Geoscience, Vol:15, ISSN:1752-0894, Pages:774-780

Wiggins SE, Johnson BC, Collins GS, et al.Wiggins SE, Johnson BC, Collins GS, Jay Melosh H, Marchi S close, 2022, Widespread impact-generated porosity in early planetary crusts., Nature Communications, Vol:13, ISSN:2041-1723, Pages:1-6

Collins GS, Newland EL, Schwarz D, et al.Collins GS, Newland EL, Schwarz D, Coleman M, McMullan S, Daubar IJ, Miljković K, Neidhart T, Sansom E close, 2022, Meteoroid fragmentation in the martian atmosphere and the formation of crater clusters, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol:127, ISSN:2169-9097, Pages:1-22

Daubar IJ, Lognonné P, Teanby NA, et al.Daubar IJ, Lognonné P, Teanby NA, Collins GS, Clinton J, Stähler S, Spiga A, Karakostas F, Ceylan S, Malin M, McEwen AS, Maguire R, Charalambous C, Onodera K, Lucas A, Rolland L, Vaubaillon J, Kawamura T, Böse M, Horleston A, Driel M, Stevanović J, Miljković K, Fernando B, Huang Q, Giardini D, Larmat CS, Leng K, Rajšić A, Schmerr N, Wójcicka N, Pike T, Wookey J, Rodriguez S, Garcia R, Banks ME, Margerin L, Posiolova L, Banerdt B close, 2020, A new crater near inSight: implications for seismic impact detectability on Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol:125, ISSN:2169-9097

Collins G, Patel N, Davison T, et al.Collins G, Patel N, Davison T, Rae A, Morgan J, Gulick S, IODPICDP Expedition 364 & Third-Party Scientists close, 2020, A steeply-inclined trajectory for the Chicxulub impact, Nature Communications, Vol:11, ISSN:2041-1723, Pages:1-10

Banerdt WB, Smrekar SE, Banfield D, et al.Banerdt WB, Smrekar SE, Banfield D, Giardini D, Golombek M, Johnson CL, Lognonne P, Spiga A, Spohn T, Perrin C, Stahler SC, Collins G, Pike WT close, 2020, Initial results from the InSight mission on Mars, Nature Geoscience, Vol:13, ISSN:1752-0894, Pages:183-189

Raducan SD, Davison TM, Collins GS, 2020, The effects of asteroid layering on ejecta mass-velocity distribution and implications for impact momentum transfer, Planetary and Space Science, Vol:180, ISSN:0032-0633

Gulick SPS, Bralower T, Ormö J, et al.Gulick SPS, Bralower T, Ormö J, Hall B, Grice K, Schaefer B, Lyons S, Freeman KH, Morgan J, Artemieva N, Kaskes P, de Graaff SJ, Whalen M, Collins G, Tikoo SM, Verhagen C, Christeson GL, Claeys P, Coolen M, Goderis S, Goto K, Grieve R, McCall N, Osinski G, Rae A, Riller U, Smit J, Vajda V, Wittmann A, and the Expedition 364 Scientists close, 2019, The first day of the Cenozoic, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol:116, ISSN:0027-8424, Pages:19342-19351

Raducan SD, Davison TM, Luther R, et al.Raducan SD, Davison TM, Luther R, Collins GS close, 2019, The role of asteroid strength, porosity and internal friction in impact momentum transfer, Icarus, Vol:329, ISSN:0019-1035, Pages:282-295

Rae ASP, Collins G, Morgan J, et al.Rae ASP, Collins G, Morgan J, Salge T, Christeson GL, Leung J, Lofi J, Gulick SPS, Poelchau M, Riller U, Gebhardt C, Grieve RA, Osinski GR close, 2019, Impact-induced porosity and micro-fracturing at the Chicxulub impact structure, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol:124, ISSN:2169-9097, Pages:1960-1978

McMullan S, Collins GS, 2019, Uncertainty quantification in continuous fragmentation airburst models, Icarus, Vol:327, ISSN:0019-1035, Pages:19-35

Bellucci JJ, Nemchin AA, Grange M, et al.Bellucci JJ, Nemchin AA, Grange M, Robinson KL, Collins G, Whitehouse MJ, Snape JF, Norman MD, Kring DA close, 2019, Terrestrial-like zircon in a clast from an Apollo 14 breccia, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol:510, ISSN:0012-821X, Pages:173-185

Rae A, Collins G, Poelchau M, et al.Rae A, Collins G, Poelchau M, Riller U, Davison T, Grieve R, Osinski G, Morgan J, IODP‐ICDP Expedition 364 Scientists close, 2019, Stress-strain evolution during peak-ring formation: a case study of the Chicxulub impact structure, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol:124, ISSN:2169-9097, Pages:396-417

Riller U, Poelchau MH, Rae A, et al.Riller U, Poelchau MH, Rae A, Schulte FM, Collins GS, Melosh HJ, Grieve RAF, Morgan JV, Gulick SPS, Lofi J, Diaw A, McCall N, Kring DA close, 2018, Rock fluidization during peak-ring formation of large impact structures, Nature, Vol:562, ISSN:0028-0836, Pages:511-518

Morgan JV, Gulick SPS, Bralower T, et al.Morgan JV, Gulick SPS, Bralower T, Chenot E, Christeson G, Claeys P, Cockell C, Collins GS, Coolen MJL, Ferrière L, Gebhardt C, Goto K, Jones H, Kring DA, Le Ber E, Lofi J, Long X, Lowery C, Mellett C, Ocampo-Torres R, Osinski GR, Perez-Cruz L, Pickersgill A, Poelchau M, Rae A, Rasmussen C, Rebolledo-Vieyra M, Riller U, Sato H, Schmitt DR, Smit J, Tikoo S, Tomioka N, Urrutia-Fucugauchi J, Whalen M, Wittmann A, Yamaguchi KE, Zylberman W close, 2016, The formation of peak rings in large impact craters, Science, Vol:354, ISSN:0036-8075, Pages:878-882

Johnson BC, Blair DM, Collins GS, 2016, Formation of the Orientale lunar multiring basin, Science, Vol:354, ISSN:0036-8075, Pages:441-444

Kring DA, Kramer GY, Collins GS, et al.Kring DA, Kramer GY, Collins GS, Potter RWK, Chandnani M close, 2016, Peak-Ring Structure and Kinematics from a Multi-disciplinary Study of the Schrödinger Impact Basin, Nature Communications, Vol:7, ISSN:2041-1723

Milbury C, Johnson BC, Melosh HJ, et al.Milbury C, Johnson BC, Melosh HJ, Collins GS, Blair DM, Soderblom JM, Nimmo F, Bierson CJ, Phillips RJ, Zuber MT close, 2015, Preimpact porosity controls the gravity signature of lunar craters, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol:42, ISSN:1944-8007, Pages:9711-9716

Jacobs CT, Goldin TJ, Collins GS, et al.Jacobs CT, Goldin TJ, Collins GS, Piggott MD, Kramer SC, Melosh HJ, Wilson CRG, Allison PA close, 2015, An improved quantitative measure of the tendency for volcanic ash plumes to form in water: implications for the deposition of marine ash beds, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol:290, ISSN:0377-0273, Pages:114-124

Miljkovic K, Wieczorek MA, Collins GS, et al.Miljkovic K, Wieczorek MA, Collins GS, Solomon SC, Smith DE, Zuber MT close, 2015, Excavation of the lunar mantle by basin-forming impact events on the Moon, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol:409, ISSN:0012-821X, Pages:243-251

Bland PA, Collins GS, Davison TM, et al.Bland PA, Collins GS, Davison TM, Abreu NM, Ciesla FJ, Muxworthy AR, Moore J close, 2014, Pressure-temperature evolution of primordial solar system solids during impact-induced compaction, Nature Communications, Vol:5, ISSN:2041-1723, Pages:1-13

Collins GS, 2014, Numerical simulations of impact crater formation with dilatancy, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol:119, ISSN:2169-9097, Pages:2600-2619

Hill J, Collins GS, Avdis A, et al.Hill J, Collins GS, Avdis A, Kramer SC, Piggott MD close, 2014, How does multiscale modelling and inclusion of realistic palaeobathymetry affect numerical simulation of the Storegga Slide tsunami?, Ocean Modelling, Vol:83, ISSN:1463-5003, Pages:11-25

Miljković K, Wieczorek MA, Collins GS, et al.Miljković K, Wieczorek MA, Collins GS, Laneuville M, Neumann GA, Melosh HJ, Solomon SC, Phillips RJ, Smith DE, Zuber MT close, 2013, Asymmetric Distribution of Lunar Impact Basins Caused by Variations in Target Properties, Science, Vol:342, ISSN:0036-8075, Pages:724-726

Davison TM, O'Brien DP, Ciesla FJ, et al.Davison TM, O'Brien DP, Ciesla FJ, Collins GS close, 2013, The early impact histories of meteorite parent bodies, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol:48, ISSN:1086-9379, Pages:1894-1918

Miljković K, Collins GS, Mannick S, et al.Miljković K, Collins GS, Mannick S, Bland PA close, 2013, Morphology and population of binary asteroid impact craters, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol:363, ISSN:0012-821X, Pages:121-132

Potter RWK, Kring DA, Collins GS, 2013, Quantifying the attenuation of structural uplift beneath large lunar craters, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol:40, ISSN:1944-8007, Pages:5615–5620-5615–5620

Potter RWK, Kring DA, Collins GS, et al.Potter RWK, Kring DA, Collins GS, Kiefer WS, McGovern PJ close, 2012, Estimating transient crater size using the crustal annular bulge: Insights from numerical modeling of lunar basin-scale impacts, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol:39, ISSN:0094-8276

Collins GS, Melosh HJ, Osinski GR, 2012, The Impact-Cratering Process, Elements, Vol:8, ISSN:1811-5209, Pages:25-30

Potter RWK, Collins GS, Kiefer WS, et al.Potter RWK, Collins GS, Kiefer WS, McGovern PJ, Kring DA close, 2012, Constraining the size of the South Pole-Aitken basin impact, Icarus, Vol:220, ISSN:0019-1035, Pages:730 - 743-730 - 743

Collins GS, Elbeshausen D, Davison TM, et al.Collins GS, Elbeshausen D, Davison TM, Robbins SJ, Hynek BM close, 2011, The size-frequency distribution of elliptical impact craters, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol:310, ISSN:0012-821X, Pages:1-8

Collins GS, Melosh HJ, Wunnemann K, 2011, Improvements to the epsilon-alpha porous compaction model for simulating impacts into high-porosity solar system objects, International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol:38, ISSN:0734-743X, Pages:434-439

Schulte P, Alegret L, Arenillas I, et al.Schulte P, Alegret L, Arenillas I, Arz JA, Barton PJ, Bown PR, Bralower TJ, Christeson GL, Claeys P, Cockell CS, Collins GS, Deutsch A, Goldin TJ, Goto K, Grajales-Nishimura JM, Grieve RAF, Gulick SPS, Johnson KR, Kiessling W, Koeberl C, Kring DA, MacLeod KG, Matsui T, Melosh J, Montanari A, Morgan JV, Neal CR, Nichols DJ, Norris RD, Pierazzo E, Ravizza G, Rebolledo-Vieyra M, Reimold WU, Robin E, Salge T, Speijer RP, Sweet AR, Urrutia-Fucugauchi J, Vajda V, Whalen MT, Willumsen PS close, 2010, The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary, Science, Vol:327, ISSN:0036-8075, Pages:1214-1218

Elbeshausen D, Wuennemann K, Collins GS, 2009, Scaling of oblique impacts in frictional targets: Implications for crater size and formation mechanisms, Icarus, Vol:204, ISSN:0019-1035, Pages:716-731

Christeson GL, Collins GS, Morgan JV, et al.Christeson GL, Collins GS, Morgan JV, Gulick SPS, Barton PJ, Warner MR close, 2009, Mantle deformation beneath the Chicxulub impact crater, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol:284, ISSN:0012-821X, Pages:249-257

Collins GS, Morgan J, Barton P, et al.Collins GS, Morgan J, Barton P, Christeson GL, Gulick S, Urrutia J, Warner M, Wunnemann K close, 2008, Dynamic modeling suggests terrace zone asymmetry in the Chicxulub crater is caused by target heterogeneity, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol:270, ISSN:0012-821X, Pages:221-230

Wuennemann K, Collins GS, Osinski GR, 2008, Numerical modelling of impact melt production in porous rocks, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol:269, ISSN:0012-821X, Pages:529-538

Wunnemann K, Collins GS, Melosh HJ, 2006, A strain-based porosity model for use in hydrocode simulations of impacts and implications for transient crater growth in porous targets, Icarus, Vol:180, ISSN:0019-1035, Pages:514-527

Collins GS, Wunnemann K, 2005, How big was the Chesapeake Bay impact? Insight from numerical modeling, Geology, Vol:33, ISSN:0091-7613, Pages:925-928

Collins GS, Melosh HJ, Marcus RA, 2005, Earth Impact Effects Program: A Web-based computer program for calculating the regional environmental consequences of a meteoroid impact on Earth, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol:40, ISSN:1086-9379, Pages:817-840

Melosh HJ, Collins GS, 2005, Meteor Crater formed by low-velocity impact - The paucity of melted rock in this crater may be due to the striking projectile's speed, Nature, Vol:434, ISSN:0028-0836, Pages:157-157

Collins GS, Melosh HJ, Ivanov BA, 2004, Modeling damage and deformation in impact simulations, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol:39, ISSN:1086-9379, Pages:217-231

Collins GS, Melosh HJ, Morgan JV, et al.Collins GS, Melosh HJ, Morgan JV, Warner MR close, 2002, Hydrocode Simulations of Chicxulub crater collapse and peak-ring formation, Icarus, Vol:157, ISSN:0019-1035, Pages:24-33

Morgan, J.V., Warner, M.R., Collins, G., et al.Morgan, J.V., Warner, M.R., Collins, G., Melosh, H.J., Christeson, G.L. close, 2000, Peak-ring formation in large impact craters: geophysical constraints from Chicxulub, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol:183, ISSN:0012-821X, Pages:347-354

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