Publications
73 results found
Yallop D, Duncan ER, Norris E, et al., 2007, The association between air quality and the number of hospital admissions for acute pain and sickle-cell disease in an urban environmnet, British Journal of Haematology, Vol: 136, Pages: 844-848, ISSN: 0007-1048
Green D, Fuller GW, 2006, The implications of tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) software configuration on particulate matter measurements in the UK and Europe, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, Vol: 40, Pages: 5608-5616, ISSN: 1352-2310
The tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) is used to measure ambient particulate matter concentrations worldwide. The instrument is configured with a correction factor required by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to account for the difference between the TEOM and the gravimetric method. However, numerous studies have shown that this factor does not fully account for these differences, consequently, the European Commission (EC) insists on an independent assessment of the differences. The US EPA correction was found to contribute between 3 and 5 mu g m(-3) to the daily mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at Marylebone Road, London, between I January 2001 and 31 December 2004. The TEOM is also configured to express measurements to a standard temperature (25 degrees C) and a standard pressure (1 atm). This differs from the US EPA requirement of ambient reporting conditions for both PM10 and PM2.5. It also differs from the European position, which also requires reporting at ambient conditions. When compared to ambient reporting conditions, the TEOM standard temperature and pressure correction was found to contribute between -1 and 7 mu g m(-3) to the daily mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, and 2 mu g m(-3) to the annual mean concentrations. The standard temperature and pressure correction was also demonstrated to vary the annual mean concentration measured using the TEOM by 2-8% between European capital cities, with higher values in colder northern cities. The standard temperature and pressure correction to individual daily mean concentrations was shown to be up to 20%. It is recommended that the US EPA correction factor is removed from TEOM measurements and that all measurements are reported at ambient temperature and pressure. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Fuller GW, Green D, 2006, Evidence for increasing concentrations of primary PM10 in London, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, Vol: 40, Pages: 6134-6145, ISSN: 1352-2310
Although annual mean concentrations of PM10 in and around London reduced during the 1990s, concentrations have been relatively stable since, with small increases during 2001-2003. A modelling method was used to apportion the measured annual mean concentration of PM10 between primary, and secondary and natural sources at monitoring sites in and around London between 1997 and 2004. The annual mean concentration of PM10 from primary sources reached a minimum during 1998. Between 1998 and 2003 the greatest change in the annual mean concentration of primary PM10 occurred at sites adjacent to busy roads: Marylebone Road (7.0 +/- 2.6 mu g m(-3)), Wandsworth 4 (6.0 +/- 1.1 mu g m(-3)) and Ealing 2 (4.5 +/- 1.4 mu g m(-3)). The smallest change in the concentration of PM10 from primary sources occurred at background locations in towns outside London. It is therefore likely that the additional primary PM10 arose from road traffic. These increases in PM10 from primary sources contradict emissions inventory estimates that indicate reductions in primary PM10. The annual mean concentration of PM10 from secondary and natural sources declined by 2.0 +/- 3.0 mu g m(-3) or 11 +/- 16% between 1997 and 2003. The annual mean concentration of PM10 from these sources reduced until the year ended 1st July 2001 and then increased during the remainder of 2001, 2002 and 2003. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Fuller GW, Green D, 2004, The impact of local fugitive PM10 from building works and road works on the assessment of the European Union Limit Value, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, Vol: 38, Pages: 4993-5002, ISSN: 1352-2310
In Europe, air quality Limit Values have been established for PM10. In this study we determined the impact of PM10 arising from a range building works and road works at over 80 monitoring sites in and around London during the period 1999 to 2001. Examination of PM10 measurements suggests that these local fugitive sources may have been responsible for daily mean concentrations above 50 mug m(-3) at 25% of the monitoring sites each year. PM10 source apportionment was used to show that building works and road works close to monitoring sites can cause daily mean measurements of PM10 to exceed 50 mug m(-3) and may therefore contribute to a breach of the European Union (EU) Limit Value. In one case, building works close to the Marylebone Road monitoring site caused the daily mean PM, concentration to exceed 50 mug m-3 on 24 days between June and December 1999. In the future, such local fugitive sources will play a greater role in the attainment of the Limit Value as PM10 from primary and secondary sources is reduced by control measures. Given that PM10 from building works and road works have only a local impact it would be misleading to imply that a city, agglomeration or region has exceeded the EU Limit value on the basis of this type of local incident. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Carslaw DC, Beevers SD, Fuller G, 2002, Predictions of annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations in London, Techniques - Sciences - Methodes, Pages: 13-19, ISSN: 0299-7258
The UK has set the provisional annual mean NO2 objective of 40 μg.m-3, to be achieved by the end of 2005. Considerable efforts are being made in the UK to develop methods for the prediction of NO2 in large urban areas, and in particular for London. This paper describes how monitoring data can be used in an 'active' sense to make predictions of future NO2 concentrations. Methodologies based on the use of monitoring data are attractive as they can be straightforward and tend to constrain predictions to reflect actual atmospheric conditions. Relationships between NOx and NO2 have been derived that allow for the effect of different NOx reductions to be assessed. These non-linear relationships have been applied to calculate the reduction in NOx necessary in order to meet the 40 μgm-3 objective and the final NOx concentration that is equivalent to the objective. It is shown that central London requires the greatest reduction in NOx for two reasons. First, concentrations of NOx are highest in central London. Second, that the concentration of NOx required to meet 40 μg.m-3 is lowest in central London, and can be as low as 57 μgm-3. Air arriving in central London travels over the areas of highest emissions and effectively has most time for the conversion of NO to NO2 to take place, thus resulting in higher NO2 to NOx ratios. The application of the approach to London-wide predictions in 2005 shows that a large area of central London is unlikely to meet the annual mean objective for NO2 based on currently planned emission reductions.
Ryall DB, Derwent RG, Manning AJ, et al., 2002, The origin of high particulate concentrations over the United Kingdom, March 2000, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, Vol: 36, Pages: 1363-1378, ISSN: 1352-2310
An episode of exceptionally high PM10 and PM2.5 levels was observed during the night of the 2-3 March 2000 throughout England and Wales. The weather was characterised by strong westerly winds and widespread rainfall associated with a low pressure system to the north of Scotland, conditions usually associated with relatively clean, unpolluted air. Possible sources included volcanic ash from an eruption on 26 February 2000 in Iceland, or dust from large sandstorms over the Sahara, A combination of atmospheric transport modelling using the Lagrangian dispersion model NAME, an analyses of satellite imagery and observational data from Mace Head has shown that the most likely origin of the episode was long range transport of dust from the Sahara region of North Africa. Further modelling studies have revealed a number of previously unidentified dust episodes, and indicate that transport of dust from the Sahara can occur several times a year. Dust episodes are of interest for a number of reasons, particulate levels can be elevated over a wide area and in some instances can significantly exceeded current air quality standards. If a natural source is identified over which there can be no control, there are implications for the setting of air quality standards. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Carslaw DC, Beevers SD, Fuller G, 2002, Prévisions des concentrations annuelles moyennes de dioxyde d'azote dans la ville de Londres, Techniques - Sciences - Methodes, Pages: 13-19, ISSN: 0299-7258
The UK has set the provisional annual mean NO2 objective of 40 μg.m-3, to be achieved by the end of 2005. Considerable efforts are being made in the UK to develop methods for the prediction of NO2 in large urban areas, and in particular for London. This paper describes how monitoring data can be used in an 'active' sense to make predictions of future NO2 concentrations. Methodologies based on the use of monitoring data are attractive as they can be straightforward and tend to constrain predictions to reflect actual atmospheric conditions. Relationships between NOx and NO2 have been derived that allow for the effect of different NOx reductions to be assessed. These non-linear relationships have been applied to calculate the reduction in NOx necessary in order to meet the 40 μgm-3 objective and the final NOx concentration that is equivalent to the objective. It is shown that central London requires the greatest reduction in NOx for two reasons. First, concentrations of NOx are highest in central London. Second, that the concentration of NOx required to meet 40 μg.m-3 is lowest in central London, and can be as low as 57 μgm-3. Air arriving in central London travels over the areas of highest emissions and effectively has most time for the conversion of NO to NO2 to take place, thus resulting in higher NO2 to NOx ratios. The application of the approach to London-wide predictions in 2005 shows that a large area of central London is unlikely to meet the annual mean objective for NO2 based on currently planned emission reductions.
Fuller GW, Carslaw DC, Lodge HW, 2002, An empirical approach for the prediction of daily mean PM10 concentrations, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, Vol: 36, Pages: 1431-1441, ISSN: 1352-2310
An empirical model has been devised to predict concentrations of PM10 at background and roadside locations in London. Factors to calculate primary PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations are derived from annual mean NOx, PM2.5 and PM10 measurements across London and south east England. These factors are used to calculate daily means for the primary and non-primary PM10 fractions for the London area. The model accurately predicts daily mean PM10 and EU Directive Limit values across a range of sites from kerbside to rural. Predictions of future PM10 can be made using the expected reductions in secondary PM10 and site specific annual mean NOx predicted from emission inventories and dispersion modelling. The model suggests that the EU Directive Limit values will be exceeded close to many of London's busiest roads, and perhaps at central background sites should there be a repeat of 1996 meteorological conditions during 2005. A repeat of 1997 meteorology conditions during 2005 would lead to the EU Limit Value being exceeded alongside the busiest central London roads only. The model is applicable for London and south east England but the methodology could be applied elsewhere at a city or regional level. The model relies on the currently observed ratio between NOx and PM10. This ratio has remained constant over the last 4 years but might change in the future. The NOx:PM10 ratio derived from measurements and used in this model, implies that emission inventories might over estimate primary PM10 by more than 50%. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Beevers SD, Carslaw DC, Fuller GW, 2001, London's air quality: Nitrogen dioxide and particles (PM10) in London's air - Present and future, Area, Vol: 33, Pages: 98-102, ISSN: 0004-0894
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Beevers SD, Carslaw DC, Fuller GW, 2001, London's air quality: nitrogen dioxide and particles (PM10) in London's air - present and future, AREA, Vol: 33, Pages: 97-102, ISSN: 0004-0894
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Beevers SD, Carslaw DC, Fuller GW, 2001, London's air quality, nitrogen dioxide and particles (PM10) in London's air - present and future, Vol: 33, Pages: 98-102, ISSN: 0004-0894
Green D, Fuller G, Barratt B, 2001, Evaluation of TEOM (TM) 'correction factors' for assessing the EU Stage 1 limit values for PM10, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, Vol: 35, Pages: 2589-2593, ISSN: 1352-2310
A study has been carried out to compare the results of PM10 determinations using TEOM(TM) and gravimetric instruments. Whilst the TEOM instruments have been used by the UK Government for many years to develop a National Air Quality Objective, the European Directive (99/30/EC) Stage 1 limit values for PM10 require a gravimetric method (or an approved equivalent method) to be used. However, there are significant differences between the two techniques, which have been investigated by co-locating a TEOM PM10 monitor and a gravimetric (Partisol) PM10 sampler at Marylebone Road, London between June 1997 and January 2000. This paper investigates the current practice of using a single 'correction factor' on TEOM PM10 data when these data are being used to assess the EU Stage 1 limit values for PM10, which should be measured using a gravimetric technique. The ability of the 'corrected' TEOM PM10 values to accurately reflect the annual mean and the number of 24 h means above 50 mug m(-3) produced by the co-located Partisol PM10 sampler is used as the test for the suitability of the single correction factor. This study demonstrates that a single 'correction factor' will not reflect the site and season specificity. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Carslaw DC, Beevers SD, Fuller G, 2001, An empirical approach for the prediction of annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations in London, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, Vol: 35, Pages: 1505-1515, ISSN: 1352-2310
Annual mean limits for NO2 concentrations have been set in the European Union, which will be most challenging to meet in large urban conurbations. in this paper, we discuss techniques that have been developed to predict current and future NO2 concentrations in London, utilising ambient data. Hourly average NOx (NO + NO2) and NO2 concentrations are used to calculate NO, frequency distributions. By defining relationships between the annual mean NO, and NO, at different sites, it is possible to investigate different NO, reduction strategies. The application of the frequency distribution approach to monitoring sites in London shows that given the likely change in emissions by 2005, it is unlikely that much of central and inner London will meet the objective. The approaches used suggest that meeting the objective in central London will be the most challenging for policy makers requiring NO, concentrations as low as 30 ppb, compared with values closer to 36-40 ppb for outer London. Predictions for 2005 indicate that concentrations of NO2 up to 6 ppb in excess of the objective are likely in central London. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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