Publications
563 results found
Banerjee J, McLister A, Gourin B, et al., 2023, Tributyrin ester-impregnated pH strips for confirming neonatal feeding tube placement: a diagnostic test accuracy study, Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition, Vol: 108, Pages: 433-434, ISSN: 1359-2998
Savva K-V, Das B, Antonowicz S, et al., 2022, Progress with metabolomic blood tests for gastrointestinal cancer diagnosis-an assessment of biomarker translation, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, Vol: 31, Pages: 2095-2105, ISSN: 1055-9965
There is an urgent need for cost-effective, non-invasive tools to detect early stages of gastrointestinal cancer (colorectal, gastric, and esophageal cancers). Despite many publications suggesting circulating metabolites acting as accurate cancer biomarkers, few have reached the clinic. In upper gastrointestinal cancer this is critically important, as there is no test to complement gold-standard endoscopic evaluation in patients with mild symptoms that do not meet referral criteria. Therefore, this study aimed to describe and solve this translational gap. Studies reporting diagnostic accuracy of metabolomic blood-based gastrointestinal cancer biomarkers from 2007 to 2020 were systematically reviewed and progress of each biomarker along the discovery–validation–adoption pathway was mapped. Successful biomarker translation was defined as a composite endpoint, including patent protection/FDA approval/recommendation in national guidelines. The review found 77 biomarker panels of gastrointestinal cancer, including 25 with an AUROC >0.9. All but one was stalled at the discovery phase, 9.09% were patented and none were clinically approved, confirming the extent of biomarker translational gap. In addition, there were numerous “re-discoveries,” including histidine, discovered in 7 colorectal studies. Finally, this study quantitatively supports the presence of a translational gap between discovery and clinical adoption, despite clear evidence of highly performing biomarkers with significant potential clinical value.
Woodfield G, Belluomo I, Laponogov I, et al., 2022, Diagnostic performance of a non-invasive breath test for colorectal cancer: COBRA1 study, Gastroenterology, Vol: 163, Pages: 1447-1449.e8, ISSN: 0016-5085
Cools-Lartigue J, Markar S, Mueller C, et al., 2022, An International Cohort Study of Prognosis Associated With Pathologically Complete Response Following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Versus Chemoradiotherapy of Surgical Treated Esophageal Adenocarcinoma, ANNALS OF SURGERY, Vol: 276, Pages: 799-805, ISSN: 0003-4932
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- Citations: 7
Hanna GB, Mackenzie H, Miskovic D, et al., 2022, Laparoscopic colorectal surgery outcomes improved after national training program (LAPCO) for specialists in England, Annals of Surgery, Vol: 275, Pages: 1149-1155, ISSN: 0003-4932
OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of The National Training Programme for Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery (Lapco) on the rate of laparoscopic surgery and clinical outcomes of cases performed by Lapco surgeons after completion of training. SUMMERY BACKGROUND DATA: Lapco provided competency-based supervised clinical training for specialist colorectal surgeons in England. METHODS: We compared the rate of laparoscopic surgery, mortality and morbidity for colorectal cancer resections by Lapco delegates and non-Lapco surgeons in 3-year periods preceding and following Lapco using difference in differences analysis. The changes in the rate of post-Lapco laparoscopic surgery with the Lapco sign-off competency assessment and in-training global assessment scores were examined using risk-adjusted cumulative sum to determine their predictive clinical validity with predefined competent scores of 3 and 5 respectively. RESULTS: 108 Lapco delegates performed 4586 elective colorectal resections pre-Lapco and 5115 post-Lapco while non-Lapco surgeons performed 72930 matched cases. Lapco delegates had a 37.8% increase in laparoscopic surgery which was greater than non-Lapco surgeons by 20.9% (95% CI, 18.5 to 23.3, p<0.001) with a relative decrease in 30-day mortality by -1.6% (95% CI, -3.4 to -0.2, p = 0.039) and 90-day mortality by -2.3% (95% CI, -4.3 to -0.4, p = 0.018). The change point of risk-adjusted cumulative sum was 3.12 for competency assessment tool and 4.74 for global assessment score whereas laparoscopic rate increased from 44% to 66% and 40% to 56% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Lapco increased the rate of laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery and reduced mortality and morbidity in England. In-training competency assessment tools predicted clinical performance after training.
Kamarajah SK, Phillips AW, Hanna GB, et al., 2022, Is Local Endoscopic Resection a Viable Therapeutic Option for Early Clinical Stage T1a and T1b Esophageal Adenocarcinoma? A Propensity-matched Analysis, ANNALS OF SURGERY, Vol: 275, Pages: 700-705, ISSN: 0003-4932
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- Citations: 10
Kamarajah SK, Phillips AW, Hanna GB, et al., 2022, Definitive Chemoradiotherapy Compared to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy With Esophagectomy for Locoregional Esophageal Cancer: National Population-based Cohort Study, ANNALS OF SURGERY, Vol: 275, Pages: 526-533, ISSN: 0003-4932
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- Citations: 19
Markar SR, Zaninotto G, Castoro C, et al., 2022, Lasting Symptoms After Esophageal Resection (LASER) European Multicenter Cross-sectional Study, ANNALS OF SURGERY, Vol: 275, Pages: E392-E400, ISSN: 0003-4932
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- Citations: 23
Wiggins T, Jamel S, Hakky S, et al., 2022, Assurance of surgical quality within multicenter randomized controlled trials for bariatric and metabolic surgery: a systematic review, 11th Annual Scientific Meeting of the British-Obesity-and-Metabolic-Surgery-Society (BOMSS), Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, Pages: 124-132, ISSN: 1550-7289
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- Citations: 1
Ni M, Adam ME, Akbar F, et al., 2021, Development and validation of ester impregnated pH strips for locating nasogastric feeding tubes in the stomach-a multicentre prospective diagnostic performance study., Diagnostic and Prognostic Research, Vol: 5, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 2397-7523
BACKGROUND: NG (nasogastric) tubes are used worldwide as a means to provide enteral nutrition. Testing the pH of tube aspirates prior to feeding is commonly used to verify tube location before feeding or medication. A pH at or lower than 5.5 was taken as evidence for stomach intubation. However, the existing standard pH strips lack sensitivity, especially in patients receiving feeding and antacids medication. We developed and validated a first-generation ester-impregnated pH strip test to improve the accuracy towards gastric placements in adult population receiving routine NG-tube feeding. The sensitivity was improved by its augmentation with the action of human gastric lipase (HGL), an enzyme specific to the stomach. METHODS: We carried out a multi-centred, prospective, two-gate diagnostic accuracy study on patients who require routine NG-tube feeding in 10 NHS hospitals comparing the sensitivity of the novel pH strip to the standard pH test, using either chest X-rays or, in its absence, clinical observation of the absence of adverse events as the reference standard. We also tested the novel pH strips in lung aspirates from patients undergoing oesophageal cancer surgeries using visual inspection as the reference standard. We simulated health economics using a decision analytic model and carried out adoption studies to understand its route to commercialisation. The primary end point is the sensitivity of novel and standard pH tests at the recommended pH cut-off of 5.5. RESULTS: A total of 6400 ester-impregnated pH strips were prepared based on an ISO13485 quality management system. A total of 376 gastric samples were collected from adult patients in 10 NHS hospitals who were receiving routine NG-tube feeding. The sensitivities of the standard and novel pH tests were respectively 49.2% (95% CI 44.1‑54.3%) and 70.2% (95% CI 65.6‑74.8%) under pH cut-off of 5.5 and the novel test has a lung specificity of 89.5% (95% CI 79.6%, 99.4%). Our simulation showed that using the
Markar SR, Hanna GB, 2021, Response to the Comment on: "Reintervention After Antireflux Surgery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in England'' Markar et al. <i>Ann Surg 2020;271:709-715</i>, ANNALS OF SURGERY, Vol: 274, Pages: E763-E764, ISSN: 0003-4932
Tarazi M, Jamel S, Mullish BH, et al., 2021, Impact of gastrointestinal surgery upon the gut microbiome: a systematic review, Surgery, Vol: 171, ISSN: 0039-6060
BackgroundThere is evidence from preclinical models that the gut microbiome may impact outcomes from gastrointestinal surgery, and that surgery may alter the gut microbiome. However, the extent to which gastrointestinal surgery modulates the gut microbiome in clinical practice is currently poorly defined. This systematic review aims to evaluate the changes observed in the gut microbiome after gastrointestinal surgery.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines by screening EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, and CENTRAL for comparative studies meeting the predetermined inclusion criteria. The primary outcome was the difference between pre and postoperative bacterial taxonomic composition and diversity metrics among patients receiving gastrointestinal surgery.ResultsIn total, 33 studies were identified including 6 randomized controlled trials and 27 prospective cohort studies reporting a total of 968 patients. Gastrointestinal surgery was associated with an increase in α diversity and a shift in β diversity postoperatively. Multiple bacterial taxa were identified to consistently trend toward an increase or decrease postoperatively. A difference in microbiota across geographic provenance was also observed. There was a distinct lack of studies showing correlation with clinical outcomes or performing microbiome functional analysis. Furthermore, there was a lack of standardization in sampling, analytical methodology, and reporting.ConclusionThis review highlights changes in bacterial taxa associated with gastrointestinal surgery. There is a need for standardization of microbial analysis methods and reporting of results to allow interstudy comparison. Further adequately powered multicenter studies are required to better assess variation in microbial changes and its potential associations with clinical outcomes.
Boshier PR, Klevebro F, Jenq W, et al., 2021, Long-term variation in skeletal muscle and adiposity in patients undergoing esophagectomy, DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Vol: 34, ISSN: 1120-8694
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- Citations: 7
Hodgkinson JD, Worley G, Warusavitarne J, et al., 2021, Evaluation of the Ventral Hernia Working Group classification for long-term outcome using English Hospital Episode Statistics: a population study, HERNIA, Vol: 25, Pages: 977-984, ISSN: 1265-4906
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- Citations: 4
Klevebro F, Boshier PR, Savva K, et al., 2021, Severe Dumping Symptoms Are Uncommon Following Transthoracic Esophagectomy But Significantly Decrease Health-Related Quality of Life in Long-Term, Disease-Free Survivors, JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY, Vol: 25, Pages: 1941-1947, ISSN: 1091-255X
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- Citations: 1
Kamal F, Kumar S, Edwards MR, et al., 2021, Virus-induced volatile organic compounds are detectable in exhaled breath during pulmonary infection., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol: 204, Pages: 1075-1085, ISSN: 1073-449X
BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition punctuated by acute exacerbations commonly triggered by viral and/or bacterial infection. Early identification of exacerbation trigger is important to guide appropriate therapy but currently available tests are slow and imprecise. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be detected in exhaled breath and have the potential to be rapid tissue-specific biomarkers of infection aetiology. METHODS: We used serial sampling within in vitro and in vivo studies to elucidate the dynamic changes that occur in VOC production during acute respiratory viral infection. Highly sensitive gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were used to measure VOC production from infected airway epithelial cell cultures and in exhaled breath samples of healthy subjects experimentally challenged with rhinovirus A16 and COPD subjects with naturally-occurring exacerbations. RESULTS: We identified a novel VOC signature comprising of decane and other related long chain alkane compounds that is induced during rhinovirus infection of cultured airway epithelial cells and is also increased in the exhaled breath of healthy subjects experimentally challenged with rhinovirus and of COPD patients during naturally-occurring viral exacerbations. These compounds correlated with magnitude of anti-viral immune responses, virus burden and exacerbation severity but were not induced by bacterial infection, suggesting they represent a specific virus-inducible signature. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the potential for measurement of exhaled breath VOCs as rapid, non-invasive biomarkers of viral infection. Further studies are needed to determine whether measurement of these signatures could be used to guide more targeted therapy with antibiotic/antiviral agents for COPD exacerbations.
Belluomo I, Boshier PR, Myridakis A, et al., 2021, Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry for targeted analysis of volatile organic compounds in human breath, NATURE PROTOCOLS, Vol: 16, Pages: 3419-3438, ISSN: 1754-2189
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- Citations: 22
Patel NM, Puri A, Sounderajah V, et al., 2021, Quality of life and symptom assessment in paraesophageal hernias: a systematic literature review of reporting standards, DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Vol: 34, ISSN: 1120-8694
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- Citations: 3
Lin G-P, Vadhwana B, Belluomo I, et al., 2021, Cross Platform Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Selected Ion Flow Tube and Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY, Vol: 32, Pages: 1215-1223, ISSN: 1044-0305
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- Citations: 2
Moloney K, Janda M, Frumovitz M, et al., 2021, Development of a surgical competency assessment tool for sentinel lymph node dissection by minimally invasive surgery for endometrial cancer, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGICAL CANCER, Vol: 31, Pages: 647-655, ISSN: 1048-891X
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- Citations: 20
Markar SR, Vidal-Diez A, Holt PJ, et al., 2021, An International Comparison of the Management of Gastrointestinal Surgical Emergencies in Octogenarians-England Versus United States A National Population-based Cohort Study, Joint Meeting of the Royal-Society-of-Medicine / Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Academic-and-Research-Surgery, Publisher: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, Pages: 924-932, ISSN: 0003-4932
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- Citations: 5
Huddy JR, Ni MZ, Barlow J, et al., 2021, Qualitative analysis of stakeholder interviews to identify the barriers and facilitators to the adoption of point-of-care diagnostic tests in the UK., BMJ Open, Vol: 11, Pages: 1-9, ISSN: 2044-6055
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the barriers and facilitators to the adoption of point-of-care tests (POCTs). DESIGN: Qualitative study incorporating a constant comparative analysis of stakeholder responses to a series of interviews undertaken to design the Point-of-Care Key Evidence Tool. SETTING: The study was conducted in relation to POCTs used in all aspects of healthcare. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-three stakeholders were interviewed including clinicians (incorporating laboratory staff and members of trust POCT committees), commissioners, industry, regulators and patients. RESULTS: Thematic analysis highlighted 32 barriers in six themes and 28 facilitators in eight themes to the adoption of POCTs. Six themes were common to both barriers and facilitators (clinical, cultural, evidence, design and quality assurance, financial and organisational) and two themes contained facilitators alone (patient factors and other (non-financial) resource use). CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study demonstrate the complex motivations of stakeholders in the adoption of POCT. Most themes were common to both barriers and facilitators suggesting that good device design, stakeholder engagement and appropriate evidence provision can increase the likelihood of a POCT device adoption. However, it is important to realise that while the majority of identified barriers may be perceived or mitigated some may be absolute and if identified early in device development further investment should be carefully considered.
Woodfield G, Belluomo I, Boshier PR, et al., 2021, Feasibility and acceptability of breath research in primary care: a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study, BMJ Open, Vol: 11, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 2044-6055
Objectives To examine the feasibility and acceptability of breath research in primary care.Design Non-randomised, prospective, mixed-methods cross-sectional observational study.Setting Twenty-six urban primary care practices.Participants 1002 patients aged 18–90 years with gastrointestinal symptoms.Main outcome measures During the first 6 months of the study (phase 1), feasibility of patient enrolment using face-to-face, telephone or SMS-messaging (Short Message Service) enrolment strategies, as well as processes for breath testing at local primary care practices, were evaluated. A mixed-method iterative study design was adopted and outcomes evaluated using weekly Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles, focus groups and general practitioner (GP) questionnaires.During the second 6 months of the study (phase 2), patient and GP acceptability of the breath test and testing process was assessed using questionnaires. In addition a ‘single practice’ recruitment model was compared with a ‘hub and spoke’ centralised recruitment model with regards to enrolment ability and patient acceptability.Throughout the study feasibility of the collection of a large number of breath samples by clinical staff over multiple study sites was evaluated and quantified by the analysis of these samples using mass spectrometry.Results 1002 patients were recruited within 192 sampling days. Both ‘single practice’ and ‘hub and spoke’ recruitment models were effective with an average of 5.3 and 4.3 patients accrued per day, respectively. The ‘hub and spoke’ model with SMS messaging was the most efficient combined method of patient accrual. Acceptability of the test was high among both patients and GPs. The methodology for collection, handling and analysis of breath samples was effective, with 95% of samples meeting quality criteria.Conclusions Large-scale breath testing in primary care was feasible and acceptable. This study provides a practical fra
Curtis NJ, Dennison G, Brown CSB, et al., 2021, Clinical evaluation of intraoperative near misses in laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery., Annals of Surgery, Vol: 273, Pages: 778-784, ISSN: 0003-4932
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency, nature, and severity of intraoperative adverse near miss events within advanced laparoscopic surgery and report any associated clinical impact. BACKGROUND: Despite implementation of surgical safety initiatives, the intraoperative period is poorly documented with evidence of underreporting. Near miss analyses are undertaken in high-risk industries but not in surgical practice. METHODS: Case video and data from 2 laparoscopic total mesorectal excision randomized controlled trials were analyzed (ALaCaRT ACTRN12609000663257, 2D3D ISRCTN59485808). Intraoperative adverse events were identified and categorized using the observational clinical human reliability analysis technique. The EAES classification was applied by 2 blinded assessors. EAES grade 1 events (nonconsequential error, no damage, or need for correction) were considered near misses. Associated clinical impact was assessed with early morbidity and histopathology outcomes. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-five cases contained 1113 error events. Six hundred ninety-eight (62.7%) were near misses (median 3, IQR 2-5, range 0-15) with excellent inter-rater and test-retest reliability (κ=0.86, 95% CI 0.83-0.89, P < 0.001 and κ=0.88, 95% CI 0.85-0.9, P < 0.001 respectively). Significantly more near misses were seen in patients who developed early complications (4 (3-6) vs. 3 (2-4), P < 0.001). Higher numbers of near misses were seen in patients with more numerous (P = 0.002) and more serious early complications (P = 0.003). Cases containing major intraoperative adverse events contained significantly more near misses (5 (3-7) vs. 3 (2-5), P < 0.001) with a major event observed for every 19.4 near misses. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative adverse events and near misses can be reliably and objectively captured in advanced laparoscopic surgery. Near misses are commonplace and closely associated with morbidity outcomes.
Butterworth JW, Boshier PR, Mavroveli S, et al., 2021, Challenges to quality assurance of surgical interventions in clinical oncology trials: A systematic review, EJSO, Vol: 47, Pages: 748-756, ISSN: 0748-7983
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- Citations: 4
Antonowicz S, Bodai Z, Wiggins T, et al., 2021, Endogenous aldehyde accumulation generates genotoxicity and exhaled biomarkers in esophageal adenocarcinoma, Nature Communications, Vol: 12, ISSN: 2041-1723
Volatile aldehydes are enriched in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) patients’ breath and could improve early diagnosis, however the mechanisms of their production are unknown. Here, we show that weak aldehyde detoxification characterizes EAC, which is sufficient to cause endogenous aldehyde accumulation in vitro. Two aldehyde groups are significantly enriched in EAC biopsies and adjacent tissue: (i) short-chain alkanals, and (ii) medium-chain alkanals, including decanal. The short-chain alkanals form DNA-adducts, which demonstrates genotoxicity and confirms inadequate detoxification. Metformin, a putative aldehyde scavenger, reduces this toxicity. Tissue and breath concentrations of the medium-chain alkanal decanal are correlated, and increased decanal is linked to reduced ALDH3A2 expression, TP53 deletion, and adverse clinical features. Thus, we present a model for increased exhaled aldehydes based on endogenous accumulation from reduced detoxification, which also causes therapeutically actionable genotoxicity. These results support EAC early diagnosis trials using exhaled aldehyde analysis.
Markar SR, Penna M, Gisbertz S, et al., 2021, What comes next after the surgical randomized clinical trial?, BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Vol: 108, Pages: E59-E59, ISSN: 0007-1323
Wen Q, Boshier P, Myridakis A, et al., 2020, Urinary volatile organic compound analysis for the diagnosis of cancer: a systematic literature review and quality assessment, Metabolites, Vol: 11, Pages: 17-17, ISSN: 2218-1989
The analysis of urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a promising field of research with the potential to discover new biomarkers for cancer early detection. This systematic review aims to summarise the published literature concerning cancer-associated urinary VOCs. A systematic online literature search was conducted to identify studies reporting urinary VOC biomarkers of cancers in accordance with the recommendations of the Cochrane Library and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Thirteen studies comprising 1266 participants in total were included in the review. Studies reported urinary VOC profiles of five cancer subtypes: prostate cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, leukaemia/lymphoma, lung cancer, and bladder cancer. Forty-eight urinary VOCs belonging to eleven chemical classes were identified with high diagnostic performance. VOC profiles were distinctive for each cancer type with limited cross-over. The metabolic analysis suggested distinctive phenotypes for prostate and gastrointestinal cancers. The heterogenicity of study design, methodological and reporting quality may have contributed to inconsistencies between studies. Urinary VOC analysis has shown promising performance for non-invasive diagnosis of cancer. However, limitations in study design have resulted in inconsistencies between studies. These limitations are summarised and discussed in order to support future studies.
Halliday LJ, Doganay E, Wynter-Blyth VA, et al., 2020, The impact of prehabilitation on post-operative outcomes in oesophageal cancer surgery: a propensity score matched comparison, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Vol: 25, Pages: 2733-2741, ISSN: 1091-255X
BackgroundPatients undergoing oesophageal cancer surgery are often frail with a high risk of post-operative complications. Prehabilitation has been shown to reduce post-operative complications in specific patient populations but evidence in oesophageal cancer patients is inconclusive.MethodsBetween January 2016 and April 2019, all patients with resectable oesophageal cancer who underwent curative treatment at a specialist tertiary centre participated in a personalised, home-based, multimodal prehabilitation programme. Post-operative complications and hospital stay in this group were compared to a control sample. Propensity score matching was used to control for differences in baseline characteristics.ResultsSeventy-two patients who completed prehabilitation and 39 control patients were studied; following propensity score matching, there were 38 subjects in each group. In comparison to matched controls, patients in the prehabilitation group had a lower incidence of post-operative pneumonia (prehabilitation = 26%; control = 66%; p = 0.001) and a shorter length of stay (prehabilitation = median 10 days, IQR 8–17 days; control = median 13 days, IQR 11–20 days; p = 0.018). On multivariate regression analysis, participation in prehabilitation was associated with a 77% lower incidence of post-operative pneumonia (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.55 p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the incidence of overall complications or severe complications.ConclusionPrehabilitation was associated with a lower incidence of post-operative pneumonia and shorter hospital length of stay following oesophagectomy. This model of home based, personalised, and supervised prehabilitation is effective and relevant to centralised cancer services.
Aksenov AA, Laponogov I, Zhang Z, et al., 2020, Auto-deconvolution and molecular networking of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data, Nature Biotechnology, Vol: 39, Pages: 169-173, ISSN: 1087-0156
We engineered a machine learning approach, MSHub, to enable auto-deconvolution of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data. We then designed workflows to enable the community to store, process, share, annotate, compare and perform molecular networking of GC-MS data within the Global Natural Product Social (GNPS) Molecular Networking analysis platform. MSHub/GNPS performs auto-deconvolution of compound fragmentation patterns via unsupervised non-negative matrix factorization and quantifies the reproducibility of fragmentation patterns across samples.
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