Publications
348 results found
Haldar K, George L, Wang Z, et al., 2020, The sputum microbiome is distinct between COPD and health, independent of smoking history, Respiratory Research, Vol: 21, Pages: 1-12, ISSN: 1465-9921
BackgroundAirway bacterial dysbiosis is a feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there is limited comparative data of the lung microbiome between healthy smokers, non-smokers and COPD.MethodsWe compared the 16S rRNA gene-based sputum microbiome generated from pair-ended Illumina sequencing of 124 healthy subjects (28 smokers and 96 non-smokers with normal lung function), with single stable samples from 218 COPD subjects collected from three UK clinical centres as part of the COPDMAP consortium.ResultsIn healthy subjects Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the major phyla constituting 88% of the total reads, and Streptococcus, Veillonella, Prevotella, Actinomyces and Rothia were the dominant genera. Haemophilus formed only 3% of the healthy microbiome. In contrast, Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum accounting for 50% of the microbiome in COPD subjects, with Haemophilus and Moraxella at genus level contributing 25 and 3% respectively. There were no differences in the microbiome profile within healthy and COPD subgroups when stratified based on smoking history. Principal coordinate analysis on operational taxonomic units showed two distinct clusters, representative of healthy and COPD subjects (PERMANOVA, p = 0·001).ConclusionThe healthy and COPD sputum microbiomes are distinct and independent of smoking history. Our results underline the important role for Gammaproteobacteria in COPD.
Harhay MO, Donaldson GC, 2020, Guidance on statistical reporting to help improve your chances of a favorable statistical review, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol: 201, Pages: 1035-1038, ISSN: 1073-449X
Leisman DE, Harhay MO, Lederer DJ, et al., 2020, Development and reporting of prediction models: guidance for authors from editors of respiratory, sleep, and critical care journals, Critical Care Medicine, Vol: 48, Pages: 623-633, ISSN: 0090-3493
Prediction models aim to use available data to predict a health state or outcome that has not yet been observed. Prediction is primarily relevant to clinical practice, but is also used in research, and administration. While prediction modeling involves estimating the relationship between patient factors and outcomes, it is distinct from casual inference. Prediction modeling thus requires unique considerations for development, validation, and updating. This document represents an effort from editors at 31 respiratory, sleep, and critical care medicine journals to consolidate contemporary best practices and recommendations related to prediction study design, conduct, and reporting. Herein, we address issues commonly encountered in submissions to our various journals. Key topics include considerations for selecting predictor variables, operationalizing variables, dealing with missing data, the importance of appropriate validation, model performance measures and their interpretation, and good reporting practices. Supplemental discussion covers emerging topics such as model fairness, competing risks, pitfalls of “modifiable risk factors”, measurement error, and risk for bias. This guidance is not meant to be overly prescriptive; we acknowledge that every study is different, and no set of rules will fit all cases. Additional best practices can be found in the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) guidelines, to which we refer readers for further details.
Nici L, Mammen MJ, Charbek E, et al., 2020, Pharmacologic management of COPD: an official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol: 201, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 1073-449X
BACKGROUND: This document provides clinical recommendations for the pharmacologic treatment of COPD. It represents a collaborative effort on the part of a panel of expert COPD clinicians and researchers along with a team of methodologists under the guidance of the ATS. METHODS: Comprehensive evidence syntheses were performed on all relevant studies which addressed the clinical questions and critical patient-centered outcomes agreed upon by the panel of experts. The evidence was appraised, rated, and graded, and recommendations were formulated using GRADE. RESULTS: After weighing the quality of evidence and balancing the desirable and undesirable effects, the guideline panel made six recommendations, listed in full in the document. CONCLUSIONS: The task force made recommendations on the pharmacologic treatment of COPD based on currently available evidence. Additional research in populations that are under-represented in clinical trials is needed, including studies in COPD patients 80 years of age and older, those with multiple chronic health conditions, and those with a co-diagnosis of COPD and asthma.
Hurst JR, Skolnik N, Hansen GJ, et al., 2020, Understanding the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations on patient health and quality of life, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Vol: 73, Pages: 1-6, ISSN: 0953-6205
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- Citations: 40
Long GH, Southworth T, Kolsum U, et al., 2020, The stability of blood Eosinophils in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Respiratory Research, Vol: 21, ISSN: 1465-9921
Blood eosinophils are a predictive biomarker of inhaled corticosteroid response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We investigated blood eosinophil stability over 1 year using the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2019 thresholds of < 100, 100- < 300 and ≥ 300 eosinophils/μL in 225 patients from the COPDMAP cohort. Blood eosinophils showed good stability (rho: 0.71, p < 0.001, ICC 0.84), and 69.3% of patients remained in the same eosinophil category at 1 year. 85.3% of patients with eosinophils < 100 cells/μL had stable counts. The majority of blood eosinophil counts remain stable over 1 year using the GOLD 2019 thresholds.
Donaldson GC, Wiseman DJ, Ritchie AI, et al., 2020, Duration of Persistent Sputum Production Is Related to Lung Function Decline, International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society (ATS), Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
Beech AS, Lea S, Kolsum U, et al., 2020, Profiles of Airway Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Associated with Different Bacterial Species, Virtual International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society, Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
Vlies B, Allinson J, Brill SE, et al., 2020, A Randomised Controlled Trial Assessing the Effect of Daily Doxycycline on Exacerbation Rate in Patients with COPD, Virtual International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society, Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
Donaldson GC, Wiseman DJ, Ritchie AI, et al., 2020, Use of a Sample Tracking Log as a Measure of Chronic Bronchitis, International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society (ATS), Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
Ritchie A, Brill SE, Vlies BH, et al., 2019, Targeted Retreatment of Incompletely Resolved COPD Exacerbations With Ciprofloxacin, International Congress of the European-Respiratory-Society (ERS), Publisher: EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD, ISSN: 0903-1936
Finney LJ, Belchamber KBR, Fenwick PS, et al., 2019, Human rhinovirus impairs the innate immune response to bacteria in alveolar macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol: 199, Pages: 1496-1507, ISSN: 1073-449X
Rationale Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a common cause of COPD exacerbations. Secondary bacterial infection is associated with more severe symptoms and delayed recovery. Alveolar macrophages clear bacteria from the lung and maintain lung homeostasis through cytokine secretion. These processes are defective in COPD. The effect of HRV on macrophage function is unknown. Objectives To investigate the effect of HRV on phagocytosis and cytokine response to bacteria by alveolar macrophages and monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) in COPD and healthy controls. Methods Alveolar macrophages were obtained by bronchoscopy and MDM by adherence. Macrophages were exposed to HRV 16 (multiplicity of infection 5), polyI:C 30μg/ml, interferon (IFN)-β 10μg/ml, IFN-γ 10μg/ml or medium control for 24 hours. Phagocytosis of fluorescently-labelled Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae was assessed by fluorimetry. CXCL8, TNF and IL-10 release was measured by ELISA. Main Results HRV significantly impaired phagocytosis of H. influenzae by 23% in MDM (n=37) and 18% in alveolar macrophages (n=20) in COPD. HRV also significantly reduced phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae by 33% in COPD MDM. There was no effect in healthy controls. Phagocytosis of H. influenzae was impaired by polyI:C but not IFN-β or IFN-γ. HRV significantly reduced cytokine responses to H. influenzae. The IL-10 response to H. influenzae was significantly impaired by polyI:C, IFN-β and IFN-γ. Conclusions HRV impairs phagocytosis of bacteria in COPD which may lead to an outgrowth of bacteria. HRV also impairs cytokine responses to bacteria via the TLR3/IFN pathway which may prevent resolution of inflammation leading to prolonged exacerbations in COPD.
Donaldson GC, Witt C, Näyhä S, 2019, Changes in cold-related mortalities between 1995 and 2016 in South East England, Public Health, Vol: 169, Pages: 36-40, ISSN: 0033-3506
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine trends in cold-related mortalities between 1995 and 2016. STUDY DESIGN: This is a longitudinal mortality study. METHODS: For men and women aged 65-74 years or those older than 85 years in South East England, the relationship between daily mortality (deaths per million population) and outdoor temperatures below 18 °C, with allowance for influenza epidemics, was assessed by linear regression on an annual basis. The regression coefficients were expressed as a percentage of the mortality at 18 °C to adjust for changes in mortality through health care. Trends in 'specific' cold-related mortalities were then examined over two periods, 1977-1994 and 1995-2016. RESULTS: In contrast to the early period, annual trends in cold-related specific mortalities showed no decline between 1995 and 2016. 'Specific' cold-related mortality of women, but not men, in the age group older than 85 years showed a significant increase over the 1995-2016 period, which was different from the trend over the earlier period (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Despite state-funded benefits to help alleviate fuel poverty and public health advice, very elderly women appear to be at increasing risk of cold-related mortality-greater help may be necessary.
Pfeffer PE, Donaldson GC, Mackay AJ, et al., 2019, Increased COPD exacerbations of likely viral etiology follow elevated ambient nitrogen oxides, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol: 199, ISSN: 1073-449X
RATIONALE: Epidemiological research strongly supports an association between air pollution and COPD exacerbations. Numerous mechanisms may underlie any association as pollutants are toxic to pulmonary cells and may increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. The relationship between ambient pollution and exacerbation etiology has not been studied. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the characteristics of pollution-associated exacerbations and whether the association is specific to exacerbations of infective or non-infective etiology. METHODS: We analyzed the effect of preceding ambient PM10, NOx and O3 on characterized COPD exacerbations in a regression model adjusted for temperature, seasonality and long-term trend. We specifically examined associations with exacerbations of suspected viral and/or bacterial, or non-infective etiology. For the associations identified we further examined the characteristics of pollution-associated exacerbations. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 4173 exacerbations occurred over the 20 year study period. Higher ambient NOx was consistently associated with increased viral-type exacerbations at 2-4 days lag (p=0.010). Recovery for viral-type exacerbations following higher ambient NOx was significantly prolonged. These findings were consistent in the subset of 2841 exacerbations treated with oral corticosteroids or antibiotics, with recovery 1.29 (95% CI 1-17-1.42; P<0.001) times longer with 'viral-type' exacerbations of onset 3 days after above versus below median ambient NOx. A likely bimodal association of PM10 with infective exacerbations was also evident, and supported by a daily time-series analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of ambient NOx are associated with prolonged exacerbations of likely viral etiology, supporting toxicological effects of air pollution that increase susceptibility to, and severity of, infection.
Agusti A, Faner R, Donaldson G, et al., 2019, Chronic Airway Diseases Early Stratification (CADSET): a new ERS Clinical Research Collaboration, European Respiratory Journal, Vol: 53, ISSN: 0903-1936
A recent editorial in the European Respiratory Journal highlighted the strategic importance of the Clinical Research Collaborations (CRCs) launched in 2013 by the European Respiratory Society (ERS) [1]. These have the aim of 1) promoting the exchange of research ideas among clinicians and affiliated scientists in Europe and/or globally; 2) building an infrastructure for prospective clinical research; 3) securing additional funding through national and European Union funding streams; and 4) facilitating the planning, implementation, evaluation and publication of clinical and translational studies at pan-European level and beyond. So far, there are currently 17 ongoing CRCs that cover eight major respiratory disease domains (airway diseases, interstitial lung diseases, pulmonary vascular diseases, sleep and breathing disorders, respiratory critical care, paediatric respiratory diseases, respiratory infections and thoracic oncology), all of them linked to one or more ERS assemblies [2–12]. CADSET, an acronym that stands for “Chronic Airway Diseases Early Stratification”, is the latest addition to the list of ongoing CRCs (www.ersnet.org/research/clinical-research-collaborations). This editorial presents the rationale, goals and research strategy for CADSET.
Donaldson GC, Finney L, Wiseman D, et al., 2019, Comparison of Paper and Tablet Based App Diary Cards in COPD Patients, International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society, Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
Ritchie AI, Donaldson GC, El-Emir E, et al., 2019, The British Lung Foundation Early COPD Consortium - Recruitment and Results from an Initial Pilot, International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society, Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
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- Citations: 2
Finney L, Donaldson GC, Wiseman DJ, et al., 2019, Activity Monitoring in COPD: A Feasibility Study, International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society, Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
Wiseman DJ, Kamal F, Finney L, et al., 2019, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Detection Is Associated with an Increased Inflammatory Response in Stable (non-Exacerbating) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients, International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society, Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
Finney L, Fenwick PS, Kemp S, et al., 2019, Interferon Response to Human Rhinovirus Is Impaired in Alveolar Macrophages but Not Bronchial Epithelial Cells in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society, Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
Donaldson GC, Cabrera C, Cappelletti C, et al., 2019, SABA Use Around COPD Symptom-Based Exacerbations in the London COPD Cohort, International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society, Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
Allinson JP, Hardy R, Donaldson GC, et al., 2018, Childhood exposures, asthma, smoking, interactions and the catch-up hypothesis, Annals of the American Thoracic Society, Vol: 15, Pages: 1241-1242, ISSN: 2329-6933
Hoffmann C, Hanisch M, Heinsohn JAB, et al., 2018, Increased vulnerability of COPD patient groups to urban climate in view of global warming, International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Vol: 13, Pages: 3493-3501, ISSN: 1176-9106
Purpose: Patients with COPD show an increase in acute exacerbations (AECOPD) during the cold season as well as during heat waves in the summer months. Due to global climate changes, extreme weather conditions are likely to occur more frequently in the future. The goal of this study was to identify patient groups most at risk of exacerbations during the four seasons of the year and to determine at which temperature threshold the daily hospital admissions due to AECOPD increase during the summer.Patients and methods: We analyzed retrospective demographic and medical data of 990 patients, who were hospitalized for AECOPD in Berlin, Germany. The cases were grouped into the following cohorts: “spring” (admission between March and May), “summer” (June – August), “autumn” (September – November), and “winter” (December – February). AECOPD hospital admissions from 2006 and 2010 were grouped into a “hot summer” cohort and cases from 2011 and 2012 into a “cold summer” data-set. Climate data were obtained from the German Meteorological Office.Results: Patients hospitalized for a COPD exacerbation during winter were significantly older than summertime patients (P=0.040) and also thinner than patients exacerbating in spring (P=0.042). COPD exacerbations during hot summer periods happened more often to patients with a history of myocardial infarction (P=0.014) or active smokers (P=0.011). An AECOPD during colder summers occurred in patients with a higher Charlson index, who suffered in increased numbers from peripheral vascular diseases (P=0.016) or tumors (P=0.004). Summertime hospital admissions increased above a daily minimum temperature of 18.3°C (P=0.006).Conclusion: The identification of COPD patient groups most at risk for climate related exacerbations enables climate-adapted prevention through patient guidance and treatment. In view of global climate changes, discovering vulnerabi
Mackay AJ, Kostikas K, Murray L, et al., 2018, Patient reported outcomes for the detection, quantification and evaluation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol: 198, Pages: 730-738, ISSN: 1073-449X
An exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms, accompanied by a variable degree of physiological deterioration. The traditional assessment of an exacerbation consists of the reporting of symptoms directly by the patient to a clinician and subsequent clinical assessment. It would be valuable to also gather symptom reports directly from patients and thus patient-reported outcome (PRO) tools should be ideally suited to the evaluation of COPD exacerbations. However, most pharmaceutical and large academic-sponsored studies have used a healthcare resource utilization definition alone based on sustained worsening of a patient's condition from the stable state that requires a change in regular medication. This review explores the use of PROs for the detection, quantification, and evaluation of COPD exacerbations. It examines symptom diary cards as exacerbation detection tools and their evolution into electronic diaries used in pharmaceutical trials. This paper also describes the development of specifically designed PROs that have been used in exacerbation settings, focusing on the Exacerbations and Symptoms in COPD (ESCO) e-Diary, EXAcerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Tool (EXACT®), COPD Assessment Test™ (CAT) and Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ), highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of these instruments. We describe the effectiveness of these tools to enhance exacerbation reporting, quantify exacerbation characteristics, including the frequency, duration, and severity of events, and evaluate the outcome. We also explore the potential use of PROs in future studies to discriminate the effect of therapies on different exacerbation phenotypes and thus enhance personalized therapeutic approaches.
Witt C, Hoffmann C, Hanisch M, et al., 2018, Active smoking and a past myocardial infarction status induce more vulnerability to urban heat stress in COPD, 28th International Congress of the European-Respiratory-Society (ERS), Publisher: EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD, ISSN: 0903-1936
Bewley M, Budd R, Ryan E, et al., 2018, Opsonic phagocytosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is enhanced by Nrf2 agonists, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol: 198, Pages: 739-750, ISSN: 1073-449X
Rationale: Previous studies have identified defects in bacterial phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages (AM) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but the mechanisms and clinical consequences remain incompletely defined.Objectives: To examine the effect of COPD on AM phagocytic responses and identify the mechanisms, clinical consequences and potential for therapeutic manipulation of these defects.Methods: We isolated alveolar macrophages (AM) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from a cohort of COPD patients and controls within the MRC COPD-MAP consortium and measured phagocytosis of bacteria in relation to opsonic conditions and clinical features.Measurements and Main Results: COPD AM and MDM have impaired phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae. COPD AM have a selective defect in uptake of opsonized bacteria, despite the presence of anti-pneumococcal antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage, not observed in MDM or healthy donor’s AM. AM defects in phagocytosis in COPD are significantly associated with exacerbation frequency, isolation of pathogenic bacteria and health related quality of life scores. Bacterial binding and initial intracellular killing of opsonized bacteria in COPD AM was not reduced. COPD AM have reduced transcriptional responses to opsonized bacteria, including cellular stress responses that include transcriptional modules involving antioxidant defenses and Nrf2-regualted genes. Agonists of the cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2 (sulforaphane and Compound 7) reverse defects in phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae and non-type able Haemophilus influenzae by COPD AM. Conclusions: Patients with COPD have clinically relevant defects in opsonic phagocytosis by AM, associated with impaired transcriptional responses to cellular stress, which are reversed by therapeutic targeting with Nrf2 agonists.
Harhay MO, Porcher R, Cantu E, et al., 2018, An alternative approach for the analysis of time-to-event and survival outcomes in pulmonary medicine, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol: 198, ISSN: 1073-449X
Ritchie AI, Polkey MI, Donaldson GC, et al., 2018, Is peer review still anonymous?, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol: 198, Pages: 278-280, ISSN: 1073-449X
Donaldson GC, Pfeffer PE, Mackay AJ, et al., 2018, Ambient Particulate Matter and Oxides of Nitrogen Are Associated with an Increased Incidence of COPD Exacerbations with Symptoms of Infective Etiology, International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society, Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
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Ritchie AI, Polkey MI, Donaldson GC, et al., 2018, Is Peer Review Still Anonymous?, International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society, Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
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