Publications
565 results found
King A, Baginski M, Morikawa Y, et al., 2019, Application of a novel mass spectral data acquisition approach to lipidomic analysis of liver extracts from sitaxentan-treated liver-humanized PXB mice., Journal of Proteome Research, Vol: 18, Pages: 4055-4064, ISSN: 1535-3893
The application of a data-independent acquisition (DIA) method ("SONAR") that employs a rapidly scanning quadrupole is described for the lipidomic analysis of complex biological extracts. Using this approach, the MS acquisition window can be varied between 1 and 25 Da, enabling the isolation of ions prior to their entering the collision cell. By rapidly scanning the resolving quadrupole window over a specified mass range, co-eluting precursor ions are transmitted sequentially into the collision cell, where collision energies are cycled between low and elevated levels to induce fragmentation. This method of data generation provides both precursor and fragment ion information at high specificity, allowing for greater accuracy of compound identification, whether using a database, spectral libraries, or comparison to authentic standards. The value of the approach in simplifying and "de-cluttering" the spectra of co-eluting lipids is shown with examples from lipidomic profiles obtained in investigations of the composition of organic extracts of livers obtained from SCID and chimeric liver-humanized mice administered under various experimental conditions.
Nye LC, Williams JP, Munjoma NC, et al., 2019, A comparison of collision cross section values obtained via travelling wave ion mobility-mass spectrometry and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry: Application to the characterisation of metabolites in rat urine, Journal of Chromatography A, Vol: 1602, Pages: 386-396, ISSN: 0021-9673
A comprehensive Collision Cross Section (CCS) library was obtained via Travelling Wave Ion Guide mobility measurements through direct infusion (DI). The library consists of CCS and Mass Spectral (MS) data in negative and positive ElectroSpray Ionisation (ESI) mode for 463 and 479 endogenous metabolites, respectively. For both ionisation modes combined, TWCCSN2 data were obtained for 542 non-redundant metabolites. These data were acquired on two different ion mobility enabled orthogonal acceleration QToF MS systems in two different laboratories, with the majority of the resulting TWCCSN2 values (from detected compounds) found to be within 1% of one another. Validation of these results against two independent, external TWCCSN2 data sources and predicted TWCCSN2 values indicated to be within 1–2% of these other values. The same metabolites were then analysed using a rapid reversed-phase ultra (high) performance liquid chromatographic (U(H)PLC) separation combined with IM and MS (IM-MS) thus providing retention time (tr), m/z and TWCCSN2 values (with the latter compared with the DI-IM-MS data). Analytes for which TWCCSN2 values were obtained by U(H)PLC-IM-MS showed good agreement with the results obtained from DI-IM-MS. The repeatability of the TWCCSN2 values obtained for these metabolites on the different ion mobility QToF systems, using either DI or LC, encouraged the further evaluation of the U(H)PLC-IM-MS approach via the analysis of samples of rat urine, from control and methotrexate-treated animals, in order to assess the potential of the approach for metabolite identification and profiling in metabolic phenotyping studies. Based on the database derived from the standards 63 metabolites were identified in rat urine, using positive ESI, based on the combination of tr, TWCCSN2 and MS data.
Gika H, Virgiliou C, Theodoridis G, et al., 2019, Untargeted LC/MS-based metabolic phenotyping (metabonomics/metabolomics): The state of the art, Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, Vol: 1117, Pages: 136-147, ISSN: 1570-0232
Liquid chromatography (LC) hyphenated to mass spectrometry is currently the most widely used means of determining metabolic phenotypes via both untargeted and targeted analysis. At present a range of analytical separations, including reversed-phase, hydrophilic interaction and ion-pair LC are employed to maximise metabolome coverage with ultra (high) performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) increasingly displacing conventional high performance liquid chromatography because of the need for short analysis times and high peak capacity in such applications. However, it is widely recognized that these methodologies do not entirely solve the problems facing researchers trying to perform comprehensive metabolic phenotyping and in addition to these “routine” approaches there are continuing investigations of alternative separation methods including 2-dimensional/multi column approaches. These involve either new stationary phases or multidimensional combinations of the more conventional materials currently used, as well as application of miniaturization or “new” approaches such as supercritical HP and UHP- chromatographic separations. There is also a considerable amount of interest in the combination of chromatographic and ion mobility separations, with the latter providing both an increase in resolution and the potential to provide additional structural information via the determination of molecular collision cross section data. However, key problems remain to be solved including ensuring quality, comparability across different laboratories and the ever present difficulty of identifying unknowns.
Lees HJ, Swann JR, Poucher S, et al., 2019, Obesity and cage environment modulate metabolism in the Zucker rat: a multiple biological matrix approach to characterizing metabolic phenomena, Journal of Proteome Research, Vol: 18, Pages: 2160-2174, ISSN: 1535-3893
Obesity and its comorbidities are increasing worldwide imposing a heavy socioeconomic burden. The effects of obesity on the metabolic profiles of tissues (liver, kidney, pancreas), urine, and the systemic circulation were investigated in the Zucker rat model using 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled to multivariate statistical analysis. The metabolic profiles of the obese ( fa/ fa) animals were clearly differentiated from the two phenotypically lean phenotypes, ((+/+) and ( fa/+)) within each biological compartment studied, and across all matrices combined. No significant differences were observed between the metabolic profiles of the genotypically distinct lean strains. Obese Zucker rats were characterized by higher relative concentrations of blood lipid species, cross-compartmental amino acids (particularly BCAAs), urinary and liver metabolites relating to the TCA cycle and glucose metabolism; and lower amounts of urinary gut microbial-host cometabolites, and intermatrix metabolites associated with creatine metabolism. Further to this, the obese Zucker rat metabotype was defined by significant metabolic alterations relating to disruptions in the metabolism of choline across all compartments analyzed. The cage environment was found to have a significant effect on urinary metabolites related to gut-microbial metabolism, with additional cage-microenvironment trends also observed in liver, kidney, and pancreas. This study emphasizes the value in metabotyping multiple biological matrices simultaneously to gain a better understanding of systemic perturbations in metabolism, and also underscores the need for control or evaluation of cage environment when designing and interpreting data from metabonomic studies in animal models.
Whiley LW, Nye L, Grant I, et al., 2019, Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization quantification of tryptophan metabolites and markers of gut health in serum and plasmaapplication to clinical and epidemiology cohorts, Analytical Chemistry, Vol: 91, Pages: 5207-5216, ISSN: 0003-2700
A targeted ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method has been developed for the quantification of tryptophan and its downstream metabolites from the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. The assay coverage also includes markers of gut health and inflammation, including citrulline and neopterin. The method was designed in 96-well plate format for application in multiday, multiplate clinical and epidemiology population studies. A chromatographic cycle time of 7 min enables the analysis of two 96-well plates in 24 h. To protect chromatographic column lifespan, samples underwent a two-step extraction, using solvent protein precipitation followed by delipidation via solid-phase extraction (SPE). Analytical validation reported accuracy of each analyte <20% for the lowest limit of quantification and <15% for all other quality control (QC) levels. The analytical precision for each analyte was 2.1–12.9%. To test the applicability of the method to multiplate and multiday preparations, a serum pool underwent periodic repeat analysis during a run consisting of 18 plates. The % CV (coefficient of variation) values obtained for each analyte were <15%. Additional biological testing applied the assay to samples collected from healthy control participants and two groups diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (one group treated with the anti-inflammatory 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and one group untreated), with results showing significant differences in the concentrations of picolinic acid, kynurenine, and xanthurenic acid. The short analysis time and 96-well plate format of the assay makes it suitable for high-throughput targeted UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS metabolomic analysis in large-scale clinical and epidemiological population studies.
Gray N, Plumb RS, Wilson ID, et al., 2019, A validated UPLC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of amino acids and biogenic amines in rat urine, Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, Vol: 1106, Pages: 50-57, ISSN: 1570-0232
A UPLC-MS/MS assay, employing a reversed-phase separation, has been applied to the analysis of a number of common amino acids and biogenic amines in rat urine. Analytes were derivatised, using 6‑aminoquinolyl‑N‑hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AccQTag Ultra™). Derivatisation with this reagent, by increasing the hydrophobicity of the analytes, enables better retention by improving reversed-phase chromatographic properties and also improves ionisation efficiency to enhance MS-detection. The method allows for the determination of 38 amino compounds in 7.5 min, including baseline resolution of critical isomers. The assay has been validated for the absolute quantification of 29 amino compounds in rat urine, over a concentration range of 0.6–200 μM, for the purpose of exploratory metabolite phenotyping. Acceptable linearity (R2 > 0.995) and intra- and inter-day accuracy (<20.7%) and precision (<20.1%) for these analytes was achieved. The limits of detection ranged from 1.2–12 fmol on column with 20 μL of sample. The remaining nine amines examined were not accurately quantified by this method but can be monitored for relative/fold change in biological samples. The use of the method is exemplified by the monitoring of changes in healthy male Sprague-Dawley rat urinary amino acid concentrations over a 7-day period.
King AM, Mullin LG, Wilson ID, et al., 2019, Development of a rapid profiling method for the analysis of polar analytes in urine using HILIC-MS and ion mobility enabled HILIC-MS, Metabolomics, Vol: 15, ISSN: 1573-3882
IntroductionAs large scale metabolic phenotyping is increasingly employed in preclinical studies and in the investigation of human health and disease the current LC–MS/MS profiling methodologies adopted for large sample sets can result in lengthy analysis times, putting strain on available resources. As a result of these pressures rapid methods of untargeted analysis may have value where large numbers of samples require screening.ObjectivesTo develop, characterise and evaluate a rapid UHP-HILIC-MS-based method for the analysis of polar metabolites in rat urine and then extend the capabilities of this approach by the addition of IMS to the system.MethodsA rapid untargeted HILIC LC–MS/MS profiling method for the analysis of small polar molecules has been developed. The 3.3 min separation used a Waters BEH amide (1 mm ID) analytical column on a Waters Synapt G2-Si Q-Tof enabled with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The methodology, was applied to the metabolic profiling of a series of rodent urine samples from vehicle-treated control rats and animals administered tienilic acid. The same separation was subsequently linked to IMS and MS to evaluate the benefits that IMS might provide for metabolome characterisation.ResultsThe rapid HILIC–MS method was successfully applied to rapid analysis of rat urine and found, based on the data generated from the data acquired for the pooled quality control samples analysed at regular intervals throughout the analysis, to be robust. Peak area and retention times for the compounds detected in these samples showed good reproducibility across the batch. When used to profile the urine samples obtained from vehicle-dosed control and those administered tienilic acid the HILIC-MS method detected 3007 mass/retention time features. Analysis of the same samples using HILIC–IMS–MS enabled the detection of 6711 features. Provisional metabolite identification for a number of compounds was performed using the high coll
Gika HG, Wilson ID, Theodoridis GA, 2019, Omics, Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, Pages: 82-89, ISBN: 9780081019849
The development of “omics” technology represents a key priority for various fields of biotechnology with application from life sciences (e.g., translational-personalized medicine) to agriculture and environmental sciences. Of the omics fields metabolomics exhibits the fastest growth in the last years; it has progressed from a small field of analytical chemistry or plant biotechnology research applied by highly-specialized groups, to the status of a major research and development field practiced in several hundreds of institutions. Metabolomics laboratories, national centers and core facilities are now established around the globe. Metabolomics is used to characterize the low molecular mass content of biological samples. At present analytical methods are still in development and have not yet reached the maturity exhibited by the field of genomics. This means that analytical methods are still a matter of consideration and experimentation for further improvement, harmonization, and consolidation. This article describes the analytical technologies applied, their advantages, limitations and remaining challenges, while it also provides a perspective of this fascinating research area.
Theodoridis GA, Gika HG, Plumb R, et al., 2019, Liquid chromatographic methods combined with mass spectrometry in metabolomics, Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches to Biomarker Discovery, Pages: 149-169, ISBN: 9780128186077
LC-MS-based metabolomic/metabonomic profiling is currently the major approach used in metabolic phenotyping (metabotyping) for biomarker discovery. Continuing advances in the technologies underpinning both separations and mass spectrometric detection, complemented by the more recent introduction of ion mobility spectrometry, have resulted in further enhancements to metabolome coverage and metabolite identification. At the present time, the most popular chromatographic methods applied to the untargeted metabolic profiling of samples remain gradient reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographies. However, alternative, niche, approaches, including, e.g., ion-pair LC and multidimensional separations, in one form or another, have also been implemented. There is also an increasing focus on quality control, methods of data analysis, tackling the problem of “unknown” metabolite identification and the validation of potential biomarkers.
Beger RD, Dunn WB, Bandukwala A, et al., 2019, Towards quality assurance and quality control in untargeted metabolomics studies, Metabolomics, Vol: 15, Pages: 1-5, ISSN: 1573-3882
We describe here the agreed upon first development steps and priority objectives of a community engagement effort to address current challenges in quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) in untargeted metabolomic studies. This has included (1) a QA and QC questionnaire responded to by the metabolomics community in 2015 which recommended education of the metabolomics community, development of appropriate standard reference materials and providing incentives for laboratories to apply QA and QC; (2) a 2-day ‘Think Tank on Quality Assurance and Quality Control for Untargeted Metabolomic Studies’ held at the National Cancer Institute’s Shady Grove Campus and (3) establishment of the Metabolomics Quality Assurance and Quality Control Consortium (mQACC) to drive forward developments in a coordinated manner.
Holmes E, Wilson ID, Lindon JC, 2019, An Overview of Metabolic Phenotyping and Its Role in Systems Biology, HANDBOOK OF METABOLIC PHENOTYPING, Editors: Lindon, Nicholson, Holmes, Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Pages: 1-51, ISBN: 978-0-12-812293-8
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- Citations: 9
Wilson ID, Plumb RS, 2019, Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Metabolic Phenotyping: Potential and Applications, HANDBOOK OF METABOLIC PHENOTYPING, Editors: Lindon, Nicholson, Holmes, Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Pages: 205-217, ISBN: 978-0-12-812293-8
Adesina-Georgiadis KN, Gray N, Plumb RS, et al., 2018, The metabolic fate and effects of 2-bromophenol in male Sprague-Dawley rats, Xenobiotica, ISSN: 0049-8254
1. The metabolic fate and urinary excretion of 2-bromophenol, a phenolic metabolite of bromobenzene, was investigated in male Sprague Dawley rats following single intraperitoneal doses at either 0, 100 or 200 mg/kg. 2. Urine was collected for seven days and samples analysed using 1H NMR spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma (ICP)MS, and UPLC-MS. 3. 1H NMR spectroscopy of the urine samples showed that, at these doses, 2-bromophenol had little effect on endogenous metabolite profiles, supporting histopathology and clinical chemistry data which showed no changes associated with the administration of 2-bromophenol at these doses. 4. The use of ICP-MS Provided a means for the selective detection and quantification of bromine-containing species and showed that between 15 and 30% of the dose was excreted via the urine over the 7 days of the study for both the 100 and 200 mg doses respectively. 6. The bulk of the excretion of Br-containing material had occurred by 8 hr post administration. UPLC-MS of urine revealed a number of metabolites of 2-bromophenol, with 2-bromophenol glucuronide and 2-bromophenol sulphate identified as the major species. A number of minor hydroxylated metabolites were also detected as their glucuronide, sulphate or O-methyl conjugates. There was no evidence for the production of reactive metabolites.
Ekdahl A, Weidolf L, Baginski M, et al., 2018, The metabolic fate of fenclozic acid in chimeric mice with a humanized liver, Archives of Toxicology, Vol: 92, Pages: 2819-2828, ISSN: 0340-5761
The metabolic fate of the human hepatotoxin fenclozic acid ([2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid) (Myalex) was studied in normal and bile-cannulated chimeric mice with a humanized liver, following oral administration of 10 mg/kg. This in vivo animal model was investigated to assess its utility to study “human” metabolism of fenclozic acid, and in particular to explore the formation of electrophilic reactive metabolites (RMs), potentially unique to humans. Metabolism was extensive, particularly involving the carboxylic acid-containing side chain. Metabolism resulted in the formation of a large number of metabolites and involved biotransformation via both oxidative and conjugative routes. The oxidative metabolites detected included a variety of hydroxylations as well as cysteinyl-, N-acetylcysteinyl-, and cysteinylglycine metabolites. The latter resulted from the formation of glutathione adducts/conjugates providing evidence for the production of RMs. The production of other classes of RMs included acyl-glucuronides, and the biosynthesis of acyl carnitine, taurine, glutamine, and glycine conjugates via potentially reactive acyl-CoA intermediates was also demonstrated. A number of unique “human” metabolites, e.g., those providing evidence for side-chain extension, were detected in the plasma and excreta of the chimeric liver-humanized mice that were not previously characterised in, e.g., the excreta of rat and C57BL/6 mice. The different pattern of metabolism seen in these chimeric mice with a humanized liver compared to the conventional rodents may offer clues to the factors that contributed to the drug-induced liver injury seen in humans.
King AM, Grant I, Rainville PD, et al., 2018, Capillary ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of tienilic acid metabolites in urine following intravenous administration to the rat, Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, Vol: 1087-1088, Pages: 142-148, ISSN: 1570-0232
Capillary scale (100 mm × 150 μm id) UPLC/MS/MS, performed using reversed-phase gradient chromatography on sub 2 μm particles, has been successfully employed for the characterization of the metabolites of the drug tienilic acid (TA) excreted via the urine following oral administration to the rat. The capillary LC system provided a significant increase (range ca. 11-33-fold) in sensitivity compared with a conventional 150 mm × 2.1 mm id UPLC system. An investigation of the effect of the injection volume and sample mass loading on the capillary column on the results obtained for both endogenous metabolites and TA was performed. This demonstrated that the injection of up to 2 μL of rat urine onto the system was permitted whilst still providing excellent chromatographic results and robustness. Qualitative analysis of the urine revealed the presence of TA itself and a total of 15 metabolites of the drug, including those resulting from biotransformations such as hydroxylation or conjugation. The capillary chromatography system was shown to be robust, and capable of providing comprehensive drug metabolite profiles from small format urine samples such as those obtained from preclinical studies in rodents.
Broadhurst D, Goodacre R, Reinke SN, et al., 2018, Guidelines and considerations for the use of system suitability and quality control samples in mass spectrometry assays applied in untargeted clinical metabolomic studies, Metabolomics, Vol: 14, ISSN: 1573-3882
BackgroundQuality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) are two quality management processes that are integral to the success of metabolomics including their application for the acquisition of high quality data in any high-throughput analytical chemistry laboratory. QA defines all the planned and systematic activities implemented before samples are collected, to provide confidence that a subsequent analytical process will fulfil predetermined requirements for quality. QC can be defined as the operational techniques and activities used to measure and report these quality requirements after data acquisition.Aim of reviewThis tutorial review will guide the reader through the use of system suitability and QC samples, why these samples should be applied and how the quality of data can be reported.Key scientific concepts of reviewSystem suitability samples are applied to assess the operation and lack of contamination of the analytical platform prior to sample analysis. Isotopically-labelled internal standards are applied to assess system stability for each sample analysed. Pooled QC samples are applied to condition the analytical platform, perform intra-study reproducibility measurements (QC) and to correct mathematically for systematic errors. Standard reference materials and long-term reference QC samples are applied for inter-study and inter-laboratory assessment of data.
Wilson CE, Dickie AP, Schreiter K, et al., 2018, The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of diclofenac in chimeric humanized and murinized FRG mice, Archives of Toxicology, Vol: 92, Pages: 1953-1967, ISSN: 0340-5761
The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac were investigated following single oral doses of 10 mg/kg to chimeric liver humanized and murinized FRG and C57BL/6 mice. In addition, the metabolism and excretion were investigated in chimeric liver humanized and murinized FRG mice. Diclofenac reached maximum blood concentrations of 2.43 ± 0.9 µg/mL (n = 3) at 0.25 h post-dose with an AUCinf of 3.67 µg h/mL and an effective half-life of 0.86 h (n = 2). In the murinized animals, maximum blood concentrations were determined as 3.86 ± 2.31 µg/mL at 0.25 h post-dose with an AUCinf of 4.94 ± 2.93 µg h/mL and a half-life of 0.52 ± 0.03 h (n = 3). In C57BL/6J mice, mean peak blood concentrations of 2.31 ± 0.53 µg/mL were seen 0.25 h post-dose with a mean AUCinf of 2.10 ± 0.49 µg h/mL and a half-life of 0.51 ± 0.49 h (n = 3). Analysis of blood indicated only trace quantities of drug-related material in chimeric humanized and murinized FRG mice. Metabolic profiling of urine, bile and faecal extracts revealed a complex pattern of metabolites for both humanized and murinized animals with, in addition to unchanged parent drug, a variety of hydroxylated and conjugated metabolites detected. The profiles in humanized mice were different to those of both murinized and wild-type animals, e.g., a higher proportion of the dose was detected in the form of acyl glucuronide metabolites and much reduced amounts as taurine conjugates. Comparison of the metabolic profiles obtained from the present study with previously published data from C57BL/6J mice and humans revealed a greater, though not complete, match between chimeric humanized mice and humans, such that the liver humanized FRG model may r
Athersuch TJ, Antoine DJ, Boobis AR, et al., 2018, Paracetamol metabolism, hepatotoxicity, biomarkers and therapeutic interventions: a perspective, Toxicology Research, Vol: 7, Pages: 347-357, ISSN: 2045-452X
After over 60 years of therapeutic use in the UK, paracetamol (acetaminophen, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) remains the subject of considerable research into both its mode of action and toxicity. The pharmacological properties of APAP are the focus of some activity, with the role of the metabolite N-arachidonoylaminophenol (AM404) still a topic of debate. However, that the hepatotoxicity of APAP results from the production of the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI/NABQI) that can deplete glutathione, react with cellular macromolecules, and initiate cell death, is now beyond dispute. The disruption of cellular pathways that results from the production of NAPQI provides a source of potential biomarkers of the severity of the damage. Research in this area has provided new diagnostic markers such as the microRNA miR-122 as well as mechanistic biomarkers associated with apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and tissue regeneration. Additionally, biomarkers of, and systems biology models for, glutathione depletion have been developed. Furthermore, there have been significant advances in determining the role of both the innate immune system and genetic factors that might predispose individuals to APAP-mediated toxicity. This perspective highlights some of the progress in current APAP-related research.
Bradshaw P, Wilson I, Upcott Gill R, et al., 2018, Metabolic Hydrolysis of Aromatic Amides in Selected Rat, Minipig, and Human In Vitro Systems, Scientific Reports, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2045-2322
The release of aromatic amines from drugs and other xenobiotics resulting from the hydrolysis of metabolically labile amide bonds presents a safety risk through several mechanisms, including geno-, hepato- and nephrotoxicity. Whilst multiple in vitro systems used for studying metabolic stability display serine hydrolase activity, responsible for the hydrolysis of amide bonds, they vary in their efficiency and selectivity. Using a range of amide-containing probe compounds (0.5–10 µM), we have investigated the hydrolytic activity of several rat, minipig and human-derived in vitro systems - including Supersomes, microsomes, S9 fractions and hepatocytes - with respect to their previously observed human in vivo metabolism. In our hands, human carboxylesterase Supersomes and rat S9 fractions systems showed relatively poor prediction of human in vivo metabolism. Rat S9 fractions, which are commonly utilised in the Ames test to assess mutagenicity, may be limited in the detection of genotoxic metabolites from aromatic amides due to their poor concordance with human in vivo amide hydrolysis. In this study, human liver microsomes and minipig subcellular fractions provided more representative models of human in vivo hydrolytic metabolism of the aromatic amide compounds tested.
Theodoridis GA, Gika HG, Wilson ID, 2018, Metabolic Profiling Methods and Protocols Preface, METABOLIC PROFILING: METHODS AND PROTOCOLS, Editors: Theodoridis, Gika, Wilson, Publisher: HUMANA PRESS INC, Pages: V-VI, ISBN: 978-1-4939-7642-3
Gika HG, Theodoridis GA, Wilson ID, 2018, Metabolic Profiling: Status, Challenges, and Perspective, METABOLIC PROFILING: METHODS AND PROTOCOLS, Editors: Theodoridis, Gika, Wilson, Publisher: HUMANA PRESS INC, Pages: 3-13, ISBN: 978-1-4939-7642-3
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Begou O, Gika HG, Theodoridis GA, et al., 2018, Quality Control and Validation Issues in LC-MS Metabolomics, METABOLIC PROFILING: METHODS AND PROTOCOLS, Editors: Theodoridis, Gika, Wilson, Publisher: HUMANA PRESS INC, Pages: 15-26, ISBN: 978-1-4939-7642-3
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- Citations: 26
Pickup K, Martin S, Partridge EA, et al., 2017, Acute liver effects, disposition and metabolic fate of [14C]-fenclozic acid following oral administration to normal and bile-cannulated male C57BL/6J Mice, Archives of Toxicology, Vol: 91, Pages: 2643-2653, ISSN: 1432-0738
The distribution, metabolism, excretion and hepatic effects of the human hepatotoxin fenclozic acid were investigated following single oral doses of 10 mg/kg to normal and bile-duct cannulated male C57BL/6J mice. Whole body autoradiography showed distribution into all tissues except the brain, with radioactivity still detectable in blood, kidney and liver at 72 h post dose. Mice dosed with [14C]-fenclozic acid showed acute centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis but no other regions of the liver were affected. The majority of the [14C]-fenclozic acid-related material recovered was found in the urine/aqueous cage wash, (49%) whilst a smaller portion (13%) was eliminated via the faeces. Metabolic profiles for urine, bile and faecal extracts, obtained using liquid chromatography and a combination of mass spectrometric and radioactivity detection, revealed extensive metabolism of fenclozic acid in mice that involved biotransformations via both oxidation and conjugation. These profiling studies also revealed the presence of glutathione-derived metabolites providing evidence for the production of reactive species by mice administered fenclozic acid. Covalent binding to proteins from liver, kidney and plasma was also demonstrated, although this binding was relatively low (less than 50 pmol eq./mg protein).
Glymenaki M, Barnes A, Hagan SO, et al., 2017, Stability in metabolic phenotypes and inferred metagenome profiles before the onset of colitis-induced inflammation., Scientific Reports, Vol: 7, ISSN: 2045-2322
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with altered microbiota composition and metabolism, but it is unclear whether these changes precede inflammation or are the result of it since current studies have mainly focused on changes after the onset of disease. We previously showed differences in mucus gut microbiota composition preceded colitis-induced inflammation and stool microbial differences only became apparent at colitis onset. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether microbial dysbiosis was associated with differences in both predicted microbial gene content and endogenous metabolite profiles. We examined the functional potential of mucus and stool microbial communities in the mdr1a (-/-) mouse model of colitis and littermate controls using PICRUSt on 16S rRNA sequencing data. Our findings indicate that despite changes in microbial composition, microbial functional pathways were stable before and during the development of mucosal inflammation. LC-MS-based metabolic phenotyping (metabotyping) in urine samples confirmed that metabolite profiles in mdr1a (-/-) mice were remarkably unaffected by development of intestinal inflammation and there were no differences in previously published metabolic markers of IBD. Metabolic profiles did, however, discriminate the colitis-prone mdr1a (-/-) genotype from controls. Our results indicate resilience of the metabolic network irrespective of inflammation. Importantly as metabolites differentiated genotype, genotype-differentiating metabolites could potentially predict IBD risk.
Wilson ID, Begou O, Gika HG, et al., 2017, Hyphenated MS–Based Targeted approaches in metabolomics, Analyst, Vol: 142, Pages: 3079-3100, ISSN: 1364-5528
While global metabolic profiling (untargeted metabolomics) has been the center of much interest and research activity in the past few decades, more recently targeted metabolomics approaches have begun to gain ground. These analyses are, to an extent, more hypothesis-driven, as they focus on a set of pre-defined metabolites and aim towards their determination, often to the point of absolute quantification. The continuous development of the technological platforms used in these studies facilitates the analysis of large numbers of well-characterized metabolites present in complex matrices. The present review describes recent developments in the hyphenated chromatographic methods most often applied in targeted metabolomic/lipidomic studies (LC-MS/MS, CE-MS/MS, and GC-MS/MS), highlighting applications in the life and food/plant sciences. The review also underlines practical challenges–limitations that appear in such approaches.
Dickie AP, Wilson CE, Schreiter K, et al., 2017, The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lumiracoxib in chimeric humanized and murinized FRG mice, Biochemical Pharmacology, Vol: 135, Pages: 139-150, ISSN: 0006-2952
The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lumiracoxib were studied, after administration of single 10 mg/kg oral doses to chimeric liver-humanized and murinized FRG mice. In the chimeric humanized mice, lumiracoxib reached peak observed concentrations in the blood of 1.10 ± 0.08 μg/mL at 0.25–0.5 h post-dose with an AUCinf of 1.74 ± 0.52 μg h/mL and an effective half-life for the drug of 1.42 ± 0.72 h (n = 3). In the case of the murinized animals peak observed concentrations in the blood were determined as 1.15 ± 0.08 μg/mL at 0.25 h post-dose with an AUCinf of 1.94 ± 0.22 μg h/mL and an effective half-life of 1.28 ± 0.02 h (n = 3). Analysis of blood indicated only the presence of unchanged lumiracoxib. Metabolic profiling of urine, bile and faecal extracts revealed a complex pattern of metabolites for both humanized and murinized animals with, in addition to unchanged parent drug, a variety of hydroxylated and conjugated metabolites detected. The profiles obtained in humanized mice were different compared to murinized animals with e.g., a higher proportion of the dose detected in the form of acyl glucuronide metabolites and much reduced amounts of taurine conjugates. Comparison of the metabolic profiles obtained from the present study with previously published data from C57bl/6J mice and humans, revealed a greater though not complete match between chimeric humanized mice and humans, such that the liver-humanized FRG model may represent a useful approach to assessing the biotransformation of such compounds in humans.
Rainville PD, Wilson ID, Nicholson JK, et al., 2017, Ion Mobility Spectrometry Combined With Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry For Metabolic Phenotyping of Urine: Effects of Column Length, Gradient Duration and Ion Mobility Spectrometry on Metabolite Detection., Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol: 982, Pages: 1-8, ISSN: 1873-4324
The need for rapid and efficient high throughput metabolic phenotyping (metabotyping) in metabolomic/metabonomic studies often requires compromises to be made between analytical speed and metabolome coverage. Here the effect of column length (150, 75 and 30 mm) and gradient duration (15, 7.5 and 3 min respectively) on the number of features detected when untargeted metabolic profiling of human urine using reversed-phase gradient ultra performance chromatography with, and without, ion mobility spectrometry, has been examined. As would be expected, reducing column length from 150 to 30 mm, and gradient duration, from 15 to 3 min, resulted in a reduction in peak capacity from 311 to 63 and a similar reduction in the number of features detected from over ca. 16,000 to ca. 6500. Under the same chromatographic conditions employing UPLC/IMS/MS to provide an additional orthogonal separation resulted in an increase in the number of MS features detected to nearly 20,000 and ca. 7500 for the 150 mm and the 30 mm columns respectively. Based on this limited study the potential of LC/IMS/MS as a tool for improving throughput and increasing metabolome coverage clearly merits further in depth study.
Swann JR, Garcia-Perez I, Braniste V, et al., 2017, Application of 1H NMR spectroscopy to the metabolic phenotyping of rodent brain extracts: a metabonomic study of gut microbial influence on host brain metabolism, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol: 143, Pages: 141-146, ISSN: 1873-264X
H NMR Spectroscopy has been applied to determine the neurochemical profiles of brain extracts from the frontal cortex and hippocampal regions of germ free and normal mice and rats. The results revealed a number of differences between germ free (GF) and conventional (CV) rats or specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice with microbiome-associated metabolic variation found to be both species- and region-dependent. In the mouse, the GF frontal cortex contained lower amounts of creatine, N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), glycerophosphocholine and lactate, but greater amounts of choline compared to that of specific pathogen free (SPF) mice. In the hippocampus, the GF mice had greater creatine, NAA, lactate and taurine content compared to those of the SPF animals, but lower relative quantities of succinate and an unidentified lipid-related component. The GF rat frontal cortex contained higher relative quantities of lactate, creatine and NAA compared to the CV animals whilst the GF hippocampus was characterized by higher taurine and phosphocholine concentrations and lower quantities of NAA, N-acetylaspartylglutamate and choline compared to the CV animals. Of note is that, in both rat and mouse brain extracts, concentrations of hippocampal taurine were found to be greater in the absence of an established microbiome. The results provide further evidence that brain biochemistry can be influenced by gut microbial status, specifically metabolites involved in energy metabolism demonstrating biochemical dialogue between the microbiome and brain.
Triantafyllou E, Pop O, Possamai L, et al., 2017, MerTK expressing hepatic macrophages promote the resolution of inflammation in acute liver failure, Gut, Vol: 67, Pages: 333-347, ISSN: 1468-3288
Objective Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterised by overwhelming hepatocyte death and liver inflammation with massive infiltration of myeloid cells in necrotic areas. The mechanisms underlying resolution of acute hepatic inflammation are largely unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the impact of Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) during ALF and also examine how the microenvironmental mediator, secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), governs this response.Design Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, confocal imaging and gene expression analyses determined the phenotype, functional/transcriptomic profile and tissue topography of MerTK+ monocytes/macrophages in ALF, healthy and disease controls. The temporal evolution of macrophage MerTK expression and its impact on resolution was examined in APAP-induced acute liver injury using wild-type (WT) and Mer-deficient (Mer−/−) mice. SLPI effects on hepatic myeloid cells were determined in vitro and in vivo using APAP-treated WT mice.Results We demonstrate a significant expansion of resolution-like MerTK+HLA-DRhigh cells in circulatory and tissue compartments of patients with ALF. Compared with WT mice which show an increase of MerTK+MHCIIhigh macrophages during the resolution phase in ALF, APAP-treated Mer−/− mice exhibit persistent liver injury and inflammation, characterised by a decreased proportion of resident Kupffer cells and increased number of neutrophils. Both in vitro and in APAP-treated mice, SLPI reprogrammes myeloid cells towards resolution responses through induction of a MerTK+HLA-DRhigh phenotype which promotes neutrophil apoptosis and their subsequent clearance.Conclusions We identify a hepatoprotective, MerTK+, macrophage phenotype that evolves during the resolution phase following ALF and represents a novel immunotherapeutic target to promote resolution responses following acute liver injury.
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