Publications
517 results found
Piggin M, Johnson H, Papadimitriou D, et al., 2021, Insight Report: Digital health online public involvement session on building our digital healthcare programme in North West London, Insight Report: Digital health online public involvement session on building our digital healthcare programme in North West London
Summary report on the views of members of the public on building the digital healthcare programme of research in North West London.
Ratneswaren A, Shah ASV, Thom SA, et al., 2021, Tissue Doppler E prime velocity and E/E prime predict 19-year cardiovascular mortality in hypertension, Publisher: OXFORD UNIV PRESS, Pages: 2336-2336, ISSN: 0195-668X
Ratneswaren A, Hadjiloizou N, Ahmad Y, et al., 2021, Coronary haemodynamics associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in aortic stenosis and hypertension, Publisher: OXFORD UNIV PRESS, Pages: 1728-1728, ISSN: 0195-668X
Al Saikhan L, Park C, Tillin T, et al., 2021, Myocardial strain by 3D-speckle tracking echocardiography predicts long-term risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population: the Southall And Brent Revisited (SABRE) study, Publisher: OXFORD UNIV PRESS, Pages: 67-67, ISSN: 0195-668X
Seligman H, Zaman S, Pitcher DS, et al., 2021, Correction: Reusable snorkel masks adapted as particulate respirators, PLoS One, Vol: 16, Pages: 1-1, ISSN: 1932-6203
Naderi H, Robinson S, Swaans MJ, et al., 2021, Adapting the role of handheld echocardiography during the COVID-19 pandemic: A practical guide, PERFUSION-UK, Vol: 36, Pages: 547-558, ISSN: 0267-6591
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Levy S, Cole G, Pabari P, et al., 2021, New horizons in cardiogeriatrics: geriatricians and heart failure care-the custard in the tart, not the icing on the cake, AGE AND AGEING, Vol: 50, Pages: 1064-1068, ISSN: 0002-0729
Ramakrishnan A, Shah A, Thom S, et al., 2021, 182 Tissue doppler E’ velocity and E/e’ predict 19-year cardiovascular mortality in hypertension, British Cardiovascular Society Virtual Annual Conference, ‘Cardiology and the Environment’, Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Pages: A140-A142, ISSN: 1355-6037
Background We have previously shown that tissue Doppler assessments of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function predict cardiac events in a hypertensive population over a period of 4 years. These out-performed traditional echocardiographic measures in a well-treated hypertensive population.Purpose We aimed to test whether tissue Doppler assessment of LV diastolic function would predict cardiovascular (CV) mortality in the Hypertension Associated Cardiovascular Disease sub-study of the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT).Methods ASCOT was a multicentre randomised trial with a 2x2 factorial design. Inclusion criteria for the study included hypertension and three other CV risk factors, including male sex and age over 55. Protocols, including for echocardiography, have been detailed previously.This study comprised the 519 patients recruited to the St Mary’s Hospital site of the ASCOT study, who were followed for a median of 19 years with mortality flagged by the Office for National Statistics. We have used all reported deaths on or before 31st January 2019. CV deaths include deaths due to coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and other CV causes. Echocardiography was performed one year after blood pressure control. mean tissue Doppler E’ was calculated as the average of septal, lateral and inferior wall measurements over three cycles. The ratio of the transmitral Doppler E wave velocity and the composite mean of E’ was used to calculate E/E’ ratio. Statistical analysis was performed using Python including multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. A two-sided P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results After a median of 19 years (±5 years), 317 patients survived (mean age at baseline 60y, 38 female) and 202 did not (mean age 68y, 30 female). Twenty-three deaths were due to CHD, 11 were due to stroke, 27 were due to other CV causes, and 76 were due to cancer. Baseline characteristics were not signi
Ramakrishnan A, Hadjiloizou N, Ahmad Y, et al., 2021, DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY ON CORONARY HAEMODYNAMICS IN AORTIC STENOSIS AND HYPERTENSION, Virtual Annual Conference of the British-Cardiovascular-Society - Cardiology and the Environment, Publisher: BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, Pages: A1-A2, ISSN: 1355-6037
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Ramakrishnan A, Reavette R, Rowland E, et al., 2021, A NOVEL ULTRASOUND BASED METHOD FOR SCREENING FOR HEART FAILURE, Publisher: BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, Pages: A106-A106, ISSN: 1355-6037
Kotecha T, Knight DS, Razvi Y, et al., 2021, Patterns of myocardial injury in recovered troponin-positive COVID-19 patients assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance, EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL, Vol: 42, Pages: 1866-1878, ISSN: 0195-668X
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Seligman H, Zaman S, Pitcher DS, et al., 2021, Reusable snorkel masks adapted as particulate respirators, PLoS One, Vol: 16, Pages: 1-11, ISSN: 1932-6203
ntroductionDuring viral pandemics, filtering facepiece (FFP) masks together with eye protection form the essential components of personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers. There remain concerns regarding insufficient global supply and imperfect protection offered by currently available PPE strategies. A range of full-face snorkel masks were adapted to accept high grade medical respiratory filters using bespoke-designed 3D-printed connectors. We compared the protection offered by the snorkel to that of standard PPE using a placebo-controlled respirator filtering test as well as a fluorescent droplet deposition experiment. Out of the 56 subjects tested, 42 (75%) passed filtering testing with the snorkel mask compared to 31 (55%) with a FFP3 respirator mask (p = 0.003). Amongst the 43 subjects who were not excluded following a placebo control, 85% passed filtering testing with the snorkel versus to 68% with a FFP3 mask (p = 0.008). Following front and lateral spray of fluorescence liquid particles, the snorkel mask also provided superior protection against droplet deposition within the subject’s face, when compared to a standard PPE combination of FFP3 masks and eye protection (3.19x108 versus 6.81x108 fluorescence units, p<0.001). The 3D printable adaptors are available for free download online at https://www.ImperialHackspace.com/COVID-19-Snorkel-Respirator-Project/.ConclusionFull-face snorkel masks adapted as particulate respirators performed better than a standard PPE combination of FFP3 mask and eye protection against aerosol inhalation and droplet deposition. This adaptation is therefore a promising PPE solution for healthcare workers during highly contagious viral outbreaks.
Sweeney M, Cole GD, Pabari P, et al., 2021, Urinary drug metabolite testing in chronic heart failure patients indicates high levels of adherence with life-prolonging therapies, ESC Heart Failure, Vol: 8, Pages: 2334-2337, ISSN: 2055-5822
AimsDespite medical therapy for heart failure (HF) having proven benefits of improving quality of life and survival, many patients remain under-treated. This may be due to a combination of under-prescription by medical professionals and poor adherence from patients. In HF, as with many other chronic diseases, adherence to medication can deteriorate over time particularly when symptoms are well controlled. Therefore, detecting and addressing non-adherence has a crucial role in the management of HF. Significant flaws and inaccuracies exist in the methods currently used to assess adherence such as patient reporting, pill counts, and pharmacy fill records. We aim to use high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) to detect metabolites of HF medications in the urine samples of chronic HF patients.Methods and resultsUrine samples were collected from 35 patients in a specialist HF clinic. Patients were included if they had an ejection fraction <45% and were taking at least two disease-modifying HF medications. They were excluded if they had been admitted to hospital for HF in the 3 months preceding clinic attendance. These samples were sent for HPLC-MS and tested for all HF medications prescribed for that patient. A high rate of complete adherence of 89% was detected in these patients, with 94% being partially adherent (at least one HF medication detected) to therapy (at least one HF medication detected). This analysis also highlighted that mineralocorticoid antagonists represent both the most under-prescribed (67%) and poorly adhered (75%) medication class.ConclusionsThis analysis revealed a surprisingly high level of adherence to disease-modifying therapy in chronic HF patients and highlights that most of our ‘total’ under-treatment is likely to be from a failure to prescribe rather than a failure to adhere. Testing for metabolites of disease-modifying HF drugs in urine using HPLC-MS is feasible and is a useful adjunct t
Thompson D, Al-Lamee R, Foley M, et al., 2021, Achieving optimal adherence to medical therapy by telehealth: Findings from the ORBITA medication adherence sub-study, Pharmacology Research and Perspectives, Vol: 9, Pages: e00710-e00710, ISSN: 2052-1707
INTRODUCTION: The ORBITA trial of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus a placebo procedure for patients with stable angina was conducted across six sites in the United Kingdom via home monitoring and telephone consultations. Patients underwent detailed assessment of medication adherence which allowed us to measure the efficacy of the implementation of the optimization protocol and interpretation of the main trial endpoints. METHODS: Prescribing data were collected throughout the trial. Self-reported adherence was assessed, and urine samples collected at pre-randomization and at follow-up for direct assessment of adherence using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC MS/MS). RESULTS: Self-reported adherence was >96% for all drugs in both treatment groups at both stages. The percentage of samples in which drug was detected at pre-randomization and at follow-up in the PCI versus placebo groups respectively was: clopidogrel, 96% versus 90% and 98% versus 94%; atorvastatin, 95% versus 92% and 92% versus 91%; perindopril, 95% versus 97% and 85% versus 100%; bisoprolol, 98% versus 99% and 96% versus 97%; amlodipine, 99% versus 99% and 94% versus 96%; nicorandil, 98% versus 96% and 94% versus 92%; ivabradine, 100% versus 100% and 100% versus 100%; and ranolazine, 100% versus 100% and 100% versus 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence levels were high throughout the study when quantified by self-reporting methods and similarly high proportions of drug were detected by urinary assay. The results indicate successful implementation of the optimization protocol delivered by telephone, an approach that could serve as a model for treatment of chronic conditions, particularly as consultations are increasingly conducted online.
Kaura A, Sterne JAC, Trickey A, et al., 2021, Managing NSTEMI in older patients reply, LANCET, Vol: 397, Pages: 371-372, ISSN: 0140-6736
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Chatrath N, Kaza N, Pabari PA, et al., 2020, The effect of concomitant COVID-19 infection on outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure, ESC HEART FAILURE, Vol: 7, Pages: 4443-4447, ISSN: 2055-5822
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- Citations: 19
Barakat MF, Chehab O, Kaura A, et al., 2020, Systolic Velocity Is Associated with Lethal Arrhythmias in Cardiac Device Recipients Irrespective of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Vol: 33, Pages: 1509-1516, ISSN: 0894-7317
Seligman H, Sen S, Nijjer S, et al., 2020, Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Deviations from Guidelines and Pragmatic Considerations for Patients and Healthcare Workers, Interventional Cardiology Review, Vol: 15, Pages: e16-e16, ISSN: 1756-1477
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is forcing cardiology departments to rapidly adapt existing clinical guidelines to a new reality and this is especially the case for acute coronary syndrome pathways. In this focused review, the authors discuss how COVID-19 is affecting acute cardiology care and propose pragmatic guideline modifications for the diagnosis and management of acute coronary syndrome patients, particularly around the appropriateness of invasive strategies as well as length of hospital stay. The authors also discuss the use of personal protective equipment for healthcare workers in cardiology. Based on shared global experiences and growing peer-reviewed literature, it is possible to put in place modified acute coronary syndrome treatment pathways to offer safe pragmatic decisions to patients and staff.
Al Saikhan L, Alobaida M, Bhuva A, et al., 2020, Imaging Protocol, Feasibility, and Reproducibility of Cardiovascular Phenotyping in a Large Tri-Ethnic Population-Based Study of Older People: The Southall and Brent Revisited (SABRE) Study, FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE, Vol: 7, ISSN: 2297-055X
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- Citations: 6
Bampouri T, Gardezi SKM, Hadjiphilippou S, et al., 2020, Hypochloraemia is associated with mortality in patients admitted with heart failure, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 32-33, ISSN: 1388-9842
Kaura A, Sterne J, Trickey A, et al., 2020, Invasive versus non-invasive management of elderly patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: cohort study based on routine clinical data, The Lancet, Vol: 396, Pages: 623-634, ISSN: 0140-6736
BackgroundPrevious trials suggest lower long-term mortality after invasive rather than non-invasive management among patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), but these excluded very elderly patients.MethodsWe estimated the effect of invasive versus non-invasive management within 3 days of peak troponin on survival in NSTEMI patients aged ≥80 years, using routine clinical data collected during 2010–2017 (NIHR Health Informatics Collaborative). Propensity scores based on pre-treatment variables were derived using logistic regression; patients with high probabilities of non-invasive or invasive management were excluded. Patients who died within 3 days without receiving invasive management were assigned to the invasive or non-invasive management groups based on their propensity scores, to mitigate immortal time bias. We estimated mortality hazard ratios comparing invasive with non-invasive management, and also compared rates of hospital admission for heart failure.FindingsOf 1976 patients with NSTEMI, 101 died within 3 days of their peak troponin, whilst 375 were excluded because of extreme propensity scores. The remaining 1500 patients (56% non-invasive management) had a median age 86 (IQR 82-89) years. During median follow-up of 3.0 (IQR 1.2-4.8) years, there were 613 (41%) deaths. Using inverse probability weighting, adjusted cumulative 5-year mortality was 36% and 55% in the invasive and non-invasive management groups, respectively. The mortality hazard ratio comparing invasive with non-invasive management was 0.64 (95% CI 0.52-0.79) after multivariable adjustment for clinical characteristics and propensity score and inclusion of patients who died within three days. Invasive management was associated with lower incidence of hospital admissions for heart failure (adjusted rate ratio compared with non-invasive management 0.67, 95% CI 0.48–0.93).
Hughes AD, Park C, Ramakrishnan A, et al., 2020, Feasibility of estimation of aortic wave intensity using non-invasive pressure recordings in the absence of flow velocity in man, Frontiers in Physiology, Vol: 11, Pages: 1-9, ISSN: 1664-042X
Background: Wave intensity analysis provides valuable information on ventriculo-arterial function, hemodynamics, and energy transfer in the arterial circulation. Widespread use of wave intensity analysis is limited by the need for concurrent measurement of pressure and flow waveforms. We describe a method that can estimate wave intensity patterns using only non-invasive pressure waveforms (pWIA).Methods: Radial artery pressure and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) flow velocity waveforms were recorded in 12 participants in the Southall and Brent Revisited (SABRE) study. Pressure waveforms were analyzed using custom-written software to derive the excess pressure (Pxs) which was scaled to peak LVOT velocity and used to calculate wave intensity. These data were compared with wave intensity calculated using the measured LVOT flow velocity waveform. In a separate study, repeat measures of pWIA were performed on 34 individuals who attended two clinic visits at an interval of ≈1 month to assess reproducibility and reliability of the method.Results: Pxs waveforms were similar in shape to aortic flow velocity waveforms and the time of peak Pxs and peak aortic velocity agreed closely. Wave intensity estimated using pWIA showed acceptable agreement with estimates using LVOT velocity tracings and estimates of wave intensity were similar to values reported previously in the literature. The method showed fair to good reproducibility for most parameters.Conclusion: The Pxs is a surrogate of LVOT flow velocity which, when appropriately scaled, allows estimation of aortic wave intensity with acceptable reproducibility. This may enable wider application of wave intensity analysis to large studies.
Kaura A, Arnold AD, Vasileios P, et al., 2020, Prognostic significance of troponin level in 3,121 patients presenting with atrial fibrillation (The NIHR Health Informatics Collaborative TROP-AF study), Journal of the American Heart Association, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2047-9980
Background-—Patients presenting with atrial fibrillation (AF) often undergo a blood test to measure troponin, but interpretation of theresult is impeded by uncertainty about its clinical importance. We investigated the relationship between troponin level, coronaryangiography, and all-cause mortality in real-world patients presenting with AF.Methods and Results-—We used National Institute of Health Research Health Informatics Collaborative data to identify patients admitted between 2010 and 2017 at 5 tertiary centers in the United Kingdom with a primary diagnosis of AF. Peak troponin results 7 were scaled as multiples of the upper limit of normal. A total of 3121 patients were included in the analysis. Over a median followup of 1462 (interquartile range, 929–1975) days, there were 586 deaths (18.8%). The adjusted hazard ratio for mortality associatedwith a positive troponin (value above upper limit of normal) was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.01–1.43; P<0.05). Higher troponin levels were associated with higher risk of mortality, reaching a maximum hazard ratio of 2.6 (95% CI, 1.9–3.4) at 250 multiples of the upper limit of normal. There was an exponential relationship between higher troponin levels and increased odds of coronary angiography.The mortality risk was 36% lower in patients undergoing coronary angiography than in those who did not (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.42–0.89; P=0.01).Conclusions-—Increased troponin was associated with increased risk of mortality in patients presenting with AF. The lower hazard ratio in patients undergoing invasive management raises the possibility that the clinical importance of troponin release in AF may be mediated by coronary artery disease, which may be responsive to revascularization.
Cook CM, Howard JP, Ahmad Y, et al., 2020, How Do Fractional Flow Reserve, Whole-Cycle PdPa, and Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio Correlate With Exercise Coronary Flow Velocity During Exercise-Induced Angina?, CIRCULATION-CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS, Vol: 13, ISSN: 1941-7640
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Howard JP, Tan J, Shun-Shin MJ, et al., 2020, Improving ultrasound video classification: an evaluation of novel deep learning methods in echocardiography., J Med Artif Intell, Vol: 3
Echocardiography is the commonest medical ultrasound examination, but automated interpretation is challenging and hinges on correct recognition of the 'view' (imaging plane and orientation). Current state-of-the-art methods for identifying the view computationally involve 2-dimensional convolutional neural networks (CNNs), but these merely classify individual frames of a video in isolation, and ignore information describing the movement of structures throughout the cardiac cycle. Here we explore the efficacy of novel CNN architectures, including time-distributed networks and two-stream networks, which are inspired by advances in human action recognition. We demonstrate that these new architectures more than halve the error rate of traditional CNNs from 8.1% to 3.9%. These advances in accuracy may be due to these networks' ability to track the movement of specific structures such as heart valves throughout the cardiac cycle. Finally, we show the accuracies of these new state-of-the-art networks are approaching expert agreement (3.6% discordance), with a similar pattern of discordance between views.
Al Saikhan L, Park C, Tillin T, et al., 2020, SEX-DIFFERENCES IN LEFT VENTRICULAR REMODELLING PATTERN BY 3D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE LONG-TERM RISK OF ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY: FINDINGS FROM THE SOUTHALL AND BRENT REVISITED (SABRE) STUDY, Conference of American-College-of-Cardiology (ACC) / World Congress of Cardiology (WCC), Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, Pages: 1694-1694, ISSN: 0735-1097
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Al Saikhan L, Park C, Tillin T, et al., 2020, THE PREVALENCE OF SUBCLINICAL LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION BY 3D-GLOBAL LONGITUDINAL STRAIN IN SOUTH ASIANS COMPARED TO WHITES EUROPEANS AND THE ROLE OF CENTRAL OBESITY: THE SOUTHALL AND BRENT REVISITED (SABRE) STUDY, Conference of American-College-of-Cardiology (ACC) / World Congress of Cardiology (WCC), Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, Pages: 1656-1656, ISSN: 0735-1097
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Al-lamee RK, Shun-Shin M, Howard J, et al., 2019, Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography Ischaemia as a Predictor of the Placebo-Controlled Efficacy of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Stable Coronary Artery Disease: The Stress Echo-Stratified Analysis of ORBITA, Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), Publisher: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, Pages: E985-E985, ISSN: 0009-7322
Ahmad Y, Vendrik J, Eftekhari A, et al., 2019, Determining the Predominant Lesion in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis and Coronary Stenoses: A Multicenter Study Using Intracoronary Pressure and Flow, Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions, Vol: 12, ISSN: 1941-7640
Background:Patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) often have coronary artery disease. Both the aortic valve and the coronary disease influence the blood flow to the myocardium and its ability to respond to stress; leading to exertional symptoms. In this study, we aim to quantify the effect of severe AS on the coronary microcirculation and determine if this is influenced by any concomitant coronary disease. We then compare this to the effect of coronary stenoses on the coronary microcirculation.Methods:Group 1: 55 patients with severe AS and intermediate coronary stenoses treated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) were included. Group 2: 85 patients with intermediate coronary stenoses and no AS treated with percutaneous coronary intervention were included. Coronary pressure and flow were measured at rest and during hyperemia in both groups, before and after TAVI (group 1) and before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (group 2).Results:Microvascular resistance over the wave-free period of diastole increased significantly post-TAVI (pre-TAVI, 2.71±1.4 mm Hg·cm·s−1 versus post-TAVI 3.04±1.6 mm Hg·cm·s−1 [P=0.03]). Microvascular reserve over the wave-free period of diastole significantly improved post-TAVI (pre-TAVI 1.88±1.0 versus post-TAVI 2.09±0.8 [P=0.003]); this was independent of the severity of the underlying coronary stenosis. The change in microvascular resistance post-TAVI was equivalent to that produced by stenting a coronary lesion with an instantaneous wave-free ratio of ≤0.74.Conclusions:TAVI improves microcirculatory function regardless of the severity of underlying coronary disease. TAVI for severe AS produces a coronary hemodynamic improvement equivalent to the hemodynamic benefit of stenting coronary stenoses with instantaneous wave-free ratio values <0.74. Future trials of physiology-guided revascularization in severe AS may consider us
Kaura A, Panoulas V, Glampson B, et al., 2019, Association of troponin level and age with mortality in 250 000 patients: cohort study across five UK acute care centres, BMJ-British Medical Journal, Vol: 367, ISSN: 1756-1833
ObjectiveTo determine the relation between age and troponinlevel and its prognostic implication.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingFive cardiovascular centres in the UK National Institutefor Health Research Health Informatics Collaborative(UK-NIHR HIC).Participants257948 consecutive patients undergoing troponintesting for any clinical reason between 2010 and2017.Main outcome measureAll cause mortality.Results257948 patients had troponin measured during thestudy period. Analyses on troponin were performedusing the peak troponin level, which was the highesttroponin level measured during the patient’s hospitalstay. Troponin levels were standardised as a multipleof each laboratory’s 99th centile of the upper limitof normal (ULN). During a median follow-up of 1198days (interquartile range 514-1866 days), 55850(21.7%) deaths occurred. A positive troponin result(that is, higher than the upper limit of normal)signified an overall 3.2-fold higher mortality hazard(95% confidence interval 3.1-fold to 3.2-fold) overthree years. The mortality hazard varied markedly withage, from 10.6-fold (8.5-fold to 13.3-fold) in 18-29year olds to 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) in those older than 90.A positive troponin result was associated with anapproximately 15 percentage points higher absolutethree year mortality across all age groups. The excessmortality with a positive troponin result was heavilyconcentrated in the first few weeks. Results wereanalysed using multivariable adjusted restrictedcubic spline Cox regression. A direct relation wasseen between troponin level and mortality in patientswithout acute coronary syndrome (ACS, n=120049),whereas an inverted U shaped relation was foundin patients with ACS (n=14468), with a paradoxicaldecline in mortality at peak troponin levels >70xULN.In the group with ACS, the inverted U shaped relationpersisted after multivariable adjustment in those whowere managed invasively; however, a direct positiverelation was found between troponin level
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