Publications
309 results found
Walters J, 2023, Lessons from a trial of colesevelam for bile acid diarrhoea, LANCET GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY, Vol: 8, Pages: 290-291
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Mullish BH, Martinez Gili L, Chekmeneva E, et al., 2022, Assessing the clinical value of faecal bile acid profiling to predict recurrence in primary Clostridioides difficile infection, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol: 56, Pages: 1556-1569, ISSN: 0269-2813
Background:Factors influencing recurrence risk in primary Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) are poorly understood, and tools predicting recurrence are lacking. Perturbations in bile acids (BAs) contribute to CDI pathogenesis and may be relevant to primary disease prognosis.Aims:To define stool BA dynamics in patients with primary CDI and explore signatures predicting recurrenceMethodsWeekly stool samples were collected from patients with primary CDI from the last day of anti-CDI therapy until recurrence or, otherwise, through 8 weeks post-completion. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to profile BAs; stool bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity was measured to determine primary BA bacterial deconjugation capacity. Multivariate and univariate models were used to define differential BA trajectories in patients with recurrence versus those without, and to assess faecal BAs as predictive markers for recurrence.Results:Twenty (36%) of 56 patients (median age: 57, 64% male) had recurrence; 80% of recurrences occurred within the first 9 days post-antibiotic treatment. Principal component analysis of stool BA profiles demonstrated clustering by recurrence status and post-treatment timepoint. Longitudinal faecal BA trajectories showed recovery of secondary BAs and their derivatives only in patients without recurrence. BSH activity increased over time only among non-relapsing patients (β = 0.056; likelihood ratio test p = 0.018). A joint longitudinal-survival model identified five stool BAs with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve >0.73 for predicting recurrence within 9 days post-CDI treatment.Conclusions:Gut BA metabolism dynamics differ in primary CDI patients between those developing recurrence and those who do not. Individual BAs show promise as potential novel biomarkers to predict CDI recurrence.
Storr M, Gross M, Madisch A, et al., 2022, Bile Acid Diarrhea, Stepchild of Chronic Diarrhea - Prevalence, Diagnosis and Treatment, AKTUELLE ERNAHRUNGSMEDIZIN, Vol: 47, Pages: 461-474, ISSN: 0341-0501
Walters JRF, 2022, Treating bile acid diarrhoea with liraglutide, LANCET GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY, Vol: 7, Pages: 897-899
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Balesaria S, Pattni SS, Johnston IM, et al., 2022, Common Genetic Variants in the Bile Acid Synthesis Enzyme CYP7A1 Are Associated With Severe Primary Bile Acid Diarrhea, GASTROENTEROLOGY, Vol: 163, Pages: 517-+, ISSN: 0016-5085
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Savarino E, Zingone F, Barberio B, et al., 2022, Functional bowel disorders with diarrhoea: Clinical guidelines of the United European Gastroenterology and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility, United European Gastroenterology Journal, Vol: 10, Pages: 556-584, ISSN: 2050-6406
Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea (IBS-D) and functional diarrhoea (FDr) are the two major functional bowel disorders characterized by diarrhoea. In spite of their high prevalence, IBS-D and FDr are associated with major uncertainties, especially regarding their optimal diagnostic work-up and management. A Delphi consensus was performed with experts from 10 European countries who conducted a literature summary and voting process on 31 statements. Quality of evidence was evaluated using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation criteria. Consensus (defined as >80% agreement) was reached for all the statements. The panel agreed with the potential overlapping of IBS-D and FDr. In terms of diagnosis, the consensus supports a symptom-based approach also with the exclusion of alarm symptoms, recommending the evaluation of full blood count, C-reactive protein, serology for coeliac disease, and faecal calprotectin, and consideration of diagnosing bile acid diarrhoea. Colonoscopy with random biopsies in both the right and left colon is recommended in patients older than 50 years and in presence of alarm features. Regarding treatment, a strong consensus was achieved for the use of a diet low fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols, gut-directed psychological therapies, rifaximin, loperamide, and eluxadoline. A weak or conditional recommendation was achieved for antispasmodics, probiotics, tryciclic antidepressants, bile acid sequestrants, 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 antagonists (i.e. alosetron, ondansetron, or ramosetron). A multinational group of European experts summarized the current state of consensus on the definition, diagnosis, and management of IBS-D and FDr.
Balsiger LM, Akyuz F, Barberio B, et al., 2022, CASE-BASED EVALUATION SHOWS HIGHLY VARIED APPROACH TO IBS-D TREATMENT BY EUROPEAN EXPERTS, Publisher: W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC, Pages: S935-S935, ISSN: 0016-5085
Walters JRF, 2021, The role of bile acids and their TGR5 receptor in irritable bowel syndrome and diarrhoea, DIGESTIVE AND LIVER DISEASE, Vol: 53, Pages: 1118-1119, ISSN: 1590-8658
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Hiner GE, Walters JRF, 2021, A practical approach to the patient with chronic diarrhoea, CLINICAL MEDICINE, Vol: 21, Pages: 124-126, ISSN: 1470-2118
Storr M, Gross M, Madisch A, et al., 2021, [Bile acid diarrhea, stepchild of chronic diarrhea - prevalence, diagnosis and treatment. Update 2021]., Z Gastroenterol
Bile acid diarrhea is one of the most frequently undiagnosed causes of chronic diarrhea. A variety of different pathophysiologic causes can underlie chronic diarrhea. Even after exclusion of the more frequent causes, up to 5 % of the population remains affected by unexplained chronic diarrhea. In up to 50 % within this cohort, bile acid diarrhea is the underlying cause.The various pathophysiologies leading to bile acid diarrhea are well characterized. In this way, bile acid diarrhea can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary subtypes. Common to all causes is the increased amount of bile acids in the colon and in the faeces and the resulting secretory-osmotic diarrhea, in more severe forms in combination with steatorrhea. The diagnosis of bile acid diarrhea follows a clear algorithm which, in addition to the search for the cause and possibly a therapeutic trial, recognizes the 75SeHCAT test as the reference method for the detection of an increased loss of bile acids. In view of the chronic nature of the symptoms and the need for permanent, lifelong therapy, the use of a one-time, reliable diagnostic test is justified, though the test is currently only available at a few centers. In addition to the treatment of identifiable underlying diseases, the current treatment includes the use of drugs that bind bile acids, with additional nutritional recommendations and vitamin substitutions.The present review article summarizes the pathophysiology and importance of bile acid diarrhea and discusses the current approach towards diagnosis and treatment.
Mitchell AL, Ovadia C, Syngelaki A, et al., 2021, Re-evaluating diagnostic thresholds for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: case-control and cohort study., BJOG
OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal total serum bile acid (TSBA) threshold and sampling time for accurate intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) diagnosis. DESIGN: Case-control, retrospective cohort studies. SETTING: Antenatal clinics, clinical research facilities. POPULATION: Women with ICP or uncomplicated pregnancies. METHODS: Serial TSBA measurements were performed pre-/post-prandially in 42 women with ICP or uncomplicated pregnancy. Third trimester non-fasting TSBA reference ranges were calculated from 561 women of black, south Asian and white ethnicity. Rates of adverse perinatal outcomes for women with ICP but peak non-fasting TSBA below the upper reference range limit were compared with healthy populations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sensitivity and specificity of common TSBA thresholds for ICP diagnosis, using fasting and postprandial TSBA. Calculation of normal reference ranges of non-fasting TSBA. RESULTS: TSBA concentrations increased markedly postprandially in all groups, with overlap between healthy pregnancy and mild ICP (TSBA<40μmol/L). The specificity of ICP diagnosis was higher when fasting, however, corresponded to <30% sensitivity for diagnosis of mild disease. Using TSBA ≥40μmol/L to define severe ICP, fasting measurements identified 9% (1/11), while non-fasting measurements detected over 91% with severe ICP. The highest upper limit of the non-fasting TSBA reference range was 18.3µmol/L (95% confidence interval 15.0 to 35.6μmol/L). A re-evaluation of published ICP meta-analysis data demonstrated no increase in spontaneous preterm birth or stillbirth in women with TSBA <19µmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: Postprandial TSBA levels are required to identify high-risk ICP pregnancies (TSBA≥40μmol/L). The postprandial TSBA rise in normal pregnancy indicates that a non-fasting threshold of ≥19µmol/L would improve diagnostic accuracy.
McGlone ER, Malallah K, Cuenco J, et al., 2021, DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF BILE ACIDS ON THE POST-PRANDIAL SECRETION OF GUT HORMONES: a randomised crossover study., Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
AIMS Bile acids (BA) regulate post-prandial metabolism directly and indirectly by affecting the secretion of gut hormones like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The post-prandial effects of BA on the secretion of other metabolically active hormones are not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of oral ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on post-prandial secretion of GLP-1, oxyntomodulin (OXM), peptide YY (PYY), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucagon and ghrelin. METHODS Twelve healthy volunteers underwent a mixed meal test 60 minutes after ingestion of UDCA (12-16 mg/kg), CDCA (13-16 mg/kg) or no BA in a randomised cross-over study. Glucose, insulin, GLP-1, OXM, PYY, GIP, glucagon, ghrelin and fibroblast growth factor 19 were measured prior to BA administration at -60, 0 (just prior to mixed meal) and 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes after the meal. RESULTS UDCA and CDCA provoked differential gut hormone responses: UDCA did not have any significant effects, but CDCA provoked significant increases in GLP-1 and OXM and a profound reduction in GIP. CDCA increased fasting GLP-1 and OXM secretion in parallel with an increase in insulin. On the other hand, CDCA reduced post-prandial secretion of GIP, with an associated reduction in post-prandial insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous CDCA can exert multiple salutary effects on the secretion of gut hormones; if these effects are confirmedin obesity and type 2 diabetes, CDCA may be a potential therapy for these conditions.
Walters J, 2021, P348 Further evidence in support of beneficial effects of FXR agonists in bile acid diarrhoea, The BSG Annual Meeting, Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Pages: A221-A221, ISSN: 0017-5749
Introduction Primary bile acid diarrhoea (BAD), also known as idiopathic bile acid malabsorption, is a common cause of chronic functional diarrhoea and irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea. BAD has been shown to be associated with fatty liver disease including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with shared mechanisms being reported. In our previous proof-of-concept study, patients with BAD had significant clinical improvements in stool type and frequency when treated for two weeks with the first-in-class farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA). In a case report using OCA for 6 months, in addition to clinical improvement, normalisation of the diagnostic SeHCAT test was found. The aim of this study was to see if further evidence for benefits of FXR agonists on diarrhoea could be found in the recently published results from the 18-month interim analysis of a large phase 3 study of OCA in NASH (Younossi ZM, et al. Lancet 2019; 394:2184–2196).Methods The published results of the interim analysis were analysed independently. Patients with NASH fibrosis (n=1968) had been randomly allocated to placebo, OCA 10 mg, or OCA 25 mg daily. Patient-reported adverse reactions had been recorded per protocol. Figures for newly incident events of diarrhoea and constipation were given. The frequencies of these events were compared between the groups.Results Incidents of diarrhoea were reported in 12% of patients in the placebo-treated group. These were significantly fewer in both OCA-treatment groups, at 7% (p<0.005, Fisher’s exact tests). Incidents of constipation were the opposite, occurring in 5% with placebo treatment, 10% with OCA 10 mg and 11% with OCA 25 mg (p<0.003).Conclusion Analysis of this trial of OCA in NASH patients indicates that treatment with FXR agonists reduces episodes of diarrhoea and increases constipation. This is presumably by the demonstrated effects of FXR agonists, stimulating FGF19 and reducing bile acid synthesis. A
Sagar NM, Duboc H, Kay GL, et al., 2020, The pathophysiology of bile acid diarrhoea: differences in the colonic microbiome, metabolome and bile acids, Scientific Reports, Vol: 10, Pages: 1-12, ISSN: 2045-2322
Bile acid diarrhoea (BAD) is a common disorder resulting from increased loss of bile acids (BAs), overlapping irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea (IBS-D). The gut microbiota metabolises primary BAs to secondary BAs, with differing impacts on metabolism and homeostasis. The aim of this study was to profile the microbiome, metabolic products and bile acids in BAD. Patients with BAD diagnosed by SeHCAT testing, were compared with other IBS-D patients, and healthy controls. Faecal 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis was undertaken. Faecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured. BAs were quantified in serum and faeces. Faecal bacterial diversity was significantly reduced in patients with BAD. Several taxa were enriched compared to IBS-D. SCFA amounts differed in BAD, controls and IBS-D, with significantly more propionate in BAD. Separation of VOC profiles was evident, but the greatest discrimination was between IBS-D and controls. Unconjugated and primary BA in serum and faeces were significantly higher in BAD. The faecal percentage primary BA was inversely related to SeHCAT. BAD produces dysbiosis, with metabolite differences, including VOC, SCFA and primary BAs when compared to IBS-D. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the pathophysiology of BAD.
Walters JRF, 2020, Making the diagnosis of bile acid diarrhea., American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol: 115, Pages: 1974-1975, ISSN: 0002-9270
Bile acid diarrhea is a frequent, treatable cause of functional diarrhea but is difficult to diagnose when the nuclear medicine seleno-taurohomocholic acid test is unavailable. An alternative approach is testing blood for the bile acid precursor, 7α-OH-4-cholesten-3-one, which is raised with increased bile acid synthesis. A recent article has defined measurements that have high negative and positive predictive values, further exploring how they can be improved by incorporating measures such as age, stool number, fibroblast growth factor 19, or plasma sulfated bile acids. Other articles have looked at the percentage of fecal primary bile acids. Together, they promise better use of diagnostic biomarkers for this condition.
Walters J, Arasaradnam R, Andreyev J, 2020, Diagnosis and management of bile acid diarrhoea: a survey of UK expert opinion and practice, Frontline Gastroenterology, Vol: 11, Pages: 358-363, ISSN: 2041-4137
Objective Bile acid diarrhoea (BAD), which includes bile acid malabsorption, causes a variety of digestive symptoms. Diagnostic rates and management vary considerably. We conducted a survey of current practice to review expert opinion and provide guidance on diagnosis and management.Design/method An online survey was conducted of clinical members of the UK Bile Acid Related Diarrhoea Network, who had all published research on BAD (n=21). Most were National Health Service consultants who had diagnosed over 50 patients with the condition.Results The preferred terminology was to use BAD, with primary and secondary to classify causes. A wide range of presenting symptoms and associated conditions were recognised. SeHCAT (tauroselcholic acid) was the preferred diagnostic test, and 50% of respondents thought general practitioners should have access to this. Patients who met the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for functional diarrhoea, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with predominant diarrhoea or postcholecystectomy diarrhoea were usually investigated by SeHCAT, which was used sometimes in other types of IBS. Treatment with a bile acid sequestrant was offered to patients with low SeHCAT values, with expected response rates >70% in the most severe. Colestyramine was the usual sequestrant, starting between 2 g and 8 g daily; colesevelam was an alternative. In patients who had an incomplete response, increasing the dose, changing to an alternative sequestrant, use of loperamide and a low fat diet were suggested. Recommendations for follow-up and to improve the overall patient experience were made.Conclusion This expert survey indicates current best practice in the diagnosis and management of BAD.
Camilleri M, Nord SL, Burton D, et al., 2020, Randomised clinical trial: significant biochemical and colonic transit effects of the farnesoid X receptor agonist tropifexor in patients with primary bile acid diarrhoea, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol: 52, Pages: 808-820, ISSN: 0269-2813
Background:In primary bile acid diarrhoea, feedback by farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and fibroblast growth hormone 19 (FGF19) on hepatic bile acid production is impaired.Aims:To evaluate the safety, mechanisms and efficacy of negative feedback by FXR activation with tropifexor, a non-bile acid FXR agonist, in patients with primary bile acid diarrhoea.Methods:In this double-blind, multicentre, randomised, cross-over study, patients received tropifexor 60 µg or placebo once daily for 14 days in each of two treatment periods. Primary objectives included tropifexor safety and tolerability, and on stool frequency and form. Other assessments included pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic measures, biochemical markers and gastrointestinal transit.Results:Twenty patients (tropifexor 60 µg/placebo [N = 10]; placebo/tropifexor 60 µg [N = 10]) were enrolled. Adverse event rates were lower with tropifexor vs placebo (52.9% vs 73.7%). No patient had pruritus during tropifexor intake. There were no significant differences in stool frequency, stool form or loperamide use between treatments. Tropifexor increased FGF19 and decreased 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) levels for up to 8 h. Plasma tropifexor concentrations peaked at 5 hours post-dose on days 1 and 12. At day 12, tropifexor caused reduction in peak total bile acid concentration (33%, P = 0.032) and exposure (36%, P = 0.005). Moreover, tropifexor showed a significant increase in ascending colon half-emptying time (P = 0.036).Conclusions:Tropifexor 60 µg once daily had acceptable safety and tolerability. Changes in FGF19 and C4 showed effective target engagement; however, higher doses may be required to observe stool frequency changes. Slowing of ascending colon emptying suggests therapeutic potential of tropifexor in patients with primary bile acid diarrhoea.
Quraishi MN, Acharjee A, Beggs AD, et al., 2020, A pilot integrative analysis of colonic gene expression, gut microbiota and immune infiltration in primary sclerosing cholangitis-inflammatory bowel disease: association of disease with bile acid pathways, Journal of Crohns & Colitis, Vol: 14, Pages: 935-947, ISSN: 1873-9946
BACKGROUND: Although majority of patients with PSC have colitis (PSC-IBD) this is phenotypically different from UC. We sought to define further the pathophysiologic differences in PSC-IBD and UC, by applying a comparative and integrative approach in this pilot study. METHODS: Colonic biopsies were collected from patients with PSC-IBD (n=10), UC (n=10) and healthy controls (HC; n=10). Shotgun RNA-sequencing for differentially expressed colonic mucosal genes (DEGs), 16S rRNA analysis for microbial profiling and immunophenotyping were performed followed by multi-omic integration. RESULTS: The colonic transcriptome differed significantly between groups (P=0.01). Colonic transcriptomes from HC were different from both UC (1343 DEGs) and PSC-IBD (4312 DEGs). Of these genes, only 939 had shared differential gene expression in both UC and PSC-IBD compared to HC. Imputed pathways were predominantly associated with upregulation of immune response and microbial defence in both disease cohorts compared to HC. There were 1692 DEGs between PSC-IBD and UC. Bile acid signalling pathways were upregulated in PSC-IBD compared to UC (P=0.02). Microbiota profiles were different between the three groups (P=0.01); with inferred function in PSC-IBD also being consistent with dysregulation of bile acid metabolism. Th17 cells and IL17 producing CD4 cells were increased in both PSC-IBD and UC when compared to HC (P<0.05). Multi-omic integration revealed networks involved in bile acid homeostasis and cancer regulation in PSC-IBD. CONCLUSIONS: Colonic transcriptomic and microbiota analysis in PSC-IBD points toward dysregulation of colonic bile acid homeostasis compared to UC. This highlights important mechanisms and suggests the possibility of novel approaches in treating PSC-IBD.
Labarile N, Ghosh S, Ng SC, et al., 2020, Tests that now deserve to be more widely adopted in IBD clinical practice, Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, Vol: 13, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 1756-2848
Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic relapsing immune-mediated diseases of the intestinal tract with multifaceted manifestations and treatment related morbidity. Faecal and blood tests, radiological, endoscopic and histologic investigations are now widely used for managing both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Over the years, a number of new investigations have been proposed but not widely adopted yet. Patients with Crohn’s disease may have multiple causes of diarrhoea, not always attributable to disease exacerbation, but sometimes linked to bile acid malabsorption; we have a reliable serum test, C4, that allows us to recognize and treat this cause of diarrhoea efficaciously and not empirically, but it is not available or used widely. There is genetic inter-individual variability in drug responses, in terms of both efficacy and toxicity, leading to high rates of therapeutic failure. Patients treated with thiopurine or, more rarely, 5-aminosalicylic acid may suffer from unpredictable and serious adverse events, some of these with pathogenesis related to genetic variants: myelosuppression, acute pancreatitis and nephrotoxicity. The identification of pre-treatment genetic tests can optimize therapeutic choice and avoid adverse events. With regard to biological drugs, patients can experience primary non-response or loss of response due to induction of immune responses to the drugs affecting drug efficacy and determining hypersensitivity reactions. We have specifically reviewed a number of investigations, whose use is currently limited, and highlighted four tests that deserve to be more widely incorporated in clinical practice as these could improve medical decision-making and patient outcomes.
Ovadia C, Perdones Montero A, Fan HM, et al., 2020, Ursodeoxycholic acid enriches intestinal bile salt hydrolase-expressing Bacteroidetes in cholestatic pregnancy, Scientific Reports, Vol: 10, ISSN: 2045-2322
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment can reduce itch and lower endogenous serum bile acids in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). We sought to determine how it could influence the gut environment in ICP to alter enterohepatic signalling.The gut microbiota and bile acid content were determined in faeces from 35 pregnant women (14 with uncomplicated pregnancies and 21 with ICP, 17 receiving UDCA). Faecal bile salt hydrolase activity was measured using a precipitation assay. Serum fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) concentrations were measured following a standardised diet for 21 hours. Women with a high ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes were more likely to be treated with UDCA (Fisher’s exact test p=0.0178) than those with a lower ratio. Bile salt hydrolase activity was reduced in women with low Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes. Women taking UDCA had higher faecal lithocholic acid (p<0.0001), with more unconjugated bile acids than women with untreated ICP or uncomplicated pregnancy. UDCA-treatment increased serum FGF19, and reduced C4 (reflecting lower bile acid synthesis). During ICP, UDCA treatment can be associated with enrichment of the gut microbiota with Bacteroidetes. These demonstrate high bile salt hydrolase activity, which deconjugates bile acids enabling secondary modification to FXR agonists, enhancing enterohepatic feedback via FGF19.
Sadowski DC, Camilleri M, Chey WD, et al., 2020, Canadian association of gastroenterology clinical practice guideline on the management of bile acid diarrhea., Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology, Vol: 3, Pages: e10-e27, ISSN: 2515-2084
Background and Aims: Chronic diarrhea affects about 5% of the population overall. Altered bile acid metabolism is a common but frequently undiagnosed cause. Methods: We performed a systematic search of publication databases for studies of assessment and management of bile acid diarrhea (BAD). The certainty (quality) of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated according to the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Patient population, intervention, comparator and outcome questions were developed through an iterative process and were voted on by a group of specialists. Results: The certainty of evidence was generally rated as very low. Therefore, 16 of 17 recommendations are conditional. In patients with chronic diarrhea, consideration of risk factors (terminal ileal resection, cholecystectomy or abdominal radiotherapy), but not additional symptoms, was recommended for identification of patients with possible BAD. The group suggested testing using 75selenium homocholic acid taurine (where available) or 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, including patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, functional diarrhea and Crohn's disease without inflammation. Testing was suggested over empiric bile acid sequestrant therapy (BAST). Once remediable causes are managed, the group suggested cholestyramine as initial therapy, with alternate BAST when tolerability is an issue. The group suggested against BAST for patients with extensive ileal Crohn's disease or resection and suggested alternative antidiarrheal agents if BAST is not tolerated. Maintenance BAST should be given at the lowest effective dose, with a trial of intermittent, on-demand administration, concurrent medication review and reinvestigation for patients whose symptoms persist despite BAST. Conclusions: Based on a systematic review, BAD should be considered for patients with chronic diarrhea. For patients with positive results from tests for BAD, a trial of BAS
Sadowski DC, Camilleri M, Chey WD, et al., 2020, Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Bile Acid Diarrhea, CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Vol: 18, Pages: 24-+, ISSN: 1542-3565
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Walters JR, Marchesi JR, 2019, Chronic diarrhea, bile acids, and Clostridia., Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol: 130, Pages: 77-79, ISSN: 0021-9738
Excessive fecal bile acid (BA) loss causes symptoms in a large proportion of people diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, a common functional bowel disorder. This BA diarrhea (BAD) results from increased hepatic synthesis of BAs, with impaired negative feedback regulation by the ileal hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19). In this issue of the JCI, Zhao et al. investigated BA metabolism, including fecal BAs, serum BAs, and FGF19, in patients and controls. They identified associations between fecal bacterial BA metabolism and specific microbiota, especially Clostridium scindens. These findings have been tested in a mouse model using microbiota transplants and antibiotic treatment. This group of organisms has potential as a biomarker for BAD and to be a target for therapy.
Arasaradnam RP, Walters JRF, 2019, Role of endoscopy in chronic diarrhoea when functional bowel disease is suspected, Gut, Vol: 69, Pages: 190-191, ISSN: 0017-5749
McGlone ER, Tan T, Bloom SR, et al., 2019, What Can We Learn From Mouse Models About Bile Acid–Mediated Changes After Bariatric Surgery?, Gastroenterology, Vol: 157, Pages: 4-8, ISSN: 0016-5085
Ovadia C, Perdones-Montero A, Spagou K, et al., 2019, Enhanced microbial bile acid deconjugation and impaired ileal uptake in pregnancy repress intestinal regulation of bile acid synthesis, Hepatology, Vol: 70, Pages: 276-293, ISSN: 0270-9139
Pregnancy is associated with progressive hypercholanemia, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, which can result in metabolic disease in susceptible women. Gut signals modify hepatic homeostatic pathways, linking intestinal content to metabolic activity. We sought to identify whether enteric endocrine signals contribute to raised serum bile acids observed in human and murine pregnancies, by measuring fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19/15 protein and mRNA levels, and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. Terminal ileal farnesoid X receptor(FXR)-mediated gene expression and apical sodium bile acid transporter (ASBT) protein concentration were measured by qPCR and western blotting. Shotgun whole genome sequencing and UPLC-MS were used to determine the cecal microbiome and metabonome. Targeted and untargeted pathway analyses were performed to predict the systemic effects of the altered metagenome and metabolite profiles. Dietary cholic acid supplementation was used to determine whether the observed alterations could be overcome by intestinal bile acids functioning as FXR agonists. Human and murine pregnancy were associated with reduced intestinal FXR signaling, with lower FGF19/15 and resultant increased hepatic bile acid synthesis. Terminal ileal ASBT protein was reduced in murine pregnancy. Cecal bile acid conjugation was reduced in pregnancy due to elevated bile salt hydrolase-producing Bacteroidetes. Cholic acid supplementation induced intestinal FXR signaling, which was not abrogated by pregnancy, with strikingly similar changes to the microbiota and metabonome as identified in pregnancy. CONCLUSION: the altered intestinal microbiota of pregnancy enhance bile acid deconjugation, reducing ileal bile acid uptake and lowering FXR induction in enterocytes. This exacerbates the effects mediated by reduced bile acid uptake transporters in pregnancy. Thus, in pregnant women and mice, there is reduced FGF19/15-mediated hepatic repression of hepatic bile acid synthesis
Walters J, Arasaradnam R, Andreyev J, 2019, PWE-037 Diagnosis and management of bile acid diarrhoea: UK consensus survey of expert opinion and practice FREE, Annual Meeting of the British-Society-of-Gastroenterology (BSG), Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Pages: A169-A169, ISSN: 0017-5749
Introduction Bile acid diarrhoea (BAD), including bile acid malabsorption (BAM), causes a variety of digestive symptoms and is increasingly recognised, although diagnostic rates and management vary considerably. The UK Bile Acid Related Diarrhoea Network (UK-BARDN), established in 2017, conducted a survey of current practice to provide a review of expert opinion and guidance on diagnosis and management.Methods An on-line survey was sent at the end of 2018 to 21 clinical members of UK-BARDN, who had all published research on BAD.Results A response rate of 100% was obtained. 95% were NHS Consultants; 85% estimated they had diagnosed over 50 patients with the condition. BAD was the terminology preferred by 57%, with another 29% using BAD or BAM depending on the clinical circumstances. Primary and secondary were the preferred terms to classify the different causes.A wide range of presenting symptoms and associated conditions were recognised. SeHCAT was the preferred diagnostic test, with a therapeutic trial the second choice. Access to SeHCAT by GPs was thought appropriate by 50%, with greater availability of specific blood tests in hospitals. SeHCAT would usually be requested (>70%) in patients who met the diagnostic criteria for functional diarrhoea, IBS-D, or post-cholecystectomy diarrhoea, and sometimes be requested (>30%) in other types of IBS, and in Crohn’s disease with ileal resection and negative inflammatory markers, where a therapeutic trial was also commonly used.Treatment with a bile acid sequestrant (BAS) would always be given if SeHCAT was <5%, usually if 5–15%, and sometimes if 15–20%. Expected response rates were >70%, falling to 30% in these groups. Colestyramine was the usual first line BAS, with starting doses varying between 2 g od and 4 g bd. Colesevelam was also used. There was a slight preference to give the drug at bedtime. Warnings about drug interactions were usual. In patients who had an incomplete response, incr
Walters JR, Sagar N, Duboc H, et al., 2019, PRIMARY BILE ACIDS IN A SINGLE FECAL SAMPLE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF BILE ACID DIARRHEA: RELATIONSHIP TO SEHCAT TESTING, Digestive Disease Week (DDW), Publisher: W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC, Pages: S774-S774, ISSN: 0016-5085
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Camilleri M, Nord SL, Burton D, et al., 2019, A DOUBLE-BLIND, RANDOMIZED, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, CROSSOVER, MULTIPLE-DOSE STUDY OF TROPIFEXOR, A NON BILE ACID FXR AGONIST, IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY BILE ACID DIARRHEA, Digestive Disease Week (DDW), Publisher: W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC, Pages: S204-S205, ISSN: 0016-5085
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- Citations: 5
Ovadia C, Perdones-Montero A, Mullish B, et al., 2019, Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment of cholestatic pregnancy can alter the gut microbiota to enhance bile acid modification and production of metabolically-active secondary bile acids - an explanation for 'responders' and 'non-responders'?, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 17-17, ISSN: 1470-0328
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