Imperial College London

Professor Kate Hardy

Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction

Professor of Reproductive Biology
 
 
 
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Contact

 

+44 (0)20 7594 2106k.hardy

 
 
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Location

 

5-008Institute of Reproductive and Developmental BiologyHammersmith Campus

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Summary

 

Publications

Publication Type
Year
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102 results found

Kristensen SG, Kumar A, Kalra B, Pors SE, Bøtkjær JA, Mamsen LS, Colmorn LB, Fedder J, Ernst E, Owens L, Hardy K, Franks S, Andersen CYet al., 2019, Quantitative differences in TGF-β family members measured in small antral follicle fluids from women with or without PCO, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol: 104, Pages: 6371-6384, ISSN: 0021-972X

CONTEXT: Members of the Transforming-Growth-Factor-β (TGF-β) family have been implicated in aberrant follicle development in women with polycystic ovaries (PCO). OBJECTIVE: Are there quantitative differences in the concentrations of TGF-β family members in fluid from small antral follicles (hSAF) from women with or without PCO? DESIGN SETTING: & Follicle fluids (FF) were collected from 4-11 mm hSAF obtained from women undergoing ovarian tissue cryopreservation for fertility preservation. PATIENTS: FFs from 16 women with PCO (FF=93) and 33 women without PCO (FF=92). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intrafollicular concentrations of Growth-Differentiation-Factor-9 (GDF9), Anti-Müllerian-Hormone (AMH), inhibin-A and -B, total inhibin, activin-A, -B and -AB, follistatin, follistatin-like-3, estradiol, and testosterone. RESULTS: Activin-B concentrations are reported for the first time in hSAF and concentrations were 10 times higher than activin-A and -AB. Activin-B showed significant associations to other growth factors. Concentrations of inhibin-A and -B were significantly lower in FF from women with PCO, especially in hSAF below 8 mm in diameter. AMH concentrations did not differ between the groups in hSAF below 8 mm, however, AMH remained high in hSAF above 8 mm in PCO but decreased in non-PCO women. Estradiol was significantly lower in FF from women with PCO and showed significant associations with AMH. Concentrations of GDF9 are reported for the first time showing significantly higher concentrations in PCO FF of follicles above 6 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Altered concentrations of TGF-β family members in hSAF from women with PCO highlight altered growth factor signaling as a potential mechanism for follicle growth arrest.

Journal article

Owens LA, Kristensen SG, Lerner A, Christopoulos G, Lavery S, Hanyaloglu AC, Hardy K, Yding Andersen C, Franks Set al., 2019, Gene expression in granulosa cells from small antral follicles from women with or without polycystic ovaries, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol: 104, Pages: 6182-6192, ISSN: 0021-972X

CONTEXT: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the commonest cause of anovulation. A key feature of PCOS is arrest of follicles at the small-medium sized antral stage. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: To provide further insight into the mechanism of follicle arrest in PCOS, we profiled; (1) gonadotropin receptors; (2) characteristics of aberrant steroidogenesis, and (3) expression of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and its receptor in granulosa cells (GCs) from unstimulated, human small antral follicles (hSAFs) and from granulosa-lutein cells (GLCs). SETTING: GCs from hSAFs were collected at the time of cryopreservation of ovarian tissue for fertility preservation and GLCs collected during oocyte aspiration before IVF/ICSI. PARTICIPANTS: hSAF GCs were collected from 31 women (98 follicles), 10 with polycystic ovaries (PCO) and 21 without. GLCs were collected from 6 women with PCOS and 6 controls undergoing IVF. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Expression of the following genes: LHCGR, FSHR, AR, INSR, HSD3B2, CYP11A1, CYP19, STAR, AMH, AMHR2, FST, INHBA, INHBB in GCs and GLCs were compared between women with PCO and controls. RESULTS: GCs in hSAFs from PCO women showed higher expression of LHCGR in a subset (20%) of follicles. Expression of FSHR (p<0.05), AR (p<0.05), CYP11A1 (P<0.05) was lower, and expression of CYP19A1 (p<0.05), STAR (p<0.05), HSD3B2 (ns), INHBA (p<0.05) higher in PCO GCs. Gene expression in GL cells differed between women with and without PCOS but also differed from that in GCs. CONCLUSIONS: Follicle arrest in PCO is characterised in GCs by differential regulation of key genes involved in follicle growth and function.

Journal article

Granados-Aparici S, Hardy K, Franks S, Sharum IB, Waite SL, Fenwick MAet al., 2019, SMAD3 directly regulates cell cycle genes to maintain arrest in granulosa cells of mouse primordial follicles, Scientific Reports, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2045-2322

Primordial follicles, consisting of granulosa cell (GC)-enveloped oocytes are maintained in a state of developmental arrest until activated to grow. The mechanism that operates to maintain this arrested state in GCs is currently unknown. Here, we show the TGFβ-activated transcription factor SMAD3 is expressed in primordial GC nuclei alongside the cell cycle proteins, cyclin D2 (CCND2) and P27. Using neonatal C57/Bl6 mouse ovaries densely populated with primordial follicles, CCND2 protein co-localised and was detected in complex with P27 by immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation, respectively. In the same tissue, SMAD3 co-precipitated with DNA sequences upstream of Ccnd2 and Myc transcription start sites implicating both as direct SMAD3 targets. In older ovaries follicle growth was associated with nuclear exclusion of SMAD3 and reduced P27 and CCND2 in GCs, alongside elevated Myc expression. Brief (2 H) exposure of neonatal ovaries to TGFβ1 (10 ng/ml) in vitro led to immediate dissociation of SMAD3 from the Ccnd2 and Myc promoters. This coincided with elevated Myc and phospho-S6, an indicator of mTOR signalling, followed by a small increase in mean primordial GC number after 48 H. These findings highlight a concentration-dependent role for TGFβ signalling in the maintenance and activation of primordial follicles, through SMAD-dependent and independent signalling pathways, respectively.

Journal article

Lerner A, Owens LA, Coates M, Simpson C, Poole G, Velupillai J, Liyanage M, Christopoulos G, Lavery S, Hardy K, Franks Set al., 2019, Expression of genes controlling steroid metabolism and action in granulosalutein cells of women with polycystic ovaries, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Vol: 486, Pages: 47-54, ISSN: 0303-7207

IntroductionAberrant function of granulosa cells has been implicated in the pathophysiology of PCOS.Materials & methodsGranulosa lutein (GL) cells were collected during oocyte retrieval for IVF/ICSI. RT-qPCR was used to compare gene expression between 12 control women, 12 with ovulatory PCO and 12 with anovulatory PCOS. To examine which genes are directly regulated by androgens, GL cells from an additional 12 control women were treated in-vitro with 10 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT).ResultsGL cells from women with PCOS showed reduced expression of CYP11A1 3-fold (p = 0.005), HSD17B1 1.8-fold (p = 0.02) and increased expression of SULT1E1 7-fold (p = 0.0003). Similar results were seen in ovulatory women with PCO. GL cells treated with 10 nM DHT showed a 4-fold (p = 0.03) increase in expression of SULT1E1 and a 5-fold reduction in SRD5A1 (p = 0.03).ConclusionsThese findings support the notion that aberrant regulation of steroid metabolism or action play a part in ovarian dysfunction in PCOS.

Journal article

Hardy K, Mora JM, Dunlop C, Carzaniga R, Franks S, Fenwick MAet al., 2018, Nuclear exclusion of SMAD2/3 in granulosa cells is associated with primordial follicle activation in the mouse ovary, Journal of Cell Science, Vol: 131, ISSN: 0021-9533

Maintenance and activation of the limited supply of primordial follicles in the ovary are important determinants of reproductive lifespan. Currently, the molecular programme that maintains the primordial phenotype and the early events associated with follicle activation are not well defined. Here, we have systematically analysed these events using microscopy and detailed image analysis. Using the immature mouse ovary as a model, we demonstrate that the onset of granulosa cell (GC) proliferation results in increased packing density on the oocyte surface and consequent GC cuboidalization. These events precede oocyte growth and nuclear translocation of FOXO3a, a transcription factor important in follicle activation. Immunolabelling of the TGFβ signalling mediators and transcription factors SMAD2/3 revealed a striking expression pattern specific to GCs of small follicles. SMAD2/3 were expressed in the nuclei of primordial GCs but were mostly excluded in early growing follicles. In activated follicles, GC nuclei lacking SMAD2/3 generally expressed Ki67. These findings suggest that the first phenotypic changes during follicle activation are observed in GCs, and that TGFβ signalling is fundamental for regulating GC arrest and the onset of proliferation.

Journal article

White D, Hardy K, Lovelock S, Franks Set al., 2018, Low-dose gonadotropin induction of ovulation in anovulatory women - still needed in the age of IVF, Reproduction, Vol: 156, Pages: F1-F10, ISSN: 1470-1626

Low-dose, step-up gonadotropin is the treatment of choice for women with PCOS who have not conceived after anti-estrogen treatment, and as an effective alternative to pulsatile GnRH in women with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). There has been, however, no large-scale, comparative study between the two groups using low-dose gonadotropins. Here we performed a retrospective, comparative analysis, in a single clinic database, of efficacy and safety of induction of ovulation using low-dose gonadotropins in 364 Women with PCOS and 80 women with HH. The rate of ovulation was high in both PCOS (83%) and HH (84%) but mono-follicular, ovulatory cycles were more prevalent in PCOS than in HH (77% vs 53%, p<0.0001) and the proportion of cycles that were abandoned was higher in HH than in PCOS (25% vs 15%, p<0.0001). The median threshold dose of gonadotropin required to induce ovulation was 75iu/day in PCOS and 113iu/day in HH (p<0.001) and the range of doses was greater in HH women. Forty-nine percent of women with PCOS and 65% of those with HH conceived (more than 90% within 6 cycles of treatment) and had a least one pregnancy. Multiple pregnancies (all twins) occurred in only 4% of women with PCOS and 5% of those with HH. These findings emphasise the efficacy and safety of low-dose gonadotropin treatment for both clomiphene-resistant women with PCOS and those with HH. These results highlight the importance of choosing the more physiological approach of gonadotropin induction of ovulation in both groups as the most appropriate treatment, in preference to IVF.

Journal article

Ernst EH, Franks S, Hardy K, Villesen P, Lykke-Hartmann Ket al., 2018, Granulosa cells from human primordial and primary follicles show differential global gene expression profiles, Human Reproduction, Vol: 33, Pages: 666-679, ISSN: 1460-2350

STUDY QUESTION: Can novel genetic candidates involved in follicle dormancy, activation and integrity be identified from transcriptomic profiles of isolated granulosa cells from human primordial and primary follicles? SUMMARY ANSWER: The granulosa cell compartment of the human primordial and primary follicle was extensively enriched in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) signalling, and several other putative signalling pathways that may also be mediators of follicle growth and development were identified. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) signalling and the factors Forkhead Box L2 (FOXL2) and KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (KITL) may be involved in defining the early steps of mammalian follicular recruitment through complex bidirectional signalling between the oocyte and granulosa cells. cAMP/protein kinase K (PKA)/CREB signalling is a feature of FSH-induced regulation of granulosa cell steroidogenesis that is essential to normal human fertility. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A class comparison study was carried out on primordial follicles (n = 539 follicles) and primary follicles (n = 261) follicles) donated by three women having ovarian tissue cryopreserved before chemotherapy. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: RNA samples from isolates of laser capture micro-dissected oocytes and follicles from the primordial and primary stage, respectively, were sequenced on the HiSeq Illumina platform. Data mapping, quality control, filtering, FPKM (fragments per kilobase of exon per million) normalization and comparisons were performed. The granulosa cell contribution in whole follicle isolates was extracted in silico. Modelling of complex biological systems was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). For validation of transcriptomic findings, we performed quantitative RT-PCR of selected candidate genes. Furthermore, we interrogated the in s

Journal article

Owens LA, Abbara A, Lerner A, O'floinn S, Christopoulos G, Khanjani S, Islam R, Hardy K, Hanyaloglu AC, Lavery SA, Dhillo WS, Franks Set al., 2018, The direct and indirect effects of kisspeptin-54 on granulosa lutein cell function, Human Reproduction, Vol: 33, Pages: 292-302, ISSN: 1460-2350

STUDY QUESTIONWhat are the in vivo and in vitro actions of kisspeptin-54 on the expression of genes involved in ovarian reproductive function, steroidogenesis and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in granulosa lutein (GL) cells when compared with traditional triggers of oocyte maturation?SUMMARY ANSWERThe use of kisspeptin-54 as an oocyte maturation trigger augmented expression of genes involved in ovarian steroidogenesis in human GL cells including, FSH receptor (FSHR), LH/hCG receptor (LHCGR), steroid acute regulatory protein (STAR), aromatase, estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ESR1, ESR2), 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (3BHSD2) and inhibin A (INHBA), when compared to traditional maturation triggers, but did not alter markers of OHSS.WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADYhCG is the most widely used trigger of oocyte maturation, but is associated with an increased risk of OHSS. The use of GnRH agonists to trigger oocyte maturation is a safer alternative to hCG. More recently, kisspeptin-54 has emerged as a novel therapeutic option that safely triggers oocyte maturation even in women at high risk of OHSS. Kisspeptin indirectly stimulates gonadotropin secretion by acting on hypothalamic GnRH neurons. Kisspeptin and its receptor are also expressed in the human ovary, but there is limited data on the direct action of kisspeptin on the ovary.STUDY DESIGN SIZE, DURATIONForty-eight women undergoing IVF treatment for infertility consented to kisspeptin-54 triggering and/or granulosa cell collection and were included in the study. Twelve women received hCG, 12 received GnRH agonist and 24 received kisspeptin-54 to trigger oocyte maturation. In the kisspeptin-54 group, 12 received one injection of kisseptin-54 (9.6 nmol/kg) and 12 received two injections of kisspeptin-54 at a 10 h interval (9.6 nmol/kg × 2).PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODSFollicular fluid was aspirated and pooled from follicles during the retrieval of oocytes for IVF/ICSI. GL cells were iso

Journal article

Laird M, Thomson K, Fenwick M, Mora J, Franks S, Hardy Ket al., 2017, Androgen stimulates growth of mouse preantral follicles in vitro: interaction with follicle stimulating hormone and with growth factors of the TGFβ superfamily., Endocrinology, Vol: 158, Pages: 920-935, ISSN: 0013-7227

Androgens are essential for the normal function of mature antral follicles but also have a role in the early stages of follicle development. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the commonest cause of anovulatory infertility, is characterized by androgen excess and aberrant follicle development that includes accelerated early follicle growth. We have examined the effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on development of isolated mouse preantral follicles in culture with the specific aims of investigating interaction with FSH, the steroidogenic pathway and with growth factors of the TGFβ superfamily that are known to have a role in early follicle development.Both testosterone and DHT stimulated follicle growth and augmented FSH-induced growth and increased the incidence of antrum formation among the granulosa cell layers of these preantral follicles after 72h in culture. Effects of both androgens were reversed by the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide. FSH receptor (Fshr) expression was increased in response to both testosterone and DHT, as was that of Star, whereas Cyp11a1 was downregulated. The key androgen-induced changes in the TGFβ signaling pathway were downregulation of Amh, Bmp15 and their receptors. Inhibition of Alk6 (Bmpr1b), a putative partner for Amhr2 and Bmpr2, by dorsomorphin, resulted in augmentation of androgen-stimulated growth and modification of androgen-induced gene expression.Our findings point to varied effects of androgen on preantral follicle growth and function, including interaction with FSH-activated growth and steroidogenesis and, importantly, implicate the intra-follicular TGFβ system as a key mediator of androgen action. These findings provide insight into abnormal early follicle development in PCOS.

Journal article

Hardy K, Fenwick M, Mora J, Laird M, Thomson K, Franks Set al., 2016, Onset and heterogeneity of responsiveness to FSH in mouse preantral follicles in culture, Endocrinology, Vol: 158, Pages: 134-147, ISSN: 1945-7170

The obligatory role of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in normal development and function of antral follicles in the mammalian ovary is well recognized but its function in preantral growth is less clear. The specific objective of this study was to investigate the response, in culture, to FSH of mouse preantral follicles of increasing size, focusing particularly on growth rate and gene expression. Preantral follicles were mechanically isolated from ovaries of C57BL/6 mice, 12-16 days post partum and single follicles cultured for up to 96h in medium alone (n=511) or with rhFSH 10ng/ml (n=546). Data were grouped according to initial follicle diameter in 6 strata ranging from <100 to >140 μ m. Follicles of all sizes grew in the absence of FSH (p<0.01, paired t-test). All follicles grew at a faster rate (p<0.0001) in the presence of 10 ng/ml FSH but larger follicles showed the greatest change in response to FSH. Even the smallest follicles expressed FSH receptor mRNA. FSH-induced growth was inhibited by KT5720, an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA), implicating the PKA pathway in FSH-induced follicle growth. In response to FSH in vitro, FSH receptor mRNA (measured by qPCR) was reduced (p<0.01) as was Amh (p<0.01) whereas expression of StAR (p<0.0001) and the steroidogenic enzymes Cyp11a1 (p<0.01) and Cyp19 (p<0.0001) was increased. These results show heterogeneous responses to FSH according to initial follicle size, smaller follicles being less FSH-dependent than larger preantral follicles. These findings strongly suggest that FSH has a physiological role in preantral follicle growth and function.

Journal article

Owens L, Lerner A, Sposini S, Christopoulos G, Liyanage M, Islam R, Lavery S, Tsui V, Hardy K, Franks S, Hanyaloglu Aet al., 2016, Insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced gonadotropin hormone receptor activity in polycystic ovarian syndrome, Publisher: SPRINGER LONDON LTD, Pages: 370-370, ISSN: 0021-1265

Conference paper

Comim FV, Hardy K, Robinson J, Franks Set al., 2015, Disorders of follicle development and steroidogenesis in ovaries of androgenised foetal sheep, JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, Vol: 225, Pages: 39-46, ISSN: 0022-0795

Journal article

Hardy K, Fenwick M, Mora J, Franks Set al., 2014, FSH Regulation of Preantral Follicle Growth and Gene Expression in the Mouse Ovary, ENDOCRINE REVIEWS, Vol: 35, ISSN: 0163-769X

Journal article

Laird M, Visser JA, van Houten ELAF, Hardy K, Georgiou E, Franks Set al., 2014, Ovarian Abnormalities in Androgenized Mice, ENDOCRINE REVIEWS, Vol: 35, ISSN: 0163-769X

Journal article

Kristensen SG, Andersen K, Clement CA, Franks S, Hardy K, Andersen CYet al., 2014, Expression of TGF-beta superfamily growth factors, their receptors, the associated SMADs and antagonists in five isolated size-matched populations of pre-antral follicles from normal human ovaries, Molecular Human Reproduction, Vol: 20, Pages: 293-308, ISSN: 1360-9947

In mammals, members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily are known to have key roles in the regulation of follicular growth and development. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of TGF-β superfamily growth factors, their receptors, downstream SMAD signalling molecules and TGF-β/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists during early human folliculogenesis. Human pre-antral follicles were enzymatically isolated from surplus ovarian tissue obtained from women having ovarian cortical tissue frozen for fertility preservation. A total of 348 human pre-antral follicles, ranging from 40 to 200 µm in diameter, were isolated from ovarian tissue obtained from 15 women, aged 24–34 years. Isolated pre-antral follicles were grouped according to diameter in five size-matched populations spanning the primordial, primary and secondary stage follicles and analysed by whole-genome microarray analysis. Selected proteins/genes were analysed by immunocytochemistry and quantitative RT–PCR. TGF-β superfamily genes with overall highest mRNA expressions levels included growth differentiation factors 9 (GDF9), BMP15, BMP6, BMP-receptor-2 (BMPR2), anti-Müllerian hormone receptor 2 (AMHR2), TGFβR3, inhibin-α (INHA) and intracellular SMAD3 and SMAD4. Moreover, genes which were differentially expressed from the primordial to the late secondary stage follicles included GDF9, BMP15, AMH, INHBB, TGFβR3, SMAD4 and antagonists Follistatin (FST) and GREM1. Collectively, these data indicate that the active TGF-β superfamily pathways in early human folliculogenesis consist of primarily GDF9 combined with possible synergistic effects of BMP15 through the BMPR2 and intracellular activation of SMAD3 and SMAD4, and that AMH and INHBB are engaged in intrafollicular events from the onset of follicular growth. Moreover, the presence of multiple TGF-β/BMP antagonists imply that certain growth factors are

Journal article

Comim FV, Hardy K, Franks S, 2013, Adiponectin and Its Receptors in the Ovary: Further Evidence for a Link between Obesity and Hyperandrogenism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, PLOS ONE, Vol: 8, ISSN: 1932-6203

Journal article

Comim FV, Teerds K, Hardy K, Franks Set al., 2013, Increased protein expression of LHCG receptor and 17α-hydroxylase/17-20-lyase in human polycystic ovaries, HUMAN REPRODUCTION, Vol: 28, Pages: 3086-3092, ISSN: 0268-1161

Journal article

Fenwick MA, Mora JM, Mansour YT, Baithun C, Franks S, Hardy Ket al., 2013, Investigations of TGF-β Signaling in Preantral Follicles of Female Mice Reveal Differential Roles for Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15, ENDOCRINOLOGY, Vol: 154, Pages: 3423-3436, ISSN: 0013-7227

Journal article

Stubbs SA, Webber LJ, Stark J, Rice S, Margara R, Lavery S, Trew GH, Hardy K, Franks Set al., 2013, Role of Insulin-like Growth Factors in Initiation of Follicle Growth in Normal and Polycystic Human Ovaries, JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, Vol: 98, Pages: 3298-3305, ISSN: 0021-972X

Journal article

Mora JM, Fenwick MA, Castle L, Baithun M, Ryder TA, Mobberley M, Carzaniga R, Franks S, Hardy Ket al., 2012, Characterization and Significance of Adhesion and Junction-Related Proteins in Mouse Ovarian Follicles, BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION, Vol: 86, ISSN: 0006-3363

Journal article

Fenwick MA, Mansour YT, Franks S, Hardy Ket al., 2011, Identification and Regulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Antagonists Associated with Preantral Follicle Development in the Ovary, ENDOCRINOLOGY, Vol: 152, Pages: 3515-3526, ISSN: 0013-7227

Journal article

Mora J, Franks S, Hardy K, 2011, Leaky Ovaries: Tight Junction Expression in Mouse Ovarian Follicles, 44th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction (SSR), Publisher: SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION, ISSN: 0006-3363

Conference paper

Fenwick MA, Franks S, Hardy K, 2011, Moderate Inhibition of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Signaling Induces Rapid Growth of Cultured Preantral Follicles., 44th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction (SSR), Publisher: SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION, ISSN: 0006-3363

Conference paper

Joharatnam J, Sivanandarajah P, Hardy K, Franks Set al., 2010, Metabolic Effects of Androgen and FSH in a Mouse Granulosa Cell Line., 92nd Meeting and Expo of the Endocrine Society (ENDO 2010), Publisher: ENDOCRINE SOC, ISSN: 0163-769X

Conference paper

Comim F, Stubbs SA, Forsdike R, Robinson J, Hardy K, Franks Set al., 2010, Ovarian Androgen Production in the Prenatally Androgenised (PA) Adult Sheep: Increased Protein Expression of P450c17 in Theca Cells., 92nd Meeting and Expo of the Endocrine Society (ENDO 2010), Publisher: ENDOCRINE SOC, ISSN: 0163-769X

Conference paper

Franks S, Hardy K, 2010, Aberrant follicle development and anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome, ANNALES D ENDOCRINOLOGIE, Vol: 71, Pages: 228-230, ISSN: 0003-4266

Journal article

Hardy K, 2010, Inter-follicle signalling and the regulation of initiation of follicle growth, Publisher: JAPAN ENDOCRINE SOC, Pages: S288-S288, ISSN: 0918-8959

Conference paper

Fenwick MA, Mora JM, Franks S, Hardy Ket al., 2010, Expression and Regulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Antagonists in Mouse Preantral Follicles, 43rd Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction, Publisher: SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION, Pages: 63-63, ISSN: 0006-3363

Conference paper

Da Silva-Buttkus P, Marcelli G, Franks S, Stark J, Hardy Ket al., 2009, Inferring biological mechanisms from spatial analysis: Prediction of a local inhibitor in the ovary, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Vol: 106, Pages: 456-461, ISSN: 0027-8424

Journal article

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