Summary
Professor of Paediatric Tropical Infectious Diseases at the Faculty of Medicine and Director of the ICCARE Centre at the Institute for Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, London and an Honorary Fellow at MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College, London.
Over the last 20 years I have been based full-time at the East Africa, where I lead a research group that have highlighted the unique importance of emergency-care research, previously poorly appreciated as an area for specific funder or policy investment, as a highly targeted and cost-effective means of tackling childhood mortality in resource-limited sub-Saharan Africa. As a clinical investigator my work has focused upon understanding the pathophysiology and conducting clinical trials of emergency interventions to improve outcome. To enable such translational research to occur, I have built up a network of African sites and collaborations spanning the globe bringing sophisticated technologies to apply them in real life circumstances to study common diseases of Africa. These have enabled unique insights in host clinical physiology, which have major impacts on disease management and clinical trials that have generated the essential evidence base for patient management and contributed to the development of national and international guidelines.
My most notable work, as the principal investigator, was the landmark fluid resuscitation trial – the largest and only controlled trial ever undertaken (FEAST trial). FEAST demonstrated that fluid boluses resulted in increased mortality in African children with severe febrile illness and excess mortality was largely a result of cardio-vascular collapse. Numerous commentaries followed the publication of FEAST in NEJM, which was widely praised for demonstrating how rigorously clinical research can be performed in such settings. FEAST won the prestigious BMJ Research Paper of the Year in 2012.
My team recently completed the TRACT trial which tested two transfusion strategies in nearly 4000 African children that aimed to reduce deaths and illness those hospitalised with severe anaemia. Both trial papers were published in NEJM on 1st August 2019 and are likely to lead to significant refinements to WHO transfusion guideline.
My team recently published the COAST trial (Children Oxygenation Administration Strategies Trial) which examines the optimum oxygen saturation threshold for which oxygen should be targeted and how best to administer oxygen in 1842 children in 5 centres in Uganda and Kenya (doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06385-3).
In 2018, through an EDCTP award, a further randomisation at 48 hours will investigate whether supplementary feeding using Ready to Use Feeds improves long-term outcomes (COAST-Nutrition). The COAST Nutrition trial is still on-going.
Current work
In 2017, our trial group expanded their work in fluid resuscitation to two key groups excluded from the FEAST trial, children with gastroenteritis and severe malnutrition. We have undertake Phase II safety and efficacy in these two groups in the GASTRO (doi 10.1186/s12916-019-1356-z) and are currently undertaking GASTROSAM Phase II rehydration trial.
In 2018, through a collaborative award in science from Wellcome, I will lead SMAART (Severe Malaria Africa – A consortium for Research and Trials) consortium. SMAART consortium involves a multi-disciplinary team whose membership includes world leaders in severe malaria and experts in clinical trials. The overarching aim of SMAART is to improve outcomes from severe malaria in African children (since one in ten hospitalised with severe malaria continue to die) by conducting better research studies faster and enabling evidence-based continuous updates of disease definitions and treatment guidelines for severe malaria.
Key References
Clinical Trials
Maitland K, Kiguli S, Olupot-Olupot P, Hamaluba M, Thomas K, Alaroker F, Opoka RO, Tagoola A, Bandika V, Mpoya A, Mnjella H, Nabawanuka E, Okiror W, Nakuya M, Aromut D, Engoru C, Oguda E, Williams TN, Fraser JF, Harrison DA, Rowan K, group Ct. Randomised controlled trial of oxygen therapy and high-flow nasal therapy in African children with pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(5):566-76.
Calder N, Walsh K, Olupot-Olupot P, Ssenyondo T, Muhindo R, Mpoya A, Brignardello J, Wang X, McKay E, Morrison D, Holmes E, Frost G, Maitland K. Modifying Gut Integrity and Microbiome in children with severe acute malnutrition using LEgume-Based Feeds [MIMBLE]: A pilot trial. Cell Reports Medicine. 2021;2(5).
Maitland K, Olupot-Olupot P, Kiguli S, Chagaluka G, Alaroker F, Opoka RO, Mpoya A, Walsh K, Engoru C, Nteziyaremye J, Mallewa M, Kennedy N, Nakuya M, Namayanja C, Kayaga J, Nabawanuka E, Sennyondo T, Aromut D, Kumwenda F, Musika CW, Thomason MJ, Bates I, von Hensbroek MB, Evans JA, Uyoga S, Williams TN, Frost G, George EC, Gibb DM, Walker AS, group Tt: Co-trimoxazole or multivitamin multimineral supplement for post-discharge outcomes after severe anaemia in African children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health 2019, 7(10):e1435-e1447.
Maitland K, Olupot-Olupot P, Kiguli S, Chagaluka G, Alaroker F, Opoka RO, Mpoya A, Engoru C, Nteziyaremye J, Mallewa M, Kennedy N, Nakuya M, Namayanja C, Kayaga J, Uyoga S, Kyeyune Byabazaire D, M'Baya B, Wabwire B, Frost G, Bates I, Evans JA, Williams TN, Saramago Goncalves P, George EC, Gibb DM, Walker AS, Group T: Transfusion Volume for Children with Severe Anemia in Africa. The New England journal of medicine 2019, 381(5):420-431.
Maitland K, Kiguli S, Olupot-Olupot P, Engoru C, Mallewa M, Saramago Goncalves P, Opoka RO, Mpoya A, Alaroker F, Nteziyaremye J, Chagaluka G, Kennedy N, Nabawanuka E, Nakuya M, Namayanja C, Uyoga S, Kyeyune Byabazaire D, M'Baya B, Wabwire B, Frost G, Bates I, Evans JA, Williams TN, George EC, Gibb DM, Walker AS, Group T: Immediate Transfusion in African Children with Uncomplicated Severe Anemia. The New England journal of medicine 2019, 381(5):407-419.
Houston KA, Gibb J, Olupot-Olupot P, Obonyo N, Mpoya A, Nakuya M, Muhindo R, Uyoga S, Evans JA, Connon R et al: Gastroenteritis aggressive versus slow treatment for rehydration (GASTRO): a phase II rehydration trial for severe dehydration: WHO plan C versus slow rehydration. BMC Med 2019, 17(1):122.
Hakim J, Musiime V, Szubert AJ, Mallewa J, Siika A, Agutu C, Walker S, Pett SL, Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Lugemwa A, Kaunda S, Karoney M, Musoro G, Kabahenda S, Nathoo K, Maitland K, Griffiths A, Thomason MJ, Kityo C, Mugyenyi P, Prendergast AJ, Walker AS, Gibb DM, Team RT: Enhanced Prophylaxis plus Antiretroviral Therapy for Advanced HIV Infection in Africa. N Engl J Med 2017, 377:233-245. 10.1056/NEJMoa1615822
Hassall OW, Thitiri J, Fegan G, Hamid F, Mwarumba S, Denje D, Wambua K, Mandaliya K, Maitland K, Bates I: Safety and efficacy of allogeneic umbilical cord red blood cell transfusion for children with severe anaemia in a Kenyan hospital: an open-label single-arm trial. The Lancet Haematology 2015, 2:e101-e107. 10.1016/s2352-3026(15)00005-8
Olupot-Olupot P, Engoru C, Thompson J, Nteziyaremye J, Chebet M, Ssenyondo T, Dambisya CM, Okuuny V, Wokulira R, Amorut D, Ongodia P, Mpoya A, Williams TN, Uyoga S, Macharia A, Gibb DM, Walker AS, Maitland K: Phase II trial of standard versus increased transfusion volume in Ugandan children with acute severe anemia. BMC Med 2014, 12:67, 4101869. 10.1186/1741-7015-12-67
Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Olupot-Olupot P, Akech SO, Nyeko R, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Lang T, Brent B, Evans JA, Tibenderana JK, Crawley J, Russell EC, Levin M, Babiker AG, Gibb DM, Group FT: Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:2483-2495. 10.1056/NEJMoa1101549
Dondorp AM, Fanello CI, Hendriksen IC, Gomes E, Seni A, Chhaganlal KD, Bojang K, Olaosebikan R, Anunobi N, Maitland K, Kivaya E, Agbenyega T, Nguah SB, Evans J, Gesase S, Kahabuka C, Mtove G, Nadjm B, Deen J, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Nansumba M, Karema C, Umulisa N, Uwimana A, Mokuolu OA, Adedoyin OT, Johnson WB, Tshefu AK, Onyamboko MA, Sakulthaew T, Ngum WP, Silamut K, Stepniewska K, Woodrow CJ, Bethell D, Wills B, Oneko M, Peto TE, von Seidlein L, Day NP, White NJ: Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children (AQUAMAT): an open-label, randomised trial. Lancet 2010, 376:1647-1657, 3033534. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61924-1
Akech SO, Karisa J, Nakamya P, Boga M, Maitland K: Phase II trial of isotonic fluid resuscitation in Kenyan children with severe malnutrition and hypovolaemia. BMC Pediatr 2010, 10:71, 2973932. 10.1186/1471-2431-10-71
Akech SO, Jemutai J, Timbwa M, Kivaya E, Boga M, Fegan G, Maitland K: Phase II trial on the use of Dextran 70 or starch for supportive therapy in Kenyan children with severe malaria. Crit Care Med 2010, 38:1630-1636. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e81165
Akech S, Gwer S, Idro R, Fegan G, Eziefula AC, Newton CR, Levin M, Maitland K: Volume expansion with albumin compared to gelofusine in children with severe malaria: results of a controlled trial. PLoS Clin Trials 2006, 1:e21, 1569382. 10.1371/journal.pctr.0010021
Maitland K, Pamba A, Newton CR, Levin M: Response to volume resuscitation in children with severe malaria. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2003, 4:426-431. 10.1097/01.PCC.0000090293.32810.4E
Clinical Trial Protocols
Walsh K, Calder N, Olupot-Olupot P, Ssenyondo T, Okiror W, Okalebo CB, Muhindo R, Mpoya A, Holmes E, Marchesi J et al: Modifying Intestinal Integrity and Micro Biome in Severe Malnutrition with Legume-Based Feeds (MIMBLE 2.0): protocol for a phase II refined feed and intervention trial. Wellcome Open Res 2018, 3:95.
Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka R, Olupot-Olupot P, Engoru C, Njuguna P, Bandika V, Mpoya A, Bush A, Williams T, Grieve R, Sadique Z, Fraser J, Harrison D, Rowan K: Children’s Oxygen Administration Strategies Trial (COAST): A randomised controlled trial of high flow versus oxygen versus control in African children with severe pneumonia. Wellcome Open Res 2018, 2. 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12747.2
Houston KA, Gibb JG, Mpoya A, Obonyo N, Olupot-Olupot P, Nakuya M, Evans JA, George EC, Gibb DM, Maitland K: Gastroenteritis Aggressive Versus Slow Treatment For Rehydration (GASTRO). A pilot rehydration study for severe dehydration: WHO plan C versus slower rehydration. Wellcome Open Res 2017, 2PMC5571888. 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12261.1
Mpoya A, Kiguli S, Olupot-Olupot P, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Mallewa M, Chimalizeni Y, Kennedy N, Kyeyune D, Wabwire B, M'Baya B, Bates I, Urban B, von Hensbroek MB, Heyderman R, Thomason MJ, Uyoga S, Williams TN, Gibb DM, George EC, Walker AS, Maitland K: Transfusion and Treatment of severe anaemia in African children (TRACT): a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015, 16:593, PMC4696199. 10.1186/s13063-015-1112-4
FEAST Trial and Linked Manuscripts
Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Olupot-Olupot P, Akech SO, Nyeko R, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Lang T, Brent B, Evans JA, Tibenderana JK, Crawley J, Russell EC, Levin M, Babiker AG, Gibb DM, Group FT: Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:2483-2495. 10.1056/NEJMoa1101549
Maitland K, Akech SO, Russell EC: Mortality after Fluid Bolus in African Children with Sepsis: Reply. N Engl J Med 2011, 365:1348-1353. 10.1056/NEJMc1108712
Maitland K, Molyneux S, Boga M, Kiguli S, Lang T: Use of deferred consent for severely ill children in a multi-centre phase III trial. Trials 2011, 12:90, 3077324. 10.1186/1745-6215-12-90
Maitland K, Babiker A, Kiguli S, Molyneux E: The FEAST trial of fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. Lancet 2012, 379:613; author reply 613-614. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60260-8
Maitland K, George EC, Evans JA, Kiguli S, Olupot-Olupot P, Akech SO, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Nyeko R, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Brent B, Nteziyaremye J, Mpoya A, Prevatt N, Dambisya CM, Semakula D, Ddungu A, Okuuny V, Wokulira R, Timbwa M, Otii B, Levin M, Crawley J, Babiker AG, Gibb DM, group Ft: Exploring mechanisms of excess mortality with early fluid resuscitation: insights from the FEAST trial. BMC Med 2013, 11:68, 3599745. 10.1186/1741-7015-11-68
Molyneux S, Njue M, Boga M, Akello L, Olupot-Olupot P, Engoru C, Kiguli S, Maitland K: 'The words will pass with the blowing wind': staff and parent views of the deferred consent process, with prior assent, used in an emergency fluids trial in two African hospitals. PLoS One 2013, 8:e54894, 3569446. 10.1371/journal.pone.0054894
Todd J, Heyderman RS, Musoke P, Peto T: When enough is enough: how the decision was made to stop the FEAST trial: data and safety monitoring in an African trial of Fluid Expansion As Supportive Therapy (FEAST) for critically ill children. Trials 2013, 14:85, PMC3617035. 10.1186/1745-6215-14-85
Kiguli S, Akech SO, Mtove G, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Olupot-Olupot P, Nyeko R, Evans J, Crawley J, Prevatt N, Reyburn H, Levin M, George EC, South A, Babiker AG, Gibb DM, Maitland K: WHO guidelines on fluid resuscitation in children: missing the FEAST data. BMJ 2014, 348:f7003. 10.1136/bmj.f7003
George EC, Walker AS, Kiguli S, Olupot-Olupot P, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Akech SO, Nyeko R, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Berkley JA, Mpoya A, Levin M, Crawley J, Gibb DM, Maitland K, Babiker AG: Predicting mortality in sick African children: the FEAST Paediatric Emergency Triage (PET) Score. BMC Med 2015, 13:174, 4521500. 10.1186/s12916-015-0407-3
Kiguli S, Maitland K, George EC, Olupot-Olupot P, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Akech SO, Nyeko R, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Levin M, Babiker AG, Gibb DM, Crawley J: Anaemia and blood transfusion in African children presenting to hospital with severe febrile illness. BMC Med 2015, 13:21, 4313469. 10.1186/s12916-014-0246-7
Aramburo A, Todd J, George EC, Kiguli S, Olupot-Olupot P, RO O, Akech S, R N, G M, Gibb DM, AG B, Maitland K: Lactate clearance as a prognostic marker of mortality in severely ill febrile children in East Africa. BMC Med 2017, submitted.
Olupot-Olupot P, Engoru C, Uyoga S, Muhindo R, Macharia A, Kiguli S, Opoka RO, Akech S, Ndila C, Nyeko R, Mtove G, Nteziyaremye J, Chebet M, George EC, Babiker AG, Gibb DM, Williams TN, Maitland K: High Frequency of Blackwater Fever Among Children Presenting to Hospital With Severe Febrile Illnesses in Eastern Uganda. Clin Infect Dis 2017, 64:939-946. 10.1093/cid/cix003
Malnutrition
Akech SO, Karisa J, Nakamya P, Boga M, Maitland K: Phase II trial of isotonic fluid resuscitation in Kenyan children with severe malnutrition and hypovolaemia. BMC Pediatr 2010, 10:71, 2973932. 10.1186/1471-2431-10-71
Obonyo N, Brent B, Olupot-Olupot P, Boele van Hensbroek M, Kuipers I, Wong S, Shiino K, Chan J, Fraser J, van Woensel JBM, Maitland K: Myocardial and haemodynamic responses to two fluid regimens in African children with severe malnutrition and hypovolaemic shock (AFRIM study). Crit Care 2017, 21:103, PMC5415747. 10.1186/s13054-017-1679-0
Brent B: Cardiovascular physiology in children with acute severe malnutrition in Kenya London: Imperial College; 2015.
Talbert A, Thuo N, Karisa J, Chesaro C, Ohuma E, Ignas J, Berkley JA, Toromo C, Atkinson S, Maitland K: Diarrhoea complicating severe acute malnutrition in Kenyan children: a prospective descriptive study of risk factors and outcome. PLoS One 2012, 7:e38321, 3366921. 10.1371/journal.pone.0038321
Thuo N, Ungphakorn W, Karisa J, Muchohi S, Muturi A, Kokwaro G, Thomson AH, Maitland K: Dosing regimens of oral ciprofloxacin for children with severe malnutrition: a population pharmacokinetic study with Monte Carlo simulation. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:2336-2345, 3172043. 10.1093/jac/dkr314
Muchohi SN, Thuo N, Karisa J, Muturi A, Kokwaro GO, Maitland K: Determination of ciprofloxacin in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection: application to a population pharmacokinetics study in children with severe malnutrition. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011, 879:146-152, 3025326. 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.032
Mogeni P, Twahir H, Bandika V, Mwalekwa L, Thitiri J, Ngari M, Toromo C, Maitland K, Berkley JA: Diagnostic performance of visible severe wasting for identifying severe acute malnutrition in children admitted to hospital in Kenya. Bull World Health Organ 2011, 89:900-906, 3260901. 10.2471/BLT.11.091280
Thuo N, Ohuma E, Karisa J, Talbert A, Berkley JA, Maitland K: The prognostic value of dipstick urinalysis in children admitted to hospital with severe malnutrition. Arch Dis Child 2010, 95:422-426. 10.1136/adc.2009.168211
Talbert A, Atkinson S, Karisa J, Ignas J, Chesaro C, Maitland K: Hypothermia in children with severe malnutrition: low prevalence on the tropical coast of Kenya. J Trop Pediatr 2009, 55:413-416. 10.1093/tropej/fmp038
Berkley JA, Bejon P, Mwangi T, Gwer S, Maitland K, Williams TN, Mohammed S, Osier F, Kinyanjui S, Fegan G, Lowe BS, English M, Peshu N, Marsh K, Newton CR: HIV infection, malnutrition, and invasive bacterial infection among children with severe malaria. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 49:336-343, 2853703. 10.1086/600299
Bejon P, Mohammed S, Mwangi I, Atkinson SH, Osier F, Peshu N, Newton CR, Maitland K, Berkley JA: Fraction of all hospital admissions and deaths attributable to malnutrition among children in rural Kenya. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 88:1626-1631, 2635111. 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26510
Seaton C, Ignas J, Muchohi S, Kokwaro G, Maitland K, Thomson AH: Population pharmacokinetics of a single daily intramuscular dose of gentamicin in children with severe malnutrition. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007, 59:681-689. 10.1093/jac/dkl561
Maitland K, Berkley JA, Shebbe M, Peshu N, English M, Newton CR: Children with severe malnutrition: can those at highest risk of death be identified with the WHO protocol? PLoS Med 2006, 3:e500, 1716191. 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030500
Berkley J, Mwangi I, Griffiths K, Ahmed I, Mithwani S, English M, Newton C, Maitland K: Assessment of severe malnutrition among hospitalized children in rural Kenya: comparison of weight for height and mid upper arm circumference. JAMA 2005, 294:591-597. 10.1001/jama.294.5.591
Williams TN, Maitland K, Phelps L, Bennett S, Peto TE, Viji J, Timothy R, Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ, Bowden DK: Plasmodium vivax: a cause of malnutrition in young children. QJM 1997, 90:751-757. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9536339
Selected Publications
Journal Articles
George EC, Uyoga S, M'baya B, et al., 2022, Whole blood versus red cell concentrates for children with severe anaemia: a secondary analysis of the Transfusion and Treatment of African Children (TRACT) trial, The Lancet Global Health, Vol:10, ISSN:2214-109X, Pages:e360-e368
Maitland K, Kiguli S, Olupot-Olupot P, et al., 2021, Transfusion management of severe anaemia in African children: a consensus algorithm, British Journal of Haematology, Vol:193, ISSN:0007-1048, Pages:1247-1259
Maitland K, Kiguli S, Olupot-Olupot P, et al., 2021, Randomised controlled trial of oxygen therapy and high flow nasal therapy in African children with pneumonia, Intensive Care Medicine, Vol:47, ISSN:0342-4642, Pages:566-576
Calder N, Walsh K, Olupot-Olupot P, et al., 2021, Modifying gut integrity and microbiome in children with severe acute malnutrition using legume-based feeds (MIMBLE): A pilot trial, Cell Reports Medicine, Vol:2, ISSN:2666-3791, Pages:100280-100280
Maitland K, Olupot-Olupot P, Kiguli S, et al., 2019, Co-trimoxazole or multivitamin multimineral supplement for post-discharge outcomes after severe anaemia in African children: a randomised controlled trial, The Lancet Global Health, Vol:7, ISSN:2214-109X, Pages:e1435-e1447
Njuguna P, Maitland K, Nyaguara A, et al., 2019, Observational study: 27 years of severe malaria surveillance in Kilifi, Kenya, BMC Medicine, Vol:17, ISSN:1741-7015
Hakim J, Musiime V, Szubert AJ, et al., 2017, Enhanced prophylaxis plus antiretroviral therapy for advanced HIV infection in Africa, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol:377, ISSN:0028-4793, Pages:233-245
Olupot-Olupot P, Engoru CE, Uyoga S, et al., 2017, High frequency of blackwater fever among children presenting to hospital with severe febrile illnesses in Eastern Uganda, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Vol:64, ISSN:1537-6591, Pages:939-946
Maitland K, 2015, Management of severe paediatric malaria in resource-limited settings., BMC Medicine, Vol:13, ISSN:1741-7015, Pages:263-263
Kiguli S, Akech SO, Mtove G, et al., 2014, WHO guidelines on fluid resuscitation in children: missing the FEAST data, British Medical Journal, Vol:348, ISSN:0959-535X
Church K, 2014, Invasive bacterial co-infection in African children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: A systematic review, Bmc Medicine, Vol:12
Maitland DM, 2013, Exploring mechanisms of excess mortality with early fluid resuscitation: Insights from the FEAST trial, Bmc Medicine, Vol:11
Maitland K, Akech SO, Russell EC, 2011, Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with sepsis REPLY, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol:365, ISSN:0028-4793, Pages:1351-1353
Maitland DM, 2011, Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol:364, Pages:2483-2495
Mogeni JA, 2011, Diagnostic performance of visible severe wasting for identifying severe acute malnutrition in children admitted to hospital in Kenya, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol:89, Pages:900-906
Akech SO, Jemutai J, Timbwa M, et al., 2010, Phase II trial on the use of Dextran 70 or starch for supportive therapy in Kenyan children with severe malaria, Critical Care Medicine, Vol:38, ISSN:0090-3493, Pages:1630-1636
Akech K, 2010, Choice of fluids for resuscitation in children with severe infection and shock: Systematic review, Bmj (online), Vol:341, Pages:544-544
Dondorp NJ, 2010, Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children (AQUAMAT): An open-label, randomised trial, The Lancet, Vol:376, Pages:1647-1657
Khor AVS, 2010, CISH and susceptibility to infectious diseases, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol:362, Pages:2092-2101
Maitland K, Pamba A, Newton CRJC, et al., 2003, Response to volume resuscitation in children with severe malaria., Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Vol:4, ISSN:1529-7535, Pages:426-431