Publications
151 results found
Xavier FB, Macorini L, Izzuddin BA, 2015, Robustness of Multistory Buildings with Masonry Infill, JOURNAL OF PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTED FACILITIES, Vol: 29, ISSN: 0887-3828
Gattesco N, Macorini L, Dudine A, 2015, Experimental Response of Brick-Masonry Spandrels under In-Plane Cyclic Loading, Journal of Structural Engineering, ISSN: 1943-541X
This paper investigates the behavior of spandrels in perforated walls of existing unreinforced masonry buildings. The main resultsof experimental tests carried out on full-scale brick-masonry coupling beams under in-plane cyclic loading are presented and criticallydiscussed. The effectiveness of different strengthening techniques has been examined by testing damaged spandrels reinforced using steelties or angles. The resistant mechanisms, the degradation of strength and stiffness, and the hysteretic energy dissipation capacity of the testedcoupling beams have been analyzed. The experimental shear resistance of the unstrengthened and strengthened spandrels have been thencompared against analytical predictions obtained by using expressions provided by current codes of practice. Finally, these analytical formulationscalibrated against the experimental results have been employed to study the effects of the main spandrel geometrical characteristics.The results achieved provide relevant information on the actual behavior of these critical masonry components, which thus far has been onlymarginally investigated.
Kucukler M, Gardner L, Macorini L, 2015, Flexural–torsional buckling assessment of steel beam-columns through a stiffness reduction method, Engineering Structures, Vol: 101, Pages: 662-676, ISSN: 1873-7323
In this paper, a stiffness reduction method for the flexural–torsional buckling assessment of steel beam–columns subjected to major axis bending and axial compression is presented. The proposed method is applied by reducing the Young’s E and shear G moduli through the developed stiffness reduction functions and performing Linear Buckling Analysis. To account for second-order forces induced prior to buckling, the in-plane (in the plane of bending) and out-of-plane analyses of a member are separated and stiffness reduction for the out-of-plane instability assessment is applied on the basis of member forces determined from the in-plane analysis. Since the developed stiffness reduction functions fully take into account the detrimental influence of imperfections and spread of plasticity, the proposed method does not require the use of member design equations, thus leading to practical design. For the purpose of verifying this approach, the strength predictions determined through the proposed stiffness reduction method are compared against those obtained from nonlinear finite element modelling for a large number of regular, irregular, single and multi-span beam–columns.
Banerjee RJ, Barratta A, Barros RC, et al., 2015, SPECIAL ISSUE: CIVIL-COMP, COMPUTERS & STRUCTURES, Vol: 155, Pages: 1-2, ISSN: 0045-7949
Gardner L, Yun X, Macorini L, et al., 2015, The continuous strength method for hot-rolled steel and steel-concrete composite design, Eleventh International Conference on Steel Concrete and Hybrid Structures – ASCCS. 3rd-5th December 2015, 8-15. (Keynote)
Kucukler M, Gardner L, Macorini L, 2015, Lateral-torsional buckling assessment of steel beams through a stiffness reduction method, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol: 109, Pages: 87-100, ISSN: 0143-974X
This paper presents a stiffness reduction approach utilising Linear Buckling Analysis (LBA) with developed stiffness reduction functions for the lateral–torsional buckling (LTB) assessment of steel beams. A stiffness reduction expression is developed for the LTB assessment of beams subjected to uniform bending and modified for the consideration of moment gradient effects on the development of plasticity. The proposed stiffness reduction method considers the influence of imperfections and plasticity on the response through the reduction of the Young's modulus E and shear modulus G and obviates the need of using LTB buckling curves in design. The accuracy and practicality of the method are illustrated for regular, irregular, single and multi-span beams. In all of the considered cases, the proposed method is verified against the results obtained through nonlinear finite element modelling.
Chisari C, Macorini L, Amadio C, et al., 2015, An inverse analysis procedure for material parameter identification of mortar joints in unreinforced masonry, Computers & Structures, Vol: 155, Pages: 97-105, ISSN: 0045-7949
Many old unreinforced masonry (URM) structures still in use need to be assessed considering the safety requirements proposed by current codes. Because of the complexity of the URM response, sophisticated numerical descriptions are required for an accurate structural assessment. When inverse analysis is used for the identification of material properties, the study of the effects of measurement errors is essential for assessing the robustness of the adopted procedure. In this work, inverse analysis techniques utilising Genetic Algorithms are employed to calibrate elastic material parameters of an advanced mesoscale model for URM. In order to apply this strategy to in-situ low-invasive investigations, a non-conventional flat-jack test setup is proposed. The potential and limitations of the method are analysed using computer-generated pseudo-experimental data with different noise limits. This allows the evaluation of the influence of the measurement equipment precision on the stability of the inverse problem.
Chisari C, Macorini L, Amadio C, et al., 2015, An experimental-numerical procedure for the identification of mesoscale material properties for brick-masonry, ISSN: 1759-3433
©Civil-Comp Press, 2015. The response of unreinforced masonry is very complex because of its inherent heterogeneity and nonlinear behaviour, which is governed by the interaction between masonry units and mortar joints. Mesoscale modelling can provide a very good representation of the actual response of masonry structures when using adequate material parameters for the individual components. An attractive strategy has been recently developed by the authors for the calibration of the mesoscale material properties. This is based upon the inverse analysis of the macroscale behaviour of a part of the structure subjected to the pressures exerted by two flatjacks arranged along the mortar bed joints and the perpendicular direction. Thus far this strategy has been applied only to pseudo-experimental data, whereas in this paper it is enhanced considering the experimental results obtained in physical laboratory tests on running bond masonry walls. It is demonstrated that inverse analysis of the measured experimental displacement field allows the estimation of the elastic properties, the cohesion and the friction angle for the interface elements used in the mesoscale description to represent mortar joints.
Rodriguez-Villares A, Minga E, Macorini L, et al., 2015, An automation strategy for mesoscale partitioned analysis of complex masonry structures, ISSN: 1759-3433
Previous research has shown that detailed mesoscale models with nonlinear interfaces can accurately represent the behaviour of unreinforced masonry structures. Nevertheless, this modelling approach is potentially associated with prohibitive computational demands, and consequently an emphasis has been placed almost exclusively on small scale structures. In light of recent developments of effective strategies which reduce the computational cost, this paper presents an automation approach designed to explore the full capacity of such enhancements. A procedure has been developed to perform the automated assembly of generic mesoscale masonry descriptions embedded with advanced domain partitioning features. From a high level of abstraction, this procedure allows the user to define the geometry of an arbitrary masonry structure such as masonry arches, bridges and facades, and to partition the domain by exploiting factorisation conditions. The use of the proposed procedure allows for the practical investigation of complex masonry structures and the comparative study of various partitioning configurations. Examples are presented to demonstrate the potential of the tool, particularly in the investigation of master-slave coupling and hierarchic features.
Chisari C, Macorini L, Amadio C, et al., 2015, An experimental-numerical procedure for the identification of mesoscale material properties for brick-masonry, ISSN: 1759-3433
©Civil-Comp Press, 2015.The response of unreinforced masonry is very complex because of its inherent heterogeneity and nonlinear behaviour, which is governed by the interaction between masonry units and mortar joints. Mesoscale modelling can provide a very good representation of the actual response of masonry structures when using adequate material parameters for the individual components. An attractive strategy has been recently developed by the authors for the calibration of the mesoscale material properties. This is based upon the inverse analysis of the macroscale behaviour of a part of the structure subjected to the pressures exerted by two flatjacks arranged along the mortar bed joints and the perpendicular direction. Thus far this strategy has been applied only to pseudo-experimental data, whereas in this paper it is enhanced considering the experimental results obtained in physical laboratory tests on running bond masonry walls. It is demonstrated that inverse analysis of the measured experimental displacement field allows the estimation of the elastic properties, the cohesion and the friction angle for the interface elements used in the mesoscale description to represent mortar joints.
Gu J, Macorini L, Izzuddin BA, 2015, Response of masonry cavity cladding subject to blast loading, ISSN: 1759-3433
This paper investigates the response of a typical cladding system with masonry cavity walls subject to blast loading and the transfer of the blast loads to the surrounding frame. A recently developed mesoscale mixed-dimensional partitioned modelling framework is adopted, where a detailed mesoscale description for the masonry panels is utilised to achieve the desired accuracy, and a domain-partitioning scheme is adopted to enhance computational efficiency. Two different simplified idealisations representing the parts of the masonry cavity cladding at mid-span and near-column locations are considered to investigate the specific responses of the different parts of the cladding. As the cladding panels show brittle failure modes at the mid-span locations, the restraints provided by the edge columns allow a more ductile failure mode. These different failure characteristics are verified considering the results of a larger model representing the portion of a masonry cavity wall between two adjacent columns in a realistic framed building.
Minga E, Macorini L, Izzuddin BA, 2015, Mesoscale modelling of masonry structures using mesh tying, ISSN: 1759-3433
This paper presents an accurate and efficient computational strategy for the simulation of coupled masonry structures which combines a partitioned mesoscale modelling approach for brick-masonry components with a mortar mesh tying method for non-conforming interfaces. This allows the independent modelling of the individual structural components and the efficient tying of the subdomains with accurate transmission of the displacement and stress fields. This strategy enables the optimisation of the individual meshes leading to an increased computational efficiency. Furthermore, the elimination of the mesh compatibility requirement allows the modelling of complex heterogeneous structures. Some numerical examples, including a comparative analysis on the elastic and non-linear response of an infill masonry bridge and the nonlinear simulation of a multi-leaf wall under in plane and out-of-plane loading, are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed modelling strategy.
Minga E, Macorini L, Izzuddin BA, 2015, Mesoscale modelling of masonry structures using mesh tying, ISSN: 1759-3433
This paper presents an accurate and efficient computational strategy for the simulation of coupled masonry structures which combines a partitioned mesoscale modelling approach for brick-masonry components with a mortar mesh tying method for non-conforming interfaces. This allows the independent modelling of the individual structural components and the efficient tying of the subdomains with accurate transmission of the displacement and stress fields. This strategy enables the optimisation of the individual meshes leading to an increased computational efficiency. Furthermore, the elimination of the mesh compatibility requirement allows the modelling of complex heterogeneous structures. Some numerical examples, including a comparative analysis on the elastic and non-linear response of an infill masonry bridge and the nonlinear simulation of a multi-leaf wall under in plane and out-of-plane loading, are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed modelling strategy.
Chisari C, Macorini L, Amadio C, et al., 2015, An experimental-numerical procedure for the identification of mesoscale material properties for brick-masonry, ISSN: 1759-3433
The response of unreinforced masonry is very complex because of its inherent heterogeneity and nonlinear behaviour, which is governed by the interaction between masonry units and mortar joints. Mesoscale modelling can provide a very good representation of the actual response of masonry structures when using adequate material parameters for the individual components. An attractive strategy has been recently developed by the authors for the calibration of the mesoscale material properties. This is based upon the inverse analysis of the macroscale behaviour of a part of the structure subjected to the pressures exerted by two flatjacks arranged along the mortar bed joints and the perpendicular direction. Thus far this strategy has been applied only to pseudo-experimental data, whereas in this paper it is enhanced considering the experimental results obtained in physical laboratory tests on running bond masonry walls. It is demonstrated that inverse analysis of the measured experimental displacement field allows the estimation of the elastic properties, the cohesion and the friction angle for the interface elements used in the mesoscale description to represent mortar joints.
Rodriguez-Villares A, Minga E, Macorini L, et al., 2015, An automation strategy for mesoscale partitioned analysis of complex masonry structures, ISSN: 1759-3433
Previous research has shown that detailed mesoscale models with nonlinear interfaces can accurately represent the behaviour of unreinforced masonry structures. Nevertheless, this modelling approach is potentially associated with prohibitive computational demands, and consequently an emphasis has been placed almost exclusively on small scale structures. In light of recent developments of effective strategies which reduce the computational cost, this paper presents an automation approach designed to explore the full capacity of such enhancements. A procedure has been developed to perform the automated assembly of generic mesoscale masonry descriptions embedded with advanced domain partitioning features. From a high level of abstraction, this procedure allows the user to define the geometry of an arbitrary masonry structure such as masonry arches, bridges and facades, and to partition the domain by exploiting factorisation conditions. The use of the proposed procedure allows for the practical investigation of complex masonry structures and the comparative study of various partitioning configurations. Examples are presented to demonstrate the potential of the tool, particularly in the investigation of master-slave coupling and hierarchic features.
Gu J, Macorini L, Izzuddin BA, 2015, Response of masonry cavity cladding subject to blast loading, ISSN: 1759-3433
This paper investigates the response of a typical cladding system with masonry cavity walls subject to blast loading and the transfer of the blast loads to the surrounding frame. A recently developed mesoscale mixed-dimensional partitioned modelling framework is adopted, where a detailed mesoscale description for the masonry panels is utilised to achieve the desired accuracy, and a domain-partitioning scheme is adopted to enhance computational efficiency. Two different simplified idealisations representing the parts of the masonry cavity cladding at mid-span and near-column locations are considered to investigate the specific responses of the different parts of the cladding. As the cladding panels show brittle failure modes at the mid-span locations, the restraints provided by the edge columns allow a more ductile failure mode. These different failure characteristics are verified considering the results of a larger model representing the portion of a masonry cavity wall between two adjacent columns in a realistic framed building.
Kucukler M, Gardner L, Macorini L, 2014, A stiffness reduction method for the in-plane design of structural steel elements, Engineering Structures, Vol: 73, Pages: 72-84, ISSN: 0141-0296
Stiffness reduction offers a practical means of considering the detrimental influence of geometrical imperfections, residual stresses and the spread of plasticity in the analysis and design of steel structures. In this paper, a stiffness reduction approach is presented, which utilises Linear Buckling Analysis (LBA) and Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis (GNA) in conjunction with developed stiffness reduction functions for the design of columns and beam-columns in steel frames. This approach eliminates the need for modelling geometrical imperfections and requires no member buckling checks. For columns, inelastic flexural buckling loads can be obtained using LBA with appropriate stiffness reduction, while GNA with stiffness reduction is required to determine an accurate prediction of beam-column failure. The accuracy and practicality of the proposed method is shown in several examples, including regular and irregular members. For the latter case in particular, it is found that the proposed approach provides more accurate capacity predictions than traditional design methods, when compared to results generated by means of nonlinear finite element modelling.
Macorini L, Izzuddin BA, 2014, Nonlinear analysis of unreinforced masonry walls under blast loading using mesoscale partitioned modeling, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol: 140, Pages: 1-1, ISSN: 0733-9445
This paper presents the application of an advanced modeling strategy for the nonlinear analysis of structures with unreinforced masonry (URM) components under blast loading. This approach enables the investigation of the nonlinear dynamic response of large struc-tures with URM walls, accounting for the mechanical and geometrical characteristics of URM components, the coupling between the in-plane and out-of-plane response as well as the interaction between URM panels and the other parts of the considered structural system. According to the utilized strategy an URM wall is described by a parent structure, which consists of super-elements representing the partitioned subdo-mains, allowing effective parallelization of the nonlinear structural analysis simulation. Each partition is represented by a detailed 3D mes-oscale model, which uses an advanced 2D nonlinear interface element that allows the representation of crack propagation in URM elements. Furthermore, the macroscale model considers only the partition boundaries of the mesoscale descriptions and specific macro-elements are introduced to reduce the number of freedoms leading to further enhance the computational savings. Several examples are presented in the paper to validate the proposed approach and to demonstrate its major computational benefits in simulating the response of structures with URM walls subjected to blast loading.
Gattesco N, Macorini L, 2014, In-plane stiffening techniques with nail plates or CFRP strips for timber floors in historical masonry buildings, Construction and Building Materials, Vol: 58, Pages: 64-76
The paper investigates two strengthening techniques for timber floors in historical masonry buildings. These alternative solutions may be used to enhance in-plane stiffness and strength of existing wooden floors. According to the first technique, nail plates are utilised to connect adjacent timber boards, while diagonal carbon fibre (CFRP) strips glued to timber boarding are considered in the second solution. Four full scale stiffened floor samples, which were designed using specific relationships to calculate in-plane stiffness and resistance, were tested under in-plane cyclic loading. Test results showed an enhanced stiffness for strengthened floors which is 40–50 times higher than that of the original wooden floor and close to the values calculated employing the proposed design expressions. To study how the use of the analysed stiffening solutions affects the seismic performance of masonry buildings, nonlinear static analyses were carried out on a typical historical masonry building with wooded floors under earthquake loading. In particular, the response of the building with original floors was compared with that of the structure with strengthened floors. The numerical results confirmed that the stiffness of the reinforced floors is adequate to guarantee satisfactory structural integrity for the whole building as damage was found to be mainly located in shear walls, while walls perpendicular to earthquake loading remained almost undamaged.
Kucukler M, Gardner L, Macorini L, 2014, Stiffness reduction method for the design of steel columns and beam-columns, Pages: 297-314
A stiffness reduction approach is presented in this paper, which utilises Linear Buckling Analysis (LBA) and Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis (GNA) in conjunction with developed stiffness reduction functions for the design of columns and beam-columns in steel frames. The proposed stiffness reduction approach obviates the need to model member imperfections and to make member buckling checks. While LBA with appropriate stiffness reduction provides inelastic buckling loads of columns, GNA with stiffness reduction is performed for the prediction of beam-column failure. In addition to regular members, the accuracy and practicality of the method is illustrated for irregular members. For the latter case, results indicate that the proposed stiffness reduction method provides more accurate strength predictions in comparison to traditional design approaches. The influence of moment gradient on the development of plasticity (i.e. stiffness reduction) is accounted for by incorporating simple moment gradient factors into the stiffness reduction expressions originally derived for members under uniform bending. The accuracy of the proposed stiffness reduction approach is verified against results obtained through non-linear finite element modelling for all of the considered cases.
Chisari C, Macorini L, Amadio C, et al., 2014, RATIONAL SELECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR INVERSE STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS, 11th World Congress on Computational Mechanics (WCCM) / 5th European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM) / 6th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD), Publisher: INT CENTER NUMERICAL METHODS ENGINEERING, Pages: 386-397
Xavier FB, Macorini L, Izzuddin BA, 2013, Mesoscale Modelling of Masonry Structures Accounting for Brick-Mortar Interaction, 14th International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing, Publisher: Civil-Comp, ISSN: 1759-3433
This paper presents an advanced zero-thickness interface element which can be used in mesoscale models for unreinforced masonry to describe brick-mortar interaction. In particular, an existing interface formulation has been enhanced by modifying local kinematics and coupling typical mode I separation with in-plane normal strains induced by Poisson's effects. This enhancement allows the differential behaviour of brick units and mortar joints to be properly captured, while circumventing the need for detailed representation of individual components. Application of the proposed mesoscale modelling enables triaxial stress states within bricks to be effectively predicted including significant tensile stresses which may lead to the formation of cracks in unreinforced masonry. The performance of the proposed interface element is assessed by the analysis of a set of prisms subjected to uniaxial compression, where brick-mortar interaction has been found to govern the overall behaviour of the composite system.
Izzuddin BA, Macorini L, Rinaldin G, 2013, Partitioned Modelling for Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings for Earthquake Loading, 14th International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing, Publisher: Civil-Comp Press, ISSN: 1759-3433
This paper proposes a new approach for the seismic assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) building structures subject to earthquake loading, considering detailed nonlinear dynamic analysis. Noting the potentially prohibitive computational demand of conventional nonlinear finite element analysis based on a monolithic treatment, the proposed approach utilises recent development in partitioned modelling for parallel processing employing a novel dual super-element concept. A case study of a realistic RC building subject to seismic ground excitation is presented, where monolithic as well as alternative partitioned models are considered. It is shown that the proposed approach achieves exceptional parallel performance, which can be disproportionately more than the number of used partitions, in addition to other major benefits of scalability and overcoming memory bottlenecks. This confirms the prospects of the proposed approach as an accurate and computationally practical method for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures, in general, and the seismic assessment of RC buildings, in particular.
Chisari C, Macorini L, Amadio C, et al., 2013, Identification of Brick-Masonry Material Properties Through Inverse Analysis and Genetic Algorithms, 14th International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing, Publisher: Civil-Comp Press, ISSN: 1759-3433
Unreinforced brick/block masonry (URM) has been used for centuries as an effective building material. However, the response of URM is very complex because of its inherent heterogeneity and nonlinear behaviour, which is governed by the interaction between units and mortar. Mesoscale modelling, though computationally demanding, can provide a very good representation of the actual structural response when using adequate mechanical parameters for URM component materials. These can be obtained using numerical calibration based on the results of experimental tests. In this paper, inverse analysis techniques utilising genetic algorithms are employed to calibrate material parameters of an advanced nonlinear mesoscale description, which uses zero-thickness interfaces for representing mortar joints. In particular, the elastic material parameters of mortar interfaces are derived from measurements at the macroscale. In order to apply this procedure to in-situ non-destructive tests, a non-conventional flat-jack test setup has been investigated. The potential and limitations of the proposed method are assessed using computer-generated pseudo-experimental data, where modelling errors are ruled out. Sensitivity and random noise analysis are performed to evaluate the influence of the precision of the measurement equipment employed in the tests.
Macorini L, Izzuddin BA, 2013, Enhanced Mesoscale Partitioned Modelling for Un-Reinforced Masonry Structures, 14th International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing, Publisher: Civil-Comp Press, ISSN: 1759-3433
This paper discusses the benefits of recent enhancements introduced into a partitioned mesoscale modelling approach for brick-masonry structures. These include the use of master-slave coupling and hierarchic features which enable the improvement of efficiency, especially in the analysis of large masonry components. In particular, the new enhancements enable a reduction in the number of nodes at the parent structure and the use of multi-level partitions to distribute the computational load uniformly to the different processors used in parallel. Some numerical examples, including a comparative analysis on the elastic response of a large masonry wall and the nonlinear simulation of a realistic heterogeneous system under extreme loading, are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed modelling strategy.
Gardner L, Macorini L, Kucukler M, 2013, The continuous strength method for steel and composite design, PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS, Vol: 166, Pages: 434-443, ISSN: 0965-0911
- Author Web Link
- Open Access Link
- Cite
- Citations: 5
Macorini L, Izzuddin BA, 2013, Nonlinear analysis of masonry structures using mesoscale partitioned modelling, Advances in Engineering Software, Vol: 60-61, Pages: 58-69
This paper presents an effective and accurate computational strategy for unreinforced brick masonry structures. Mesoscale descriptions allow a realistic representation of the nonlinear structural behaviour of URM, but can pose prohibitive computational demands for large-scale problems. To overcome this drawback, the computational strategy presented in the paper employs the domain partitioning approach, which is coupled with an accurate mesoscale finite element model. This allows the effective parallelisation of the nonlinear structural analysis simulation, where significant speed-up can be achieved in the nonlinear analysis of large masonry structures. The potential and effectiveness of the proposed computational strategy are shown through numerical examples, where full-scale masonry structures are considered.
Xavier FB, Macorini L, Izzuddin BA, 2013, Enhanced robustness of multi-storey buildings with unreinforced masonry infill, Pages: 265-275
Previous work at Imperial College London by Izzuddin and co-workers led to the development of a multi-level framework for the assessment of building robustness under sudden column loss scenarios, and highlighted the significant potential contribution of unreinforced masonry infill panels towards arresting progressive collapse for such scenarios. The latter work considered the contribution of infill panels using equivalent struts, which are inherently approximate particularly in relation to the modelling of openings and general interaction with the surrounding frame. Recent work by the authors has focussed on the development of a mesoscale modelling approach for unreinforced brick masonry, which has been incorporated within a partitioned modelling framework to provide an accurate and efficient approach for predicting the response of masonry components under extreme loading. This paper employs the detailed mesoscale modelling approach for brick masonry infill panels, with and without openings, making comparisons against the simplified equivalent strut models. The outcomes from the detailed mesoscale models are incorporated within the multilevel robustness assessment framework to provide a more accurate evaluation of the contribution of masonry infill panels to the structural robustness of steel composite buildings under sudden column loss. It is confirmed that this contribution is significantly large to merit the consideration of infill panels in robustness design and assessment practice, subject to quality control during the construction process.
Amadio C, Fragiacomo M, Macorini L, 2012, Evaluation of the deflection of steel-concrete composite beams at serviceability limit state, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol: 73, Pages: 95-104, ISSN: 0143-974X
Gardner L, Macorini L, Kucukler M, 2012, Influence of strain hardening on the behaviour and design of steel and steel-concrete composite structures, 8th European Solid Mechanics Conference (ESMC 2012), 9th-13th July, 2012. (Extended Abstract).
This data is extracted from the Web of Science and reproduced under a licence from Thomson Reuters. You may not copy or re-distribute this data in whole or in part without the written consent of the Science business of Thomson Reuters.