Publications
579 results found
Meng X, Gardner L, 2019, Experimental study of cold-formed high strength steel circular hollow sections
An experimental study into the cross-sectional behaviour of cold-formed high strength steel circular hollow sections (CHS) is described in this paper. A total of six CHS profiles with steel grades of S700 was examined, spanning from Class 1 to 4 (in compression) according to Eurocode 3. The investigation consisted of twelve tensile coupon tests, six stub column tests, fifteen short beam-column tests, six four-point bending tests and six three-point bending tests. The obtained experimental results revealed that the studied CHS were all capable of reaching the plastic cross-section capacities under the considered loading scenarios, and their resistances under moment gradients were shown to be on average 8% higher than those under constant moments.
Liang Y, Zhao O, Long YL, et al., 2019, Stainless steel channel sections under combined compression and minor axis bending – Part 2: Parametric studies and design, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol: 152, Pages: 162-172, ISSN: 0143-974X
Following the experimental study and finite element (FE) model validation described in the companion paper, numerical parametric studies and the evaluation of design provisions for stainless steel channel sections under combined axial compressive load and minor axis bending moment are presented herein. The parametric studies were carried out to generate additional structural performance data over a wider range of cross-section aspect ratios and slendernesses, loading combinations and bending orientations. The test data and numerical results have been carefully analysed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the structural performance of stainless steel channel sections under combined compression and minor axis bending moment, and to assess the accuracy of the existing design provisions in Europe and North America. Comparisons of ultimate loads from the tests and FE simulations with the codified resistance predictions revealed that the current design standards typically under-estimate the capacity of stainless steel channel sections under combined compression and minor axis bending moment; this is attributed primarily to the neglect of material strain hardening and the employment of conservative interaction formulae. Improved design rules featuring more efficient interaction curves, anchored to more precise end points (i.e. cross-section resistances under pure compression and bending moment), are then proposed and presented. The new design proposals are shown to yield both more accurate and more consistent resistance predictions over the existing design provisions. Finally, statistical analyses are presented to confirm the reliability of the new design proposals according to EN 1990.
Liang Y, Zhao O, Long YL, et al., 2019, Stainless steel channel sections under combined compression and minor axis bending – Part 1: Experimental study and numerical modelling, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol: 152, Pages: 154-161, ISSN: 0143-974X
The local cross-section behaviour of stainless steel channel sections under the combined actions of axial compression and minor axis bending moment is investigated in the present paper and its companion paper, based on a comprehensive experimental and numerical study. Two channel section sizes were considered in the experimental programme, with the test specimens laser-welded at the two flange-to-web junctions from hot-rolled EN 1.4307 and EN 1.4404 austenitic stainless steel plates. The experiments involved initial local geometric imperfection measurements and 15 eccentrically loaded stub column (combined loading) tests. The loading eccentricity was varied to achieve a range of ratios of axial compression to minor axis bending moment; both orientations of bending (web in compression and web in tension) were considered. The test setup and procedures, together with the key experimental observations, including the load-carrying and deformation capacities, load-end rotation histories and failure modes, are fully reported. A finite element simulation study is then presented, in which the models were first validated against the obtained test results and then employed, in the companion paper, for parametric investigations and the assessment of design provisions.
Gardner L, Fieber A, Macorini L, 2019, Structural steel design by advanced analysis with strain limits
The design of steel structures traditionally involves two steps: first, a structural analysis is performed to determine the internal forces and moments; then, design checks are carried out to verify the stability of individual structural members. In design by advanced analysis, both material and geometric nonlinearities are captured during the analysis, hence eliminating the need for subsequent member checks. However, steel frames are typically analysed using beam elements, which cannot capture local buckling. Hence, steel design specifications use the concept of cross-section classification to limit the strength and deformation capacity of a cross-section. A more sophisticated approach is set out herein, whereby strain limits are employed to mimic local buckling. This allows cross-sections of all classes to be analysed in a consistent advanced analysis framework. The approach has been applied in this paper to individual members and indeterminate systems and shown to be more consistent and accurate than current steel design specifications.
Meng X, Gardner L, 2019, Experimental study of cold-formed high strength steel circular hollow sections, Pages: 778-786
An experimental study into the cross-sectional behaviour of cold-formed high strength steel circular hollow sections (CHS) is described in this paper. A total of six CHS profiles with steel grades of S700 was examined, spanning from Class 1 to 4 (in compression) according to Eurocode 3. The investigation consisted of twelve tensile coupon tests, six stub column tests, fifteen short beam-column tests, six four-point bending tests and six three-point bending tests. The obtained experimental results revealed that the studied CHS were all capable of reaching the plastic cross-section capacities under the considered loading scenarios, and their resistances under moment gradients were shown to be on average 8% higher than those under constant moments.
Walport F, Gardner L, Nethercot DA, 2019, Structural stainless steel design by advanced analysis with csm strain limits, Pages: 1107-1112
Advanced structural analysis is commonly carried out using finite element models constructed using beam elements. Beam elements are incapable of capturing the effects of local buckling. However, disregarding local buckling can lead to overestimations of system strengths leading to unsafe design. In traditional design approaches, time-consuming semi-empirical design calculations are carried out on individual members. However, with improvements in computational power and advances in software, system-level advanced analysis is now viable for widespread use in design. A proposal is made herein, in which strain limits, defined by the Continuous Strength Method, are applied to simulate local buckling in beam element models, thereby controlling the extent to which spread of plasticity, moment redistribution and strain hardening can be exploited. Strains are averaged over a finite length of member to reflect the fact that local buckling requires a finite length over which to develop and to allow for local moment gradient effects. The paper includes a numerical assessment of the proposed method for design at member level, with both I-sections and hollow sections considered. Comparisons against current design methods confirm the significant benefits of the proposed approach. Application of the approach is particularly appropriate for stainless steel structures due to the high material value and the complexities presented by the nonlinear material stress-strain response for traditional design treatments.
Xing Z, Kucukler M, Gardner L, 2019, DESIGN OF STAINLESS STEEL PLATES AGAINST LOCAL BUCKLING IN FIRE, 9th International Conference on Steel and Aluminium Structures (ICSAS), Publisher: INDEPENDENT PUBLISHING NETWORK, Pages: 1557-1568
Gardner L, Fieber A, Macorini L, 2019, Structural steel design by advanced analysis with strain limits, International Colloquia on Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures (SDSS), Publisher: ROUTLEDGE, Pages: 3-15
Kucukler M, Xing Z, Gardner L, 2019, FLEXURAL BUCKLING OF STAINLESS STEEL I-SECTION COLUMNS IN FIRE, 9th International Conference on Steel and Aluminium Structures (ICSAS), Publisher: INDEPENDENT PUBLISHING NETWORK, Pages: 1569-1580
Meng X, Gardner L, 2019, Testing of hot-finished high strength steel SHS and RHS utilising advanced experimental techniques, 7th International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (SEMC), Publisher: CRC PRESS-BALKEMA, Pages: 1247-1253
Meng X, Gardner L, 2019, Experimental study of cold-formed high strength steel circular hollow sections, International Colloquia on Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures (SDSS), Publisher: ROUTLEDGE, Pages: 778-786
Walport F, Gardner L, Nethercot DA, 2019, Structural stainless steel design by advanced analysis with CSM strain limits, 7th International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (SEMC), Publisher: CRC PRESS-BALKEMA, Pages: 1107-1112
Hadjipantelis N, Gardner L, Wadee MA, 2018, Prestressed cold-formed steel beams – parametric studies and design recommendations, Hong Kong, China, Ninth International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures, Publisher: Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction Limited
Owing to their enhanced load-carrying and serviceability performances, prestressed coldformed steel beams can potentially open up new applications within the construction industry. In theproposed concept, an eccentric prestressing force is applied to cold-formed steel beams by means of acable that is housed within a bottom hollow flange. During prestressing, tensile stresses are inducedwithin the top region of the beam, thus delaying the occurrence of local instabilities under subsequentvertical loading. Consequently, the moment capacity of the beam is enhanced. Furthermore, owing tothe prestressing, a pre-camber is also induced along the member, thus decreasing the overall verticaldeflections significantly. Following discussion of the mechanical behaviour of the proposed beams,design recommendations are developed by employing interaction equations alongside the DirectStrength Method. Subsequently, finite element (FE) analysis is employed to investigate the effects of theprestress level and the section slenderness of the steel beam on the benefits obtained from theprestressing process. The parametric FE results are then utilised to assess the design recommendations.
Kyvelou P, Hui C, Gardner L, et al., 2018, Moment redistribution in cold-formed steel sleeved and overlapped two-span purlin systems, Advances in Structural Engineering, Vol: 21, Pages: 2534-2552, ISSN: 1369-4332
Cold-formed steel purlin systems with overlapped or sleeved connections are alternatives to continuous two-span systems and exhibit different degrees of continuity. Both connection types are highly favourable in practice since they are both strategically placed over an interior support to provide additional moment resistance and rotational capacity where the corresponding demands are at their largest, thus improving the overall structural efficiency. Until recently, full-scale testing has been the most common way of investigating the structural behaviour of such systems. In this study, numerical modelling, capable of capturing the complex contact interactions and instability phenomena, is employed. The developed finite element models are first validated against data from physical tests on cold-formed steel beams featuring sleeved and overlapped connections that have been previously reported in the literature. Following their validation, the models are employed for parametric studies, based on which the structural behaviour of the examined systems is explored, while the applicability of conventional plastic design as well as of a previously proposed design approach is investigated. Finally, the efficiency of these systems in terms of load-carrying capacity is compared with their equivalent continuous two-span systems.
Gardner L, Yun X, 2018, Description of stress-strain curves for cold-formed steels, Construction and Building Materials, Vol: 189, Pages: 527-538, ISSN: 0950-0618
Cold-formed steels are generally characterized by a rounded stress-strain response with no sharply defined yield point. It is shown herein that this material behaviour can be accurately described by a two-stage Ramberg-Osgood model provided that the values of the key input parameters can be established. The focus of the present paper is to develop predictive expressions for these key parameters to enable the full engineering stress-strain response of cold-formed steels to be represented. The predictive expressions are based on the analysis of a comprehensive set of material stress-strain data collected from the literature. In total, more than 700 experimentally-derived stress-strain curves on cold-formed steel material have been collected from around the world, covering a range of steel grades, thicknesses and cross-section types. The strength enhancement in the corner regions of cold-formed sections has also been analysed and the applicability of existing predictive models has been evaluated. Finally, standardized values of strain-hardening exponents used in the Ramberg-Osgood model have been recommended for both flat and corner material in cold-formed steel sections. The proposed stress-strain curves are suitable for use in advanced numerical simulations and parametric studies on cold-formed steel elements.
Yun X, Gardner L, 2018, The continuous strength method for the design of cold-formed steel non-slender tubular cross-sections, Engineering Structures, Vol: 175, Pages: 549-564, ISSN: 0141-0296
Cold-formed steels typically exhibit a rounded stress-strain response with gradual yielding merging into strain hardening. This form of stress-strain curve is at odds with the elastic, perfectly plastic material model that underpins many of the provisions set out in current structural steel design standards. In particular, the beneficial influence of strain hardening on cross-section capacity is neglected. The continuous strength method (CSM) is a deformation-based design method that enables material strain hardening properties to be exploited, thus resulting in more accurate and consistent capacity predictions. The aim of this study is to extend the CSM to the design of cold-formed steel non-slender tubular cross-sections subjected to compression, bending and combined loading, and to verify the proposals through comparisons with existing test data from the literature and finite element results generated herein. The finite element models were first developed and validated against test results on cold-formed steel cross-sections collected from the literature. An extensive parametric study was then conducted to generate additional data over a wider range of cross-section geometries, slendernesses and loading conditions. The numerical results together with the experimental results were then compared with capacity predictions, calculated according to the current design rules in European Standard EN 1993-1-1 (2005) and American Specification AISC-360-16 (2016) as well as the CSM. The CSM is shown to provide more accurate and consistent design predictions for cold-formed steel cross-sections under different loading conditions than those obtained from existing design methods. The improvements arise from the use of the continuous deformation based design approach, as well the rational exploitation of strain hardening. Finally, the reliability levels of the different design methods were assessed by conducting reliability analyses in accordance with EN 1990 (2002).
dos Santos GB, Gardner L, Kucukler M, 2018, Experimental and numerical study of stainless steel I-sections under concentrated internal one-flange and internal two-flange loading, Engineering Structures, Vol: 175, Pages: 355-370, ISSN: 0141-0296
The behaviour and design of stainless steel I-section beams under concentrated transverse loading are investigated in this study. Twenty-four experiments on stainless steel I-sections, formed by the welding of hot-rolled plates, were performed. The tests were conducted under two types of concentrated transverse loading – internal one-flange (IOF) and internal two-flange (ITF) loading. The experimental set-up, procedure and results, including the full load-displacement histories, ultimate loads and failure modes, are reported. A complementary nonlinear finite element modelling study was also carried out. The models were first validated against the results of the experiments. A parametric investigation into the influence of key parameters such as the bearing length, web slenderness and level of coexistent bending moment, on the structural response was then performed. Finally, an assessment of current design provisions for the resistance of stainless steel welded I-sections to concentrated loading is presented. The results show that the current design formulae yield safe-sided, but generally rather scattered and conservative capacity predictions, with considerable scope for further development.
Zhang W, Gardner L, Wadee MA, et al., 2018, Analytical solutions for the inelastic lateral‑torsional buckling of I‑beams under pure bending via plate‑beam theory, International Journal of Steel Structures, Vol: 18, Pages: 1440-1463, ISSN: 1598-2351
The Wagner coefficient is a key parameter used to describe the inelastic lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) behaviour of the I-beam, since even for a doubly-symmetric I-section with residual stress, it becomes a monosymmetric I-section due to the characteristics of the non-symmetrical distribution of plastic regions. However, so far no theoretical derivation on the energy equation and Wagner’s coefficient have been presented due to the limitation of Vlasov’s buckling theory. In order to simplify the nonlinear analysis and calculation, this paper presents a simplified mechanical model and an analytical solution for doubly-symmetric I-beams under pure bending, in which residual stresses and yielding are taken into account. According to the plate-beam theory proposed by the lead author, the energy equation for the inelastic LTB of an I-beam is derived in detail, using only the Euler–Bernoulli beam model and the Kirchhoff-plate model. In this derivation, the concept of the instantaneous shear centre is used and its position can be determined naturally by the condition that the coefficient of the cross-term in the strain energy should be zero; formulae for both the critical moment and the corresponding critical beam length are proposed based upon the analytical buckling equation. An analytical formula of the Wagner coefficient is obtained and the validity of Wagner hypothesis is reconfirmed. Finally, the accuracy of the analytical solution is verified by a FEM solution based upon a bi-modulus model of I-beams. It is found that the critical moments given by the analytical solution almost is identical to those given by Trahair’s formulae, and hence the analytical solution can be used as a benchmark to verify the results obtained by other numerical algorithms for inelastic LTB behaviour.
Yun X, Gardner L, 2018, Numerical modelling and design of hot-rolled and cold-formed steel continuous beams with tubular cross-sections, Thin-Walled Structures, Vol: 132, Pages: 574-584, ISSN: 0263-8231
The structural behaviour and design of hot-rolled and cold-formed steel continuous beams with square and rectangular hollow sections are studied in the present paper, with a focus on the beneficial effects of material strain hardening and moment redistribution. Finite element (FE) models were first developed and validated against existing test results on hot-rolled and cold-formed steel square and rectangular hollow section continuous beams. Upon validation against the experimental results, parametric studies were carried out to expand the available structural performance data over a range of cross-section geometries, cross-section slendernesses, steel grades and loading conditions. Representative material properties and residual stress patterns were incorporated into the FE models to reflect the two studied production routes – hot-rolling and cold-forming. The experimental results, together with the parametric numerical results generated herein, were then used to evaluate the accuracy of the design provisions of EN 1993-1-1 (2005) as well as the continuous strength method (CSM) for indeterminate structures, the latter of which is extended in scope in the present study. It was shown that the current provisions of EN 1993-1-1 (2005) for the design of hot-rolled and cold-formed steel continuous beams are rather conservative, while the proposed CSM yields a higher level of accuracy and consistency, due to its rational consideration of both strain hardening at the cross-sectional level and moment redistribution at the global system level. Finally, statistical analyses were carried out to assess the reliability level of the two design methods according to EN 1990 (2002).
Zhao O, Gardner L, 2018, The continuous strength method for the design of mono-symmetric and asymmetric stainless steel cross-sections in bending, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol: 150, Pages: 141-152, ISSN: 0143-974X
The current codified treatment of local buckling in stainless steel cross-sections is based on the traditional cross-section classification framework and a simplified elastic, perfectly-plastic material model, providing consistency with the corresponding carbon steel design rules. However, the cross-section classification framework treats the cross-section as an assemblage of isolated plate elements without considering the beneficial element interaction effect, and the elastic, perfect-plastic material model neglects the pronounced strain hardening exhibited by stainless steels. These limitations have been generally found to result in unduly conservative and scattered resistance predictions through comparisons against previous test data. To address these shortcomings, a deformation-based continuous strength method (CSM) has been developed, which relates the strength of a cross-section to its deformation capacity and employs a bi-linear (elastic, linear hardening) material model to account for strain hardening. The CSM has been established for the design of doubly symmetric plated sections and circular hollow sections, and shown to yield a high level of design accuracy and consistency. In this paper, the scope of application of the CSM is extended to cover the design of non-doubly symmetric cross-sections in bending. Global member buckling is not investigated. The developed design methodology and comparisons with existing test data and numerical results generated herein are described. Finally, reliability analysis is performed, which demonstrates the suitability of the proposals for inclusion in structural design codes.
Nethercot D, Kyvelou P, Gardner L, et al., 2018, DESIGNING COLD- FORMED STEELWORK AS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS, 25th Australasian Conference on Mechanics of Structures and Materials, ACMSM25
Hadjipantelis N, Gardner L, Wadee MA, 2018, Prestressed cold-formed steel beams: concept and mechanical behaviour, Engineering Structures, Vol: 172, Pages: 1057-1072, ISSN: 0141-0296
An innovative concept, whereby the load-carrying capacity and serviceability performance of cold-formed steel beams are enhanced by utilising prestressing techniques, is presented. The prestressing force is applied by means of a high-strength steel cable, which is housed at a location eccentric to the strong geometric axis within the bottom hollow flange of the cold-formed steel beam, inducing initial stresses in the beam that are opposite in sign to those introduced during the subsequent loading stage. As a consequence, the development of local instabilities during loading is delayed and thus the capacity of the beam is enhanced. Furthermore, the pre-camber induced during prestressing, as well as the contribution of the cable to the bending stiffness of the system, decrease the overall vertical deflections of the beam. The conceptual development of prestressed cold-formed steel beams and a study investigating the potential benefits are presented. The mechanical behaviour of the proposed beams in both the prestressing and imposed loading stages is described in terms of analytical expressions, while failure criteria for the design of the cold-formed steel beam and the cable are also developed by employing interaction equations in conjunction with the Direct Strength Method. Geometrically and materially nonlinear finite element analysis with imperfections is employed to simulate the behaviour of the proposed beams. Sample numerical results are presented and compared with the developed analytical expressions and failure criteria, demonstrating the substantial enhancement in moment capacity and serviceability performance offered by these beams.
Yun X, Gardner L, Boissonnade N, 2018, Ultimate capacity of I-sections under combined loading – Part 2: Parametric studies and CSM design, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol: 148, Pages: 265-274, ISSN: 0143-974X
The second part of the study on the ultimate capacity of hot-rolled steel I-sections under combined compression and bending moment, focussing on parametric studies and design, is presented herein. An extensive numerical parametric study was carried out, using the verified finite element (FE) models from the companion paper, to generate further structural performance data for specimens with different steel grades, cross-section slendernesses and loading cases. The numerical results together with the experimental results were then used to assess the accuracy of two codified design methods: the European Standard EN 1993-1-1 (2005) and the American Specification AISC-360-16 (2016). The design strengths predicted by the current design standards were found to be generally rather conservative and scattered when applied to non-slender cross-sections, owing principally to the neglect of material strain hardening and reserve capacities between the classification limits. To improve the accuracy and efficiency of the design rules, the continuous strength method (CSM) – a deformation-based design approach which relates the resistance of a cross-section to its deformation capacity – was extended to cover the design of hot-rolled steel I-sections under combined loading, underpinned by both the experimentally and numerically derived ultimate capacities. Overall, the CSM was shown to offer more accurate and consistent predictions than the current design provisions. Finally, reliability analysis was performed to evaluate the reliability level of the design rules.
Buchanan C, Real E, Gardner L, 2018, Testing, simulation and design of cold-formed stainless steel CHS columns, Thin Walled Structures, Vol: 130, Pages: 297-312, ISSN: 0263-8231
Stainless steel tubular members are employed in a range of load-bearing applications due to their strength, durability and aesthetic appeal. From the limited existing test data on stainless steel circular hollow sections (CHS) columns it has been observed that the current Eurocode 3 provisions can be unconservative in their capacity predictions. A comprehensive experimental programme has therefore been undertaken to provide benchmark data to validate numerical models and underpin the development of revised buckling curves; in total 17 austenitic, 9 duplex and 11 ferritic stainless steel CHS column buckling tests and 10 stub column tests have been carried out. Five different cross-section sizes (covering class 1 to class 4 sections) and a wide range of member slendernesses have been examined. The experiments were initially replicated using finite element (FE) simulations; the validated FE models were then used to generate 450 additional column buckling data points. On the basis of the experimental and numerical results, new design recommendations have been made for cold-formed stainless steel CHS columns and statistically validated according to EN 1990.
Bu Y, Gardner L, 2018, Local stability of laser-welded stainless steel I-sections in bending, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol: 148, Pages: 49-64, ISSN: 0143-974X
Design guidance for stainless steel structures has become more comprehensive and widely available in recent years. This, coupled with a growing range of structural products and increasing emphasis being placed on sustainable and durable infrastructure, has resulted in greater use of stainless steel in construction. A recent addition to the range of structural stainless steel products is that of laser-welded sections. Owing to the high precision and low heat input of the fabrication process, the resulting sections have smaller heat affected zones, lower thermal distortions and lower residual stresses than would typically arise from traditional welding processes. There currently exists very limited experimental data on laser-welded stainless steel members and their design is not covered by current design standards. The focus of this study is therefore to investigate the cross-sectional behaviour of laser-welded stainless steel I-sections in bending. The present paper describes a series of laboratory tests performed on laser-welded stainless steel I-sections, including tensile coupon tests, initial geometric imperfection measurements and in-plane bending tests. Results of the bending tests are used to validate finite element (FE) models, which are subsequently employed for parametric investigations. The obtained experimental and FE results are used to assess the applicability of the existing design provisions of EN 1993-1-4, AISC Design Guide 27 and the continuous strength method (CSM) to laser-welded stainless steel sections. It was found that the scope of application of these existing design provisions may be safely extended to laser-welded sections.
Gardner L, Yun X, Fieber A, et al., 2018, Steel design by advanced analysis: material modelling and strain limits, Forum on High Performance Building Structures and Materials & Sustainability and Resilience of Civil Infrastructure (HPBSM & SRCI)
Kyprianou C, Kyvelou P, Gardner L, et al., 2018, NUMERICAL STUDY OF SHEATHED COLD-FORMED STEEL COLUMNS, Ninth International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures (ICASS’2018)
Yun X, Gardner L, Boissonnade N, 2018, Ultimate capacity of I-sections under combined loading – Part 1: Experiments and FE model validation, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol: 147, Pages: 408-421, ISSN: 0143-974X
An experimental and numerical study of hot-rolled steel I-sections under combined compression and bending moment is presented herein. A total of two stub column tests and 12 mono-axial or bi-axial eccentric compression tests on HEB 160 cross-sections with two different material grades (S235 and S355) were carried out. The tested cross-sections were of stocky proportions to enable the influence of material strain hardening on the strength and behaviour of hot-rolled steel I-sections to be investigated. The loading eccentricities for the eccentric compression tests were varied in order to achieve different axial compression-to-bending moment ratios. Measured geometric and material properties, together with the full load-deformation histories from the test specimens, were reported. Finite element (FE) models were developed and validated against the experimentally obtained load-deformation curves, as well as the failure modes. The FE results successfully captured the experimental structural performance of hot-rolled steel I-sections and the validated FE models were then used for parametric studies in the companion paper to generate additional numerical results, considering different cross-section slendernesses, material grades and combinations of loading. The experimental and numerical results are employed in the companion paper for the assessment of the design rules given in EN 1993-1-1 (2005) and AISC-360-16 (2016) and for the extension of the deformation-based continuous strength method to the case of hot-rolled steel I-sections under combined loading.
Hadjipantelis N, Gardner L, Wadee MA, 2018, Prestressed cold-formed steel beams - conceptual development, Lisbon, Eight International Conference on Thin-Walled Structures
Gardner L, Fieber A, Macorini L, 2018, Elastic local buckling stresses for full structural steel cross-sections, Tenth EUROMECH Solid Mechanics Conference
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