Imperial College London
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Professor M Francesca Cordeiro

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer

Chair in Ophthalmology (Clinical)
 
 
 
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Contact

 

m.cordeiro

 
 
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Location

 

Norfolk PlaceSt Mary's Campus

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Summary

 

Publications

Citation

BibTex format

@article{MacCormick:2022:10.1002/dad2.12327,
author = {MacCormick, IJC and Zhang, B and Hill, D and Cordeiro, MF and Small, DS},
doi = {10.1002/dad2.12327},
journal = {Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring},
title = {A proposed theoretical framework for retinal biomarkers},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12327},
volume = {14},
year = {2022}
}
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RIS format (EndNote, RefMan)

TY  - JOUR
AB  - ObjectivePropose a theoretical framework for retinal biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD).BackgroundThe retina and brain share important biological features that are relevant to AD. Developing retinal biomarkers of AD is a strategic priority but as yet none have been validated for clinical use. Part of the reason may be that fundamental inferential assumptions have been overlooked. Failing to recognize these assumptions will disadvantage biomarker discovery and validation, but incorporating them into analyses could facilitate translation.New theoryThe biological assumption that a disease causes analogous effects in the brain and retina can be expressed within a Bayesian network. This allows inferences about abstract theory and individual events, and provides an opportunity to falsify the foundational hypothesis of retina–brain analogy. Graphical representation of the relationships between variables simplifies comparison between studies and facilitates judgements about whether key assumptions are valid given the current state of knowledge.Major challengesThe framework provides a visual approach to retinal biomarkers and may help to rationalize analysis of future studies. It suggests possible reasons for inconsistent results in existing literature on AD biomarkers.Linkage to other theoriesThe framework can be modified to describe alternative theories of retinal biomarker biology, such as retrograde degeneration resulting from brain disease, and can incorporate confounding factors such as co-existent glaucoma or macular degeneration. Parallels with analogue confirmation theory and surrogate marker validation suggest strengths and weaknesses of the framework that can be anticipated when developing analysis plans.
AU  - MacCormick,IJC
AU  - Zhang,B
AU  - Hill,D
AU  - Cordeiro,MF
AU  - Small,DS
DO  - 10.1002/dad2.12327
PY  - 2022///
SN  - 2352-8729
TI  - A proposed theoretical framework for retinal biomarkers
T2  - Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12327
UR  - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000813709300001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=1ba7043ffcc86c417c072aa74d649202
UR  - https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dad2.12327
UR  - http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/98128
VL  - 14
ER  -
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