Prof Milo Shaffer

Leo BF, Chen S, Kyo Y, Herpoldt KL, Terrill NJ, Dunlop IE, McPhail D, Shaffer MS, Schwander S, Gow A, Zhang J, Chung KF, Tetley T, Porter AE, Ryan MPet al., 2013, The Stability of Silver Nanoparticles in a Model of Pulmonary Surfactant., Environ Sci Technol, Vol: 47, Pages: 11232-11240

The growing use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products has raised concerns about their potential impact on the environment and human health. Whether AgNPs dissolve and release Ag+ ions, or coarsen to form large aggregates, is critical in determining their potential toxicity. In this work, the stability of AgNPs in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), the major component of pulmonary surfactant, was investigated as a function of pH. Spherical, citrate-capped AgNPs with average diameters of 14 ± 1.6 nm (n=200) were prepared by a chemical bath reduction. The kinetics of Ag+ ion release was strongly pH-dependent. After 14 days of incubation in sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) or perchloric acid (HClO4) solutions, the total fraction of AgNPs dissolved varied from ~10 % at pH 3, to ~2 % at pH 5, with negligible dissolution at pH 7. A decrease in pH from 7 to 3 also promoted particle aggregation and coarsening. DPPC (100 mg.L-1) delayed the release of Ag+ ions, but did not significantly alter the total amount of Ag+ released after two weeks. In addition, DPPC improved the dispersion of the AgNPs and inhibited aggregation and coarsening. TEM images revealed that the AgNPs were coated with a DPPC layer serving as a semi-permeable layer. Hence, lung lining fluid, particularly DPPC, can modify the aggregation state and kinetics of Ag+ ion release of inhaled AgNPs in the lung. These observations have important implications for predicting the potential reactivity of AgNPs in the lung and the environment.

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Lachman N, Qian H, Houlle M, Amadou J, Shaffer MSP, Wagner HDet al., 2013, Fracture behavior of carbon nanotube/carbon microfiber hybrid polymer composites, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, Vol: 48, Pages: 5590-5595, ISSN: 0022-2461

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• Citations: 23

Qian H, Kucernak AR, Greenhalgh ES, Bismarck A, Shaffer MSPet al., 2013, Multifunctional Structural Supercapacitor Composites Based on Carbon Aerogel Modified High Performance Carbon Fiber Fabric, ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES, Vol: 5, Pages: 6113-6122, ISSN: 1944-8244

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• Citations: 183

Hodge SA, Bayazit MK, Tay HH, Shaffer MSPet al., 2013, Giant cationic polyelectrolytes generated via electrochemical oxidation of single-walled carbon nanotubes, NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, Vol: 4, ISSN: 2041-1723

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• Citations: 17

Menzel R, Duerrbeck A, Liberti E, Yau HC, McComb D, Shaffer MSPet al., 2013, Determining the Morphology and Photocatalytic Activity of Two-Dimensional Anatase Nanoplatelets Using Reagent Stoichiometry, CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, Vol: 25, Pages: 2137-2145, ISSN: 0897-4756

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• Citations: 41

Qian H, Diao H, Shirshova N, Greenhalgh ES, Steinke JGH, Shaffer MSP, Bismarck Aet al., 2013, Activation of structural carbon fibres for potential applications in multifunctional structural supercapacitors, JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE, Vol: 395, Pages: 241-248, ISSN: 0021-9797

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• Citations: 72

Chavez-Valdez A, Shaffer MSP, Boccaccini AR, 2013, Applications of Graphene Electrophoretic Deposition. A Review, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, Vol: 117, Pages: 1502-1515, ISSN: 1520-6106

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• Citations: 204

Hodge SA, Fogden S, Howard CA, Skipper NT, Shaffer MSPet al., 2013, Electrochemical Processing of Discrete Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Anions, ACS NANO, Vol: 7, Pages: 1769-1778, ISSN: 1936-0851

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• Citations: 29

Subhani T, Shaffer MSP, Boccaccini AR, 2013, Carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced glass and glass-ceramic matrix composites, Ceramic Nanocomposites, Pages: 208-256, ISBN: 9780857093387

In this chapter, glass and glass-ceramic matrix composites containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are discussed with an emphasis on their production, properties, microstructures and applications. Composite manufacturing routes require both CNT/matrix powder preparation techniques and their densification by suitable sintering processes. Physical, mechanical, functional and technological properties of the composites are evaluated, including density, hardness, elastic modulus, fracture strength and toughness, electrical and thermal conductivity, wear and friction resistance, and thermal shock, cycling and ageing resistance. Microstructural features are typically characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Based on the characteristics obtained, potential applications of the composites are considered, together with a discussion of the unresolved manufacturing challenges and desirable, but still unattained, properties. © 2013. Woodhead Publishing Limited All rights reserved.

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• Citations: 11

Chen S, Goode AE, Sweeney S, Theodorou IG, Thorley AJ, Ruenraroengsak P, Chang Y, Gow A, Schwander S, Skepper J, Zhang JJ, Shaffer MS, Chung KF, Tetley TD, Ryan MP, Porter AEet al., 2013, Sulfidation of silver nanowires inside human alveolar epithelial cells: a potential detoxification mechanism, NANOSCALE, Vol: 5, Pages: 9839-9847, ISSN: 2040-3364

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• Citations: 50

Shirshova N, Qian H, Shaffer MSP, Steinke JHG, Greenhalgh ES, Curtis PT, Kucernak A, Bismarck Aet al., 2013, Structural composite supercapacitors, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol: 46, Pages: 96-107, ISSN: 1359-835X

This paper presents the development of multifunctional materials that perform a structural role whilst simultaneously storing electrical energy as a supercapacitor. Two structural carbon fibre woven electrodeswere separated by a woven glass fibre layer, and infused with a multifunctional polymer electrolyte. Following characterisation of electrochemical and compressive performance, working structural supercapacitor prototypes were demonstrated. Since the relative mechanical and electrical demands are application specific, an optimisation methodology is proposed. Multifunctional composites were achieved, which had compressive moduli of up to 39 GPa and capacitances of up to 52 mF g 1.

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Brown NJ, Weiner J, Hellgardt K, Shaffer MSP, Williams CKet al., 2013, Phosphinate stabilised ZnO and Cu colloidal nanocatalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS, Vol: 49, Pages: 11074-11076, ISSN: 1359-7345

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• Citations: 44

Shirshova N, Bismarck A, Carreyette S, Fontana QPV, Greenhalgh ES, Jacobsson P, Johansson P, Marczewski MJ, Kalinka G, Kucernak ARJ, Scheers J, Shaffer MSP, Steinke JHG, Wienrich Met al., 2013, Structural supercapacitor electrolytes based on bicontinuous ionic liquid-epoxy resin systems, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, Vol: 1, Pages: 15300-15309, ISSN: 2050-7488

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• Citations: 118

Garcia-Gallastegui A, Iruretagoyena D, Gouvea V, Mokhtar M, Asiri AM, Basahel SN, Al-Thabaiti SA, Alyoubi AO, Chadwick D, Shaffer MSPet al., 2012, Graphene Oxide as Support for Layered Double Hydroxides: Enhancing the CO₂ Adsorption Capacity, CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, Vol: 24, Pages: 4531-4539, ISSN: 0897-4756

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• Citations: 194

Cho J, Boccaccini AR, Shaffer MSP, 2012, The influence of reagent stoichiometry on the yield and aspect ratio of acid-oxidised injection CVD-grown multi-walled carbon nanotubes, CARBON, Vol: 50, Pages: 3967-3976, ISSN: 0008-6223

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• Citations: 16

Menzel R, Bismarck A, Shaffer MSP, 2012, Deconvolution of the structural and chemical surface properties of carbon nanotubes by inverse gas chromatography, CARBON, Vol: 50, Pages: 3416-3421, ISSN: 0008-6223

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• Citations: 22

Orchard KL, Shaffer MSP, Williams CK, 2012, Organometallic Route to Surface-Modified ZnO Nanoparticles Suitable for In Situ Nanocomposite Synthesis: Bound Carboxylate Stoichiometry Controls Particle Size or Surface Coverage, CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, Vol: 24, Pages: 2443-2448, ISSN: 0897-4756

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• Citations: 36

Milner EM, Skipper NT, Howard CA, Shaffer MSP, Buckley DJ, Rahnejat KA, Cullen PL, Heenan RK, Lindner P, Schweins Ret al., 2012, Structure and Morphology of Charged Graphene Platelets in Solution by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 134, Pages: 8302-8305, ISSN: 0002-7863

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• Citations: 54

Garcia-Gallastegui A, Iruretagoyena D, Mokhtar M, Asiri M A, Basahel S N, Al-Thabaiti S A, Alyoubi A O, Chadwick D, Shaffer MSPet al., 2012, Layered Double Hydroxide supported on Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes: preparation and CO2 sorption characteristics, J. Mater. Chem., Vol: 22

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Cunningham G, Lotya M, Cucinotta CS, Sanvito S, Bergin SD, Menzel R, Shaffer MSP, Coleman JNet al., 2012, Solvent Exfoliation of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Dispersibility of Exfoliated Nanosheets Varies Only Weakly between Compounds, ACS NANO, Vol: 6, Pages: 3468-3480, ISSN: 1936-0851

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• Citations: 575

Celaya Sanfiz A, Garcia-Gallastegui A, Iruretagoyena D, Mokhtar M, Asiri M A, Basahel S N, Al-Thabaiti S A, Alyoubi A O, Chadwick D, Shaffer MSPet al., 2012, Self condensation of acetone over Mg-Al layered double hydroxide supported on multi-walled carbon nanotube catalysts

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McGilvery CM, Goode AE, Shaffer MSP, McComb DWet al., 2012, Contamination of holey/lacey carbon films in STEM, MICRON, Vol: 43, Pages: 450-455, ISSN: 0968-4328

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• Citations: 26

Qian H, Diao HL, Houllé M, Amadou J, Shirshova N, Greenhalgh ES, Shaffer MSP, Bismarck Aet al., 2012, Carbon fibre modifications for composite structural power devices, ECCM 2012 - Composites at Venice, Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Composite Materials

This research project focuses on the development of new multifunctional composite materials, which allow energy storage functionality to be imbued upon low weight structural components. A crucial requirement for efficient structural energy storage composites is the development of structural carbon fibre electrode materials that possess high electrochemical surface area and stability whilst supporting high mechanical loads. In the present work, a variety of carbon fibre modifications were investigated, including chemical activation, carbon nanotube (CNT) sizing and CNT-grafting. The effects of these different modification methods on the fibre surface microstructure, electrochemical, and mechanical performance were studied and compared. In the most promising cases, up to a hundred-fold improvement in electrical storage capacity was achieved. Furthermore, single fibre tensile tests demonstrated that the intrinsically excellent mechanical properties of the carbon fibre were retained after the modifications.

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• Citations: 8

Fogden S, Howard CA, Heenan RK, Skipper NT, Shaffer MSPet al., 2012, Scalable Method for the Reductive Dissolution, Purification, and Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, ACS NANO, Vol: 6, Pages: 54-62, ISSN: 1936-0851

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• Citations: 73

Menzel R, Cottam BF, Ziemian SC, Shaffer MSPet al., 2012, Two-stage, non-hydrolytic synthesis for improved control of TiO₂ nanorod formation, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY, Vol: 22, Pages: 12172-12178, ISSN: 0959-9428

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• Citations: 14

Hodge SA, Bayazit MK, Coleman KS, Shaffer MSPet al., 2012, Unweaving the rainbow: a review of the relationship between single-walled carbon nanotube molecular structures and their chemical reactivity, CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS, Vol: 41, Pages: 4409-4429, ISSN: 0306-0012

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• Citations: 125

Shaffer M, Fogden S, Skipper N, Howard Cet al., 2011, METHOD FOR SEPARATING NANOMATERIALS, US2011308968 (A1)

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Shaffer M, Howard C, Skipper N, Fogden Set al., 2011, METHOD FOR DISPERSING AND SEPARATING NANOTUBES, US2011287258

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Bismarck A, Shaffer M, Menzel R, Tran M, Menner Aet al., 2011, Process for the production of a functionalised carbon nanomaterial, US2011245384

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Koziol KKK, Boncel S, Shaffer MSP, Windle AHet al., 2011, Aligned carbon nanotube-polystyrene composites prepared by <i>in situ</i> polymerisation of stacked layers, COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Vol: 71, Pages: 1606-1611, ISSN: 0266-3538

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• Citations: 20