Publications
327 results found
Marchetti M, Shaffer MSP, Zambianchi M, et al., 2015, Adsorption of surfactant protein D from human respiratory secretions by carbon nanotubes and polystyrene nanoparticles depends on nanomaterial surface modification and size, PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Vol: 370, ISSN: 0962-8436
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- Citations: 11
Chen S, Goode AE, Skepper JN, et al., 2015, Avoiding artefacts during electron microscopy of silver nanomaterials exposed to biological environments, Journal of Microscopy, Vol: 261, Pages: 157-166, ISSN: 1365-2818
Electron microscopy has been applied widely to study the interaction of nanomaterials with proteins, cells and tissues at nanometre scale. Biological material is most commonly embedded in thermoset resins to make it compatible with the high vacuum in the electron microscope. Room temperature sample preparation protocols developed over decades provide contrast by staining cell organelles, and aim to preserve the native cell structure. However, the effect of these complex protocols on the nanomaterials in the system is seldom considered. Any artefacts generated during sample preparation may ultimately interfere with the accurate prediction of the stability and reactivity of the nanomaterials. As a case study, we review steps in the room temperature preparation of cells exposed to silver nanomaterials (AgNMs) for transmission electron microscopy imaging and analysis. In particular, embedding and staining protocols, which can alter the physicochemical properties of AgNMs and introduce artefacts thereby leading to a misinterpretation of silver bioreactivity, are scrutinized. Recommendations are given for the application of cryogenic sample preparation protocols, which simultaneously fix both particles and diffusible ions. By being aware of the advantages and limitations of different sample preparation methods, compromises or selection of different correlative techniques can be made to draw more accurate conclusions about the data. Lay description: With increasing commercialization of silver nanomaterials (AgNMs) comes a concomitant need to understand occupational health, public safety and environmental implications of these materials. Nanoscale studies of the complex bio-nano interface lie at the heart of technical challenges. Despite numerous reports, there is no consensus regarding biological mechanisms enacted by AgNMs. Powerful new electron microscopy techniques can be used to visualize the interaction of the AgNMs with tissues. However, it is extremely difficult to
Menzel R, Barg S, Miranda M, et al., 2015, Joule Heating Characteristics of Emulsion-Templated Graphene Aerogels, ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Vol: 25, Pages: 28-35, ISSN: 1616-301X
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- Citations: 97
Noimark S, Weiner J, Noor N, et al., 2015, Dual-Mechanism Antimicrobial Polymer-ZnO Nanoparticle and Crystal Violet-Encapsulated Silicone, Advanced Functional Materials, Vol: 25, Pages: 1367-1373, ISSN: 1616-3028
Yau HC, Bayazit MK, Gaffney PRJ, et al., 2015, Synthesis and characterization of branched fullerene-terminated poly(ethylene glycol)s, POLYMER CHEMISTRY, Vol: 6, Pages: 1056-1065, ISSN: 1759-9954
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- Citations: 3
Gogotsi Y, McCreery R, Lyth SM, et al., 2014, Carbon electrode interfaces for synthesis, sensing and electrocatalysis: general discussion, FARADAY DISCUSSIONS, Vol: 172, Pages: 497-520, ISSN: 1359-6640
Shirshova N, Qian H, Houlle M, et al., 2014, Multifunctional structural energy storage composite supercapacitors, Faraday Discussions, Vol: 172, Pages: 81-103, ISSN: 1359-6640
This paper addresses the challenge of producing multifunctional composites that can simultaneously carry mechanical loads whilst storing (and delivering) electrical energy. The embodiment is a structural supercapacitor built around laminated structural carbon fibre (CF) fabrics. Each cell consists of two modified structural CF fabric electrodes, separated by a structural glass fibre fabric or polymer membrane, infused with a multifunctional polymeric electrolyte. Rather than using conventional activated carbon fibres, structural carbon fibres were treated to produce a mechanically robust, high surface area material, using a variety of methods, including direct etching, carbon nanotube sizing, and carbon nanotube in situ growth. One of the most promising approaches is to integrate a porous bicontinuous monolithic carbon aerogel (CAG) throughout the matrix. This nanostructured matrix both provides a dramatic increase in active surface area of the electrodes, and has the potential to address mechanical issues associated with matrix-dominated failures. The effect of the initial reaction mixture composition is assessed for both the CAG modified carbon fibre electrodes and resulting devices. A low temperature CAG modification of carbon fibres was evaluated using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to enhance the electrochemical performance. For the multifunctional structural electrolyte, simple crosslinked gels have been replaced with bicontinuous structural epoxy–ionic liquid hybrids that offer a much better balance between the conflicting demands of rigidity and molecular motion. The formation of both aerogel precursors and the multifunctional electrolyte are described, including the influence of key components, and the defining characteristics of the products. Working structural supercapacitor composite prototypes have been produced and characterised electrochemically. The effect of introducing the necessary multifunctional resin on the mechanical properties
Shirshova N, Bismarck A, Greenhalgh ES, et al., 2014, Composition as a Means To Control Morphology and Properties of Epoxy Based Dual-Phase Structural Electrolytes, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, Vol: 118, Pages: 28377-28387, ISSN: 1932-7447
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- Citations: 48
Hu S, Chen S, Menzel R, et al., 2014, Aqueous dispersions of oligomer-grafted carbon nanomaterials with controlled surface charge and minimal framework damage, FARADAY DISCUSSIONS, Vol: 173, Pages: 273-285, ISSN: 1359-6640
Greenhalgh ES, Ankersen J, Asp LE, et al., 2014, Mechanical, electrical and microstructural characterisation of multifunctional structural power composites, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol: 49, Pages: 1823-1834, ISSN: 1530-793X
Yau HC, Bayazit MK, Steinke JHG, et al., 2014, Diamond Rings or Dumbbells: Controlling the Structure of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Fullerene [60] Adducts by Varying Linking Chain Length, MACROMOLECULES, Vol: 47, Pages: 4870-4875, ISSN: 0024-9297
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- Citations: 4
Shaffer MSP, Morishita T, Clancy AJ, 2014, Optimised exfoliation conditions enhance isolation and solubility of grafted graphenes from graphite intercalation compounds, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Pages: 15022-15028, ISSN: 2050-7488
Chen S, Hu S, Smith EF, et al., 2014, Aqueous cationic, anionic and non-ionic multi-walled carbon nanotubes, functionalised with minimal framework damage, for biomedical application, Biomaterials, Vol: 35, Pages: 4729-4738
Goode AE, Hine NDM, Chen S, et al., 2014, Mapping functional groups on oxidised multi-walled carbon nanotubes at the nanometre scale, Chemical Communications, ISSN: 1364-548X
Javaid A, Ho KKC, Bismarck A, et al., 2014, Multifunctional structural supercapacitors for electrical energy storage applications, JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS, Vol: 48, Pages: 1409-1416, ISSN: 0021-9983
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- Citations: 51
Boncel S, Pattinson SW, Geiser V, et al., 2014, En route to controlled catalytic CVD synthesis of densely packed and vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, Vol: 5, Pages: 219-233, ISSN: 2190-4286
The catalytic chemical vapour deposition (c-CVD) technique was applied in the synthesis of vertically aligned arrays of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs). A mixture of toluene (main carbon source), pyrazine (1,4-diazine, nitrogen source) and ferrocene (catalyst precursor) was used as the injection feedstock. To optimize conditions for growing the most dense and aligned N-CNT arrays, we investigated the influence of key parameters, i.e., growth temperature (660, 760 and 860 °C), composition of the feedstock and time of growth, on morphology and properties of N-CNTs. The presence of nitrogen species in the hot zone of the quartz reactor decreased the growth rate of N-CNTs down to about one twentieth compared to the growth rate of multi-wall CNTs (MWCNTs). As revealed by electron microscopy studies (SEM, TEM), the individual N-CNTs (half as thick as MWCNTs) grown under the optimal conditions were characterized by a superior straightness of the outer walls, which translated into a high alignment of dense nanotube arrays, i.e., 5 × 108 nanotubes per mm2 (100 times more than for MWCNTs grown in the absence of nitrogen precursor). In turn, the internal crystallographic order of the N-CNTs was found to be of a ‘bamboo’-like or ‘membrane’-like (multi-compartmental structure) morphology. The nitrogen content in the nanotube products, which ranged from 0.0 to 3.0 wt %, was controlled through the concentration of pyrazine in the feedstock. Moreover, as revealed by Raman/FT-IR spectroscopy, the incorporation of nitrogen atoms into the nanotube walls was found to be proportional to the number of deviations from the sp2-hybridisation of graphene C-atoms. As studied by XRD, the temperature and the [pyrazine]/[ferrocene] ratio in the feedstock affected the composition of the catalyst particles, and hence changed the growth mechanism of individual N-CNTs into a ‘mixed base-and-tip’ (primarily of the base-type) type as compared to t
Boncel S, Gorka J, Shaffer MSP, et al., 2014, "Binary Salt" of Hexane-1,6-Diaminium Adipate and "Carbon Nanotubate" as a Synthetic Precursor of Carbon Nanotube/Nylon-6,6 Hybrid Materials, POLYMER COMPOSITES, Vol: 35, Pages: 523-529, ISSN: 0272-8397
Brown NJ, Harris JE, Yin X, et al., 2014, Mononuclear phenolate diamine zinc hydride complexes and their Reactions with CO2, Organometallics, Vol: 33, Pages: 1112-1119, ISSN: 1520-6041
The synthesis, characterization, and zinc coordination chemistry of the three proligands 2-tert-butyl-4-[tert-butyl (1)/methoxy (2)/nitro (3)]-6-{[(2′-dimethylaminoethyl)methylamino]methyl}phenol are described. Each of the ligands was reacted with diethylzinc to yield zinc ethyl complexes 4–6; these complexes were subsequently reacted with phenylsilanol to yield zinc siloxide complexes 7–9. Finally, the zinc siloxide complexes were reacted with phenylsilane to produce the three new zinc hydride complexes 10–12. The new complexes 4–12 have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analyses. The structures of the zinc hydride complexes have been probed using VT-NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments. These data indicate that the complexes exhibit mononuclear structures at 298 K, both in the solid state and in solution (d8-toluene). At 203 K, the NMR signals broaden, consistent with an equilibrium between the mononuclear and dinuclear bis(μ-hydrido) complexes. All three zinc hydride complexes react rapidly and quantitatively with carbon dioxide, at 298 K and 1 bar of pressure over 20 min, to form the new zinc formate complexes 13–15. The zinc formate complexes have been analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and VT-NMR studies, which reveal a temperature-dependent monomer–dimer equilibrium that is dominated by the mononuclear species at 298 K.
Boncel S, Gorka J, Shaffer MSP, et al., 2014, Shear-induced crystallisation of molten isotactic polypropylene within the intertube channels of aligned multi-wall carbon nanotube arrays towards structurally controlled composites, MATERIALS LETTERS, Vol: 116, Pages: 53-56, ISSN: 0167-577X
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- Citations: 18
Iruretagoyena D, Shaffer MSP, Chadwick D, 2014, Adsorption of carbon dioxide on graphene oxide supported layered double oxides, ADSORPTION-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ADSORPTION SOCIETY, Vol: 20, Pages: 321-330, ISSN: 0929-5607
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- Citations: 30
Diba M, Garcia-Gallastegui A, Taylor RNK, et al., 2014, Quantitative evaluation of electrophoretic deposition kinetics of graphene oxide, CARBON, Vol: 67, Pages: 656-661, ISSN: 0008-6223
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- Citations: 54
Silverwood IP, Keyworth CW, Brown NJ, et al., 2014, An Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopic Study of Gas Adsorption on Colloidal Stearate-Capped ZnO Catalyst Substrate, APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY, Vol: 68, Pages: 88-94, ISSN: 0003-7028
Dryfe R, Chen GZ, Bayer D, et al., 2014, The many faces of carbon in electrochemistry: general discussion, FARADAY DISCUSSIONS, Vol: 172, Pages: 117-137, ISSN: 1359-6640
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- Citations: 5
Hodge SA, Tay HH, Anthony DB, et al., 2014, Probing the charging mechanisms of carbon nanomaterial polyelectrolytes, FARADAY DISCUSSIONS, Vol: 172, Pages: 311-325, ISSN: 1359-6640
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- Citations: 23
Goode AE, Hine NDM, Chen S, et al., 2014, Mapping functional groups on oxidised multiwalled carbon nanotubes at the nanometre scale, CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS, Vol: 50, Pages: 6744-6747, ISSN: 1359-7345
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- Citations: 12
Davies P, Papakonstantinou P, Martin N, et al., 2014, Synthesis in in gas and liquid phase: general discussion, FARADAY DISCUSSIONS, Vol: 173, Pages: 115-135, ISSN: 1359-6640
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- Citations: 2
Bikkarolla SK, Baxendale M, Ewels C, et al., 2014, Applications, composites, and devices: general discussion, FARADAY DISCUSSIONS, Vol: 173, Pages: 429-443, ISSN: 1359-6640
Martin N, Davies P, Ewels C, et al., 2014, Functionalisation, separation and solvation: general discussion, FARADAY DISCUSSIONS, Vol: 173, Pages: 337-349, ISSN: 1359-6640
Davies P, Kratochvilova I, Ewels C, et al., 2014, Doping and Theory: general discussion, FARADAY DISCUSSIONS, Vol: 173, Pages: 233-256, ISSN: 1359-6640
Chen S, Theodorou IG, Goode AE, et al., 2013, High-Resolution Analytical Electron Microscopy Reveals Cell Culture Media-Induced Changes to the Chemistry of Silver Nanowires, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Vol: 47, Pages: 13813-13821, ISSN: 0013-936X
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- Citations: 27
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