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@article{Zhu:2019:10.1148/radiol.2019182593,
author = {Zhu, J and Rowland, E and Harput, S and Riemer, K and Leow, CH and Clark, B and Cox, K and Lim, A and Christensen-Jeffries, K and Zhang, G and Brown, J and Dunsby, C and Eckersley, R and Weinberg, P and Tang, M},
doi = {10.1148/radiol.2019182593},
journal = {Radiology},
pages = {642--650},
title = {3D super-resolution ultrasound imaging of rabbit lymph node vasculature in vivo using microbubbles},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019182593},
volume = {291},
year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
AB  - Background: Variations  in  lymph  node  (LN)  microcirculation  can  be  indicative  of  metastasis. Identifying and quantifying metastatic LNs remains essential for prognosis and treatment planning but a reliable non-invasive imaging technique is lacking. 3D super-resolution (SR) ultrasound has shown potential to noninvasively visualize microvascular networks in vivo.Purpose: To study the feasibility of 3D SR ultrasound imaging of rabbit lymph node (LN) microvascular structure and blood flow using microbubbles.Materials and Methods: In vivo studies were carried out to image popliteal LNs of two healthy male New  Zealand  White  rabbits  aged  6-8  weeks.  3D  high  frame  rate  contrast  enhanced  ultrasound  was achieved  by  mechanically  scanning  a  linear  imaging  probe.  Individual  microbubbles  were  identified, localized, and tracked to form 3D SR images and super-resolved velocity maps. Acoustic sub-aperture processing (ASAP)was used to improve image contrast and generateenhanced power Doppler (PD) and color  Doppler  (CD)  images.  Vessel  size  and  blood  flow  velocity  distributions  were  evaluated  and assessed by Student’s paired t-test. Results:SR  images  revealed  micro-vessels  in  the  rabbitLN,  with  branches  clearly  resolved  when separated by 30 μm, which is less than half of the acoustic wavelength and  not resolvable by power or color Doppler. The apparent size distribution of most vessels in the SR images was below 80 μm and agrees with micro-CT data whereas most of those detected by Doppler techniques were larger than 80 μm. The blood flow velocity distribution indicated that most of the blood flow in the rabbit popliteal LN was at velocities lower than 5mm/s. Conclusion: 3D super-resolution ultrasound imaging using microbubbles allows non-invasive and non-ionizing visualization and quantification of rabbit lymph node microvascular structures and blood flow dynamics with resolution below the wave diffraction limit.
AU  - Zhu,J
AU  - Rowland,E
AU  - Harput,S
AU  - Riemer,K
AU  - Leow,CH
AU  - Clark,B
AU  - Cox,K
AU  - Lim,A
AU  - Christensen-Jeffries,K
AU  - Zhang,G
AU  - Brown,J
AU  - Dunsby,C
AU  - Eckersley,R
AU  - Weinberg,P
AU  - Tang,M
DO  - 10.1148/radiol.2019182593
EP  - 650
PY  - 2019///
SN  - 0033-8419
SP  - 642
TI  - 3D super-resolution ultrasound imaging of rabbit lymph node vasculature in vivo using microbubbles
T2  - Radiology
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019182593
UR  - http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/68191
VL  - 291
ER  -

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