Publications
66 results found
Dubois M, Rojas J, Broderick H, et al., 2023, Visible light photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative alkylation of 3-aryl-oxetanes and azetidines via benzylic tertiary radicals and implications of benzylic radical stability, Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol: 88, Pages: 6476-6488, ISSN: 0022-3263
4-Membered heterocycles offer exciting potential as small polar motifs in medicinal chemistry but require further methods for incorporation. Photoredox catalysis is a powerful method for the mild generation of alkyl radicals for C–C bond for-mation. The effect of ring strain on radical reactivity is not well understood, with no studies that address this question sys-tematically. Examples of reactions that involve benzylic radicals are rare, and their reactivity is challenging to harness. This work develops a radical functionalization of benzylic oxetanes and azetidines using visible light photoredox catalysis to prepare 3-aryl-3-alkyl substituted derivatives and assesses the influence of ring strain and heterosubstitution on the reactivity of small-ring radicals. 3-Aryl-3-carboxylic acid oxetanes and azetidines are suitable precursors to tertiary benzylic ox-etane/azetidine radicals which undergo conjugate addition into activated alkenes. We compare the reactivity of oxetane radi-cals to other benzylic systems. Computational studies indicate that Giese additions of unstrained benzylic radicals into acry-lates are reversible and result in low yields and radical dimerization. Benzylic radicals as part of a strained ring, however, are less stable and more š-delocalized, decreasing dimer and increasing Giese product formation. Oxetanes show high product yields due to ring strain and Bent’s rule rendering the Giese addition irreversible.
Cooper SM, Siakalli C, White AJP, et al., 2022, Synthesis and anti-microbial activity of a new series of bis(diphosphine) rhenium(v) dioxo complexes, DALTON TRANSACTIONS, Vol: 51, Pages: 12791-12795, ISSN: 1477-9226
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- Citations: 7
Stark RT, Pye D, Chen W, et al., 2022, Assessing a sustainable manufacturing route to lapatinib, Reaction Chemistry and Engineering, Vol: 7, Pages: 2420-2426, ISSN: 2058-9883
A synthetic route to an anti-cancer drug, lapatinib, was devised to support the development of a sustainable manufacturing process in South Africa. Quantitative metrics were employed to evaluate the sustainability of the key steps of the reaction.
Cooper SM, White AJP, Eykyn TR, et al., 2022, N-Centered Tripodal Phosphine Re(V) and Tc(V) Oxo Complexes: Revisiting a [3+2] Mixed-Ligand Approach, INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Vol: 61, Pages: 8000-8014, ISSN: 0020-1669
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- Citations: 2
Cesarac S, Edgar F, Lai T, et al., 2022, Synthesis of carbon-11 radiolabelled transition metal complexes using 11C-dithiocarbamates, Dalton Transactions: an international journal of inorganic chemistry, Vol: 2022, ISSN: 1477-9226
A novel radiolabelling method exploiting 11C-dithiocarbamate ligands has been used to generate 11C-labelled Au(I), Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes in high radiochemical yields (71–99%). Labelled complexes were prepared in a rapid one-pot procedure via the substitution reaction of 11C-dithiocarbamate ligands with appropriate transition metal chloride precursors.
Wang S, Panayides J-L, Riley D, et al., 2021, Rapid formation of 2-lithio-1-(triphenylmethyl)imidazole and substitution reactions in flow, Reaction Chemistry and Engineering, Vol: 6, Pages: 2018-2023, ISSN: 2058-9883
The functionalisation of imidazoles is a necessary step in the formation of many active pharmaceutical intermediates. Herein, we report a flow chemistry approach for the rapid and efficient formation of 2-lithio-1-(triphenylmethyl)imidazole at ambient temperature and its reaction with a range of electrophiles, achieving modest to high yields (40–94%) in short reaction times (<1 min). The method is amenable to the scale-up of this highly reactive lithio-imidazole intermediate.
Omoruyi U, Page SJ, Apps S, et al., 2021, Synthesis and characterisation of a range of Fe, Co, Ru and Rh triphos complexes and investigations into the catalytic hydrogenation of levulinic acid, Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Vol: 935, Pages: 1-12, ISSN: 0022-328X
The coordination chemistry of the N-triphos ligand (NP3Ph, 1b) has been investigated with range of Fe, Co and Rh precursors and found to form either tridentate or bidentate complexes. Reaction of NP3Ph with [Rh(COD)(CH3CN)2]BF4 resulted in the formation of the tridentate complex [Rh(COD)(κ3 NP3Ph)]BF4 (3) in the solid state, however, in solution a bidentate complex predominates in more polar solvents. Reaction of NP3Ph with Fe carbonyl precursors revealed the formation of the bidentate complexes [Fe(CO)3(κ2-NP3Ph)Fe(CO)4] (4) and [Fe(CO)3(κ2-NP3Ph)] (5), while reaction with FeBr2 resulted in the paramagnetic bidentate complex [Fe(Br)2(κ2-NP3Ph)] (6). Reaction of NP3Ph with CoCl2 gave a dimeric Co species [(κ2-NP3Ph)CoCl(κ1,κ2-NP3Ph)CoCl3] (7), while Zn powder reduction of NP3Ph Co halides resulted in the formation of the tridentate complexes of the type: [Co(X)(k3-NP3Ph)]. The related triphos Ru complex, [Ru(CO3)(CO)(κ3-CP3Ph)] (2), has also been isolated and characterised. Preliminary catalytic hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) was conducted with 2 and 3. The Ru complex was found to be catalytically active, giving high conversions of LA to form gamma valerolactone (GVL) and 1,4-pentandiol (1,4-PDO), while 3 was found to be catalytically inactive. In situ catalytic testing with 1b and Fe(BF4)2.6H2O resulted in low conversions of LA while a combination of 1b and Co(BF4)2.6H2O gave higher conversions 75% yields of GVL.
Page SJ, Rogers-Simmonds D, White AJP, et al., 2020, Synthesis and crystallographic characterisation of a homologous series of bis-tridentate phosphine oxide NP3O3 Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes, Inorganica Chimica Acta, Vol: 512, Pages: 1-6, ISSN: 0020-1693
Despite the large numbers of mono- and bidentate phosphine oxide complexes, examples of well characterised discrete multidentate phosphine oxide transition metal complexes are relatively rare. Herein, we report the coordination chemistry of the triphosphine oxide ligand N{CH2P(O)Ph2}3 (NP3O3, 1) with a series of first row transition metals. Ligand 1 was found to form a series of bis-tridentate homoleptic complexes with Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) salts of the type M(BF4)2·6H2O. The anion exchange reaction of BF4— for BPh4— aided in the crystallisation of three of the four complexes. X-Ray crystallographic analysis of this series: [Fe(N{CH2P(O)Ph2}3)2](BPh4)2 (2), [Co(N{CH2P(O)Ph2}3)2](BPh4)2 (3), [Ni(N{CH2P(O)Ph2}3)2](BPh4)2 (4) and [Cu(N{CH2P(O)Ph2}3)2](BF4)2 (5) confirmed either almost idealised octahedral or distorted octahedral structures and tridentate coordination of 1. Complex 5, Cu(II) d9, displayed a classic Jahn-Teller distortion showing a prominent elongation of the axial M–O bonds. All complexes were found to be paramagnetic which precluded NMR spectroscopy analysis. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on solid samples of the complexes confirmed their number of unpaired electrons and high spin states.
Green S, Wheelhouse K, Payne A, et al., 2020, On the use of differential scanning calorimetry for thermal hazard assessment of new chemistry: Avoiding explosive mistakes, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol: 59, Pages: 15798-15802, ISSN: 1433-7851
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is increasingly used as evidence to support a favourable safety profile of novel chemistry, or to highlight the need for caution. DSC enables preliminary assessment of the thermal hazards of a potentially energetic compound. However, unlike other standard characterisation methods, which have well defined formats for reporting data, the current reporting of DSC results for thermal hazard assessment has shown concerning trends. Around half of all results in 2019 did not include experimental details required to replicate the procedure. Furthermore, analysis for thermal hazard assessment is often only conducted in unsealed crucibles, which could lead to misleading results and dangerously incorrect conclusions. We highlight the specific issues with DSC analysis of hazardous compounds currently in the organic chemistry literature and provide simple ‘best practice’ guidelines which will give chemists confidence in reported DSC results and the conclusions drawn from them.
Green SP, Wheelhouse KM, Payne AD, et al., 2020, On the Use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry for Thermal Hazard Assessment of New Chemistry: Avoiding Explosive Mistakes, Angewandte Chemie, Vol: 132, Pages: 15930-15934, ISSN: 0044-8249
© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is increasingly used as evidence to support a favourable safety profile of novel chemistry, or to highlight the need for caution. DSC enables preliminary assessment of the thermal hazards of a potentially energetic compound. However, unlike other standard characterisation methods, which have well defined formats for reporting data, the current reporting of DSC results for thermal hazard assessment has shown concerning trends. Around half of all results in 2019 did not include experimental details required to replicate the procedure. Furthermore, analysis for thermal hazard assessment is often only conducted in unsealed crucibles, which could lead to misleading results and dangerously incorrect conclusions. We highlight the specific issues with DSC analysis of hazardous compounds currently in the organic chemistry literature and provide simple “best practice” guidelines which will give chemists confidence in reported DSC results and the conclusions drawn from them.
Green S, Wheelhouse K, Payne A, et al., 2020, Thermal stability and explosive hazard assessment of diazo compounds and diazo transfer reagents, Organic Process Research and Development, Vol: 24, Pages: 67-84, ISSN: 1083-6160
Despite their wide use in academia as metal-carbene precursors, diazo compounds are often avoided in industry owing to concerns over their instability, exothermic decomposition and potential explosive behaviour. The stability of sulfonyl azides and other diazo-transfer reagents is relatively well understood, but there is little reliable data available for diazo compounds. This work firstly collates available sensitivity and thermal analysis data for diazo-transfer reagents and diazo compounds to act as an accessible reference resource. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) data for the model donor/acceptor diazo compound ethyl (phenyl)diazoacetate is presented. We also present a rigorous DSC dataset with 43 other diazo compounds, enabling direct comparison to other energetic materials to provide a clear reference work to the academic and industrial chemistry communities. Interestingly, there is a wide range of onset temperatures (Tonset) for this series of compounds which varied between 75 and 160 °C. The thermal stability variation depends on the electronic effect of substituents and the amount of charge delocalisation. A statistical model is demonstrated to predict the thermal stability of differently substituted phenyl diazoacetates. A maximum recommended process temperature (TD24) to avoid decomposition is estimated for selected diazo compounds. Average enthalpy of decomposition (āHD) for diazo compounds without other energetic functional groups is −102 kJ mol−1. Several diazo transfer reagents are analyzed using the same DSC protocol and found to have higher thermal stability, which is in general agreement with reported values. For sulfonyl azide reagents an average āHD of −201 kJ mol−1 is observed. High quality thermal data from ARC experiments shows the initiation of decomposition for ethyl (phenyl)diazoacetate to be 60 °C , compared to 100 °C for t
Miller P, Apps S, Long N, 2019, Cobalt(-I) triphos dinitrogen complexes: activation and silyl-functionalisation of N2, Chemical Communications, Vol: 55, Pages: 6579-6582, ISSN: 1359-7345
The cobalt dinitrogen complexes [{(EP3Ph)Co(μ-N2)}2Mg(THF)4], with triphos ligand scaffolds (EP3Ph, E = N or CMe), were prepared via two electron reductions of the Co(I) precursors [CoCl(EP3Ph)]. Both complexes showed high degrees of N2 activation owing to the formation of a rare M–NN–Mg–NN–M bridging-magnesium core. These systems showed further N2 functionalisation reactivity by silylation, forming silyldiazenido complexes [(EP3Ph)Co(NNSiMe3)].
Green SP, Payne AD, Wheelhouse KM, et al., 2019, Diazo transfer reagent 2-azido-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (ADT) Displays highly exothermic decomposition comparable to tosyl azide, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol: 84, Pages: 5893-5898, ISSN: 0022-3263
2-Azido-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (ADT) was reported recently as a new “intrinsically safe” diazo-transfer reagent. This assessment was based on differential scanning calorimetry data indicating that ADT exhibits endothermic decomposition. We present DSC data on ADT that show exothermic decomposition with an initiation temperature (Tinit) of 159 °C and an enthalpy of decomposition (ΔHD) of −1135 J g–1 (−207 kJ mol–1). We conclude that ADT is potentially explosive and must be treated with caution, being of comparable exothermic magnitude to tosyl azide (TsN3). A maximum recommended process temperature for ADT is 55 °C.
Cesarec S, Plisson C, Miller P, 2019, Novel carbon-11 radiolabelling of Pt, Pd, and Ru complexes using [<SUP>11</SUP>C]CS2: Towards applications in PET, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: S252-S254, ISSN: 0362-4803
Fu R, Braga M, Carroll L, et al., 2019, <SUP>68</SUP>Ga and MMAF dual-labelled single chain variable fragments (scFv) for PET imaging of HER2 overexpressed tumors, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: S458-S459, ISSN: 0362-4803
Cooper S, Yue T, Miller P, et al., 2019, Tripodal N-centred phosphine ligands: Towards a novel donor set for <SUP>99m</SUP>Tc and <SUP>186/188</SUP>Re radiopharmaceutical formulation, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: S295-S296, ISSN: 0362-4803
Zhang J, Chen J, Peng S, et al., 2019, Emerging porous materials in confined spaces: from chromatographic applications to flow chemistry., Chem Soc Rev
Searching for porous materials that can be employed as solid stationary phases for chromatographic separations, porous membrane matrixes and solid supports for catalysis has become an active research area. Strategies for embedding emerging porous materials in columnar systems and their subsequent applications (separation and catalysis) have been developed, which benefit from the remarkable progress in the discovery and development of porous materials based on metal-organic coordination or dynamic covalent bonding such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), porous organic cages, and porous organic polymers. In this review, porous materials that have been confined within capillary columns as packed, monolithic and open tubular columns are discussed. Progress in chromatographic separation and continuous flow catalytic synthesis is reviewed according to three major strategies. Applications of porous materials in membrane-separation fibre membrane systems and microfluidic devices with various functions are also highlighted.
Fu R, Carroll L, Yahioglu GK, et al., 2018, Antibody fragment and affibody immunoPET imaging agents: radiolabelling strategies and applications, ChemMedChem, Vol: 13, Pages: 2466-2478, ISSN: 1860-7187
Antibodies have long been recognised as potent vectors for carrying diagnostic medical radionuclides, contrast agents and optical probes to diseased tissue for imaging. The area of ImmunoPET combines the use of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with antibodies to improve the diagnosis, staging and monitoring of diseases. Recent developments in antibody engineering and PET radiochemistry have led to a new wave of experimental ImmunoPET imaging agents that are based on a range of antibody fragments and affibodies. In contrast to full antibodies, engineered affibody proteins and antibody fragments such as minibodies, diabodies, singleāchain variable region fragments (scFvs), and nanobodies are much smaller but retain the essential specificities and affinities of full antibodies in addition to more desirable pharmacokinetics for imaging. Herein, recent key developments in the PET radiolabelling strategies of antibody fragments and related affibody molecules are highlighted, along with the main PET imaging applications of overexpressed antigenāassociated tumours and immune cells.
Apps SL, White AJP, Miller PW, et al., 2018, Synthesis and reactivity of an N-triphos Mo(0) dinitrogen complex, Dalton Transactions, Vol: 47, Pages: 11386-11396, ISSN: 1477-9234
The preparation and reactivity of a novel molybdenum dinitrogen complex supported by a nitrogen-centred tripodal phosphine ligand (N-triphos, N(CH2PPh2)3, NP3Ph) are reported. Reaction of N-triphos with [MoX3(THF)3] (X = Cl, Br, I) gave the Mo(III) complex [MoX3(κ2-NP3Ph)(THF)] (1), where bidentate N-triphos coordination was observed. Reduction of this complex in the presence of dppm (bis(diphenylphosphino)methane) gave the dinitrogen complex [Mo(N2)(dppm)(κ3-NP3Ph)] (2), which exhibits moderate dinitrogen activation. An additional hydride complex, [Mo(H)2(dppm)(κ3-NP3Ph)] (4), was produced either as a minor side product during the reduction step, or as a major product by direct hydrogenation of the dinitrogen complex 2. The reactivity of the dinitrogen complex 2 with a range of Lewis acids was also investigated. At low temperatures, protic or borane Lewis acids (H+, BBr3 and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF)) were found to coordinate to the apical nitrogen atom of the N-triphos ligand, with no conclusive evidence of any functionalisation of the dinitrogen ligand. Alkali metal Lewis acid addition to 2 resulted in the unexpected rearrangement of the N-triphos ligand to form [Mo(dppm)(PMePh2)(PCP)][B(C6F5)4] (7), where PCP, [Ph2PCNHCH2PPh2] is the carbenic ligand formed upon rearrangement from the reaction of 2 with M[B(C6F5)4] (M = Li, Na or K). Single crystal X-ray diffraction of complexes 1, 2, 4 and 7 provided structural confirmation of the N-triphos molybdenum complexes described.
Haywood T, Cesarec S, Kealey S, et al., 2018, Ammonium [11C]thiocyanate: revised preparation and reactivity studies of a versatile nucleophile for carbon-11 radiolabelling, MedChemComm, Vol: 9, Pages: 1311-1314, ISSN: 2040-2503
Herein we report the preparation of ammonium [11C]thiocyanate via the reaction of [11C]CS2 with ammonia. The [11C]SCN− ion is demonstrated as a potent nucleophile that can be used to readily generate a range of 11C-labelled thiocyanate molecules in high conversions. Furthermore, novel 11C-labelled thiazolone molecules can be easily prepared from the intermediate α-thiocyanatophenones via an acid mediated cyclisation reaction.
Rasekh M, Ahmad Z, Cross R, et al., 2017, Facile Preparation of Drug-Loaded Tristearin Encapsulated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Coaxial Electrospray Processing, MOLECULAR PHARMACEUTICS, Vol: 14, Pages: 2010-2023, ISSN: 1543-8384
Naturally occurring polymers are promising biocompatible materials that have many applications for emerging therapies, drug delivery systems, and diagnostic agents. The handling and processing of such materials still constitutes a major challenge, which can limit the full exploitation of their properties. This study explores an ambient environment processing technique: coaxial electrospray (CO-ES) to encapsulate genistein (an isoflavonoid and model drug), superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs, 10–15 nm), and a fluorophore (BODIPY) into a layered (triglyceride tristearin shell) particulate system, with a view to constructing a theranostic agent. Mode mapping of CO-ES led to an optimized atomization engineering window for stable jetting, leading to encapsulation of SPIONs within particles of diameter 0.65–1.2 μm and drug encapsulation efficiencies of around 92%. Electron microscopy was used to image the encapsulated SPIONs and confirm core–shell triglyceride encapsulation in addition to further physicochemical characterization (AFM, FTIR, DSC, and TGA). Cell viability assays (MTT, HeLa cells) were used to determine optimal SPION loaded particles (∼1 mg/mL), while in vitro release profile experiments (PBS, pH = 7.4) demonstrate a triphasic release profile. Further cell studies confirmed cell uptake and internalization at selected time points (t = 1, 2, and 4 h). The results suggest potential for using the CO-ES technique as an efficient way to encapsulate SPIONs together with sensitive drugs for the development of multimodal particles that have potential application for combined imaging and therapy.
Omoruyi U, Page S, Hallett J, et al., 2016, Homogeneous Catalyzed Reactions of Levulinic Acid: To γ-Valerolactone and Beyond, Chemsuschem, Vol: 9, Pages: 2037-2047, ISSN: 1864-564X
Platform chemicals derived from lignocellulosic plant biomass are viewed as a sustainable replacement for crude oil-based feedstocks. Levulinic acid (LA) is one such biomass-derived chemical that has been widely studied for further catalytic transformation to γ-valerolactone (GVL), an important ‘green’ fuel additive, solvent, and fine chemical intermediate. Although the transformation of LA to GVL can be achieved using heterogeneous catalysis, homogeneous catalytic systems that operate under milder reactions, give higher selectivities and can be recycled continuously are attracting considerable attention. A range of new homogeneous catalysts have now been demonstrated to efficiently convert LA to GVL and to transform LA directly to other value-added chemicals such as 1,4-pentanediol (1,4-PDO) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF). This Minireview covers recent advances in the area of homogeneous catalysis for the conversion of levulinic acid and levulinic ester derivatives to GVL and chemicals beyond GVL.
Merchant S, Allott L, Carroll L, et al., 2016, Synthesis and pre-clinical evaluation of a [<sup>18</sup>F]fluoromethyl-tanaproget derivative for imaging of progesterone receptor expression, RSC Advances, Vol: 6, Pages: 57569-57579, ISSN: 2046-2069
The estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) are over-expressed in ∼50% of breast cancer lesions, and used as biomarkers to stratify patients for endocrine therapy. Currently, immunohistochemical (IHC) assessment of these lesions from a core-needle biopsy in deep-sited metastases has limitations associated with sampling error and lack of standardization. An alternative solution is positron emission tomography (PET)-based probes, which are inherently quantitative and capable of imaging the entire tumor, including metastases. This work features the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel fluorinated derivative of tanaproget, a high affinity non-steroidal PR ligand, as a candidate for imaging PR expression in vivo. Radiolabeling of the candidate was achieved in a 15% ± 4 radiochemical yield (non-decay corrected) in one step from [18F]fluoromethyltosylate in 30 min. Cell uptake studies showed a significant difference between the radioligand uptake in PR+ and PR- cell lines; however, in vivo imaging was confounded by defluorination hypothesized to occur via iminium salt formation. Investigation into high affinity, metabolically stable non-steroidal PR ligands is currently ongoing.
Phanopoulos A, Long NJ, Miller PW, 2016, Triphosphine ligands: coordination chemistry and recent catalytic applications, The Chemical Bond III, Editors: Mingos, Publisher: Springer, Pages: 31-61
Phosphines are a long established class of ligand that are known to form a vast array of transition metal complexes. They behave as neutral electron pair donors, or Lewis bases, that alter the solubility and stereoelectronic properties of the metal centre. A key motivation for their continued development is for homogeneous catalysis. For over five decades, transition metal–phosphine complexes have been used for catalytic reactions, mainly exploiting monodentate or bidentate phosphine ligands. Multidentate phosphines by comparison have received much less attention in part because they tend to form more stable complexes with a saturated coordination environment around the metal centre. Recent developments in the areas of catalytic reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives using molecular hydrogen and in the field of biomass up-conversion have exploited catalysts based on tridentate phosphines. This chapter highlights the use of these multidentate phosphines for synthesis of coordination complexes and discusses some of their recent applications in homogeneous catalysis.
Phanopoulos A, White AJP, Long NJ, et al., 2016, Insight into the stereoelectronic parameters of N-triphos ligands via coordination to tungsten(0), Dalton Transactions, Vol: 45, Pages: 5536-5548, ISSN: 1477-9226
A series of new N-triphos tungsten complexes have been synthesised and structurally characterised. The coordination behaviour of a range of N-triphos (N(CH2PR2)3, NP3R) ligands, and a mixed-arm diphosphine-pyridyl (PPNCyh) ligand were explored. The steric and electronic parameters of five N-triphos ligands: NP3Ph, NP3iPr, NP3Cyp, NP3Cyh and NP3PhF2, and the carbon-centred triphos ligand, CH3C(CH2PPh2)3 (MeCP3Ph), were established. Steric parameters were evaluated by analysing the cone angles calculated from X-ray crystal structures, whilst the electron-donating ability of the ligands was determined from 31P–77Se NMR coupling constants of selenium derivatives and the IR carbonyl stretching frequencies across a series of tungsten–carbonyl complexes. In general, electron-rich phosphines formed bidentate complexes while less electron-rich ligands coordinated in a tridentate mode, regardless of steric bulk. An indirect interaction between the apical nitrogen of the ligand and metal centre is implicated for tridentate complexes and is supported through DFT calculations and analysis of N-protonated complexes. Complexes 1, 3, 4, 6–8 and 10 were characterised by single-crystal X-ray crystallography.
Miller P, Phanopoulos A, Long N, 2015, Direct conversion of levulinic acid to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran using discrete Ru and Rh N-triphos catalysts, Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
Miller PW, 2015, Production and Reaction of [11C]Carbon Disulfide for the Synthesis of [11C]Dithiocarbamates, Radiochemical Syntheses, Volume 2 Further Radiopharmaceuticals for Positron Emission Tomography and New Strategies for Their Production, Editors: Scott, Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Pages: 177-183, ISBN: 9781118237847
Haywood T, Kealey S, Sanchez-Cabezas S, et al., 2015, Carbon-11 Radiolabelling of Organosulfur Compounds: 11C Synthesis of the Progesterone Receptor Agonist Tanaproget, Chemistry-A European Journal, Vol: 21, Pages: 9034-9038, ISSN: 1521-3765
Herein a new 11C radiolabelling strategy for the fast and efficient synthesis of thioureas and related derivatives using the novel synthon, 11CS2, is reported. This approach has enabled the facile labelling of a potent progesterone receptor (PR) agonist, [11C]Tanaproget, by the intramolecular reaction of the acyclic aminohydroxyl precursor with 11CS2, which has potential applications as a positron emission tomography radioligand for cancer imaging.
Phanopoulos A, Miller PW, Long NJ, 2015, Beyond Triphos - New hinges for a classical chelating ligand, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Vol: 299, Pages: 39-60, ISSN: 1873-3840
Branched triphosphine ligands have been less widely studied than mono- and bi-dentate analogues. The most studied ligand of this type is TriphosPh (CH3C(CH2PPh2)3). Substitution of the apical Csingle bondCH3 moiety with boron, silicon, tin, nitrogen or phosphorus fragments has generated a new family of ligands, in some cases displaying varying coordination chemistry and reactivity to the parent carbon-based system. This review includes the synthetic strategies implemented to afford these ligands, as well as derivatives by way of varying the phosphine substituents. Although not exhaustive, relevant types of reported complexes featuring these ligands are discussed, as well as their reactivity and catalytic applications. Through critical analysis, common themes and chemical trends across this family of apical heteroatomic, branched triphosphines can be identified, leading to improvements in current chemical applications, as well as new areas that remain underdeveloped.
Phanopoulos A, White AJ, Long NJ, et al., 2015, Catalytic transformation of levulinic acid to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran using ruthenium–N-triphos complexes, ACS Catalysis, Vol: 5, Pages: 2500-2512, ISSN: 2155-5435
A series of pre- or in situ-formed ruthenium complexes were assessed for the stepwise catalytic hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) via γ-valerolactone (γVL) and 1,4-pentanediol (1,4-PDO). Two different catalytic systems based on the branched triphosphine ligands Triphos (CH3C(CH2PPh2)3) and N-triphos (N(CH2PPh2)3) were investigated. The most active catalyst was the preformed ruthenium species [RuH2(PPh3){N(CH2PPh2)3-κ3P}] (5), which gave near quantitative conversion of LA to 1,4-PDO when no acidic additives were present, and 87% 2-MTHF when used in conjunction with HN(Tf)2. Various acidic additives were assessed to promote the final transformation of 1,4-PDO to 2-MTHF; however, only HN(Tf)2 was found to be effective, and NH4PF6 and para-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) were found to be detrimental. Mechanistic investigations were carried out to explain the observed catalytic trends and importantly showed that PPh3 dissociation from 5 resulted in its improved catalytic reactivity. The presence of acidic additives removes catalytically necessary hydride ligands and may also compete with the substrate for binding to the catalytic metal center, explaining why only an acid with a noncoordinating conjugate base was effective. Crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction experiments were grown for two complexes: [Ru(NCMe)3{N(CH2PPh2)3-κ3P}] (14) and [Ru2(μ-Cl)3{N(CH2PPh2)3-κ3P}2][BPh4] (16).
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