Publications
178 results found
Wang Q, Zheng J, Pettersson S, et al., 2023, The link between neuroinflammation and the neurovascular unit in synucleinopathies., Sci Adv, Vol: 9
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of vascular cells, glial cells, and neurons. As a fundamental functional module in the central nervous system, the NVU maintains homeostasis in the microenvironment and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Disruption of the NVU and interactions among its components are involved in the pathophysiology of synucleinopathies, which are characterized by the pathological accumulation of α-synuclein. Neuroinflammation contributes to the pathophysiology of synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and dementia with Lewy bodies. This review aims to summarize the neuroinflammatory response of glial cells and vascular cells in the NVU. We also review neuroinflammation in the context of the cross-talk between glial cells and vascular cells, between glial cells and pericytes, and between microglia and astroglia. Last, we discuss how α-synuclein affects neuroinflammation and how neuroinflammation influences the aggregation and spread of α-synuclein and analyze different properties of α-synuclein in synucleinopathies.
Elkjaer ML, Simon L, Frisch T, et al., 2022, Hypothesis of a potential BrainBiota and its relation to CNS autoimmune inflammation, FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY, Vol: 13, ISSN: 1664-3224
Cooze B, Farkas I, Leung Y, et al., 2022, Neuronal loss in the thalamus and pons correlates with disease severity: Interim analysis of a large digital pathology study, 38th Congress of the European-Committee-for-Treatment-and-Research-in-Multiple-Sclerosis, Publisher: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, Pages: 494-494, ISSN: 1352-4585
Magliozzi R, Fadda G, Brown RA, et al., 2022, "Ependymal-in" Gradient of Thalamic Damage in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis, ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Vol: 92, Pages: 670-685, ISSN: 0364-5134
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- Citations: 4
Bates REJ, Browne E, Schalks R, et al., 2022, Lymphotoxin-alpha expression in the meninges causes lymphoid tissue formation and neurodegeneration, BRAIN, Vol: 145, Pages: 4287-4307, ISSN: 0006-8950
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- Citations: 2
Jayaraman A, Reynolds R, 2022, Diverse pathways to neuronal necroptosis in Alzheimer's disease, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Vol: 56, Pages: 5428-5441, ISSN: 0953-816X
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- Citations: 5
Vanderdonckt P, Aloisi F, Comi G, et al., 2022, Tissue donations for multiple sclerosis research: current state and suggestions for improvement, BRAIN COMMUNICATIONS, Vol: 4
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- Citations: 4
Cooze BJ, Dickerson M, Loganathan R, et al., 2022, The association between neurodegeneration and local complement activation in the thalamus to progressive multiple sclerosis outcome, BRAIN PATHOLOGY, Vol: 32, ISSN: 1015-6305
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- Citations: 3
Tu H, Zhang ZW, Qiu L, et al., 2022, Increased expression of pathological markers in Parkinson's disease dementia post-mortem brains compared to dementia with Lewy bodies., BMC Neurosci, Vol: 23, Pages: 3-3
BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are common age-related neurodegenerative diseases comprising Lewy body spectrum disorders associated with cortical and subcortical Lewy body pathology. Over 30% of PD patients develop PD dementia (PDD), which describes dementia arising in the context of established idiopathic PD. Furthermore, Lewy bodies frequently accompany the amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), where they are observed in the amygdala of approximately 60% of sporadic and familial AD. While PDD and DLB share similar pathological substrates, they differ in the temporal onset of motor and cognitive symptoms; however, protein markers to distinguish them are still lacking. METHODS: Here, we systematically studied a series of AD and PD pathogenesis markers, as well as mitochondria, mitophagy, and neuroinflammation-related indicators, in the substantia nigra (SN), temporal cortex (TC), and caudate and putamen (CP) regions of human post-mortem brain samples from individuals with PDD and DLB and condition-matched controls. RESULTS: We found that p-APPT668 (TC), α-synuclein (CP), and LC3II (CP) are all increased while the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (CP) is decreased in both PDD and DLB compared to control. Also, the levels of Aβ42 and DD2R, IBA1, and p-LRRK2S935 are all elevated in PDD compared to control. Interestingly, protein levels of p-TauS199/202 in CP and DD2R, DRP1, and VPS35 in TC are all increased in PDD compared to DLB. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our comprehensive and systematic study identified a set of signature proteins that will help to understand the pathology and etiology of PDD and DLB at the molecular level.
Bouman P, Pitt D, Reich D, et al., 2021, Towards a new resource for the MS brain: a cross-brain bank proteomic atlas of non-lesional neocortex, Publisher: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, Pages: 333-334, ISSN: 1352-4585
Picon C, Robertas A, Wojewska M, et al., 2021, Endosomal sorting complex III is dysregulated in cortical neurons in progressive MS and associated with necroptosis activation, Publisher: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, Pages: 52-52, ISSN: 1352-4585
Magliozzi R, Tamanti A, Castellaro M, et al., 2021, Combined MRI and neuropathology pattern characterization of subpial cortical lesion activity in multiple sclerosis, Publisher: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, Pages: 79-80, ISSN: 1352-4585
Jayaraman A, Htike TT, James R, et al., 2021, TNF-mediated neuroinflammation is linked to neuronal necroptosis in Alzheimer's disease hippocampus., Acta Neuropathologica Communications, Vol: 9, Pages: 159-159, ISSN: 2051-5960
The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying neuronal death and dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain unclear. However, chronic neuroinflammation has been implicated in stimulating or exacerbating neuronal damage. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of cytokines are involved in many systemic chronic inflammatory and degenerative conditions and are amongst the key mediators of neuroinflammation. TNF binds to the TNFR1 and TNFR2 receptors to activate diverse cellular responses that can be either neuroprotective or neurodegenerative. In particular, TNF can induce programmed necrosis or necroptosis in an inflammatory environment. Although activation of necroptosis has recently been demonstrated in the AD brain, its significance in AD neuron loss and the role of TNF signaling is unclear. We demonstrate an increase in expression of multiple proteins in the TNF/TNF receptor-1-mediated necroptosis pathway in the AD post-mortem brain, as indicated by the phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL, predominantly observed in the CA1 pyramidal neurons. The density of phosphoRIPK3 + and phosphoMLKL + neurons correlated inversely with total neuron density and showed significant sexual dimorphism within the AD cohort. In addition, apoptotic signaling was not significantly activated in the AD brain compared to the control brain. Exposure of human iPSC-derived glutamatergic neurons to TNF increased necroptotic cell death when apoptosis was inhibited, which was significantly reversed by small molecule inhibitors of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL. In the post-mortem AD brain and in human iPSC neurons, in response to TNF, we show evidence of altered expression of proteins of the ESCRT III complex, which has been recently suggested as an antagonist of necroptosis and a possible mechanism by which cells can survive after necroptosis has been triggered. Taken together, our results suggest that neuronal loss in AD is due to TNF-mediated necroptosis rather than apoptos
Chew EGY, Heng YJ, Lian M, et al., 2021, Interrogating Parkinson's disease associated mutations at single cell resolution, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: S307-S307, ISSN: 0885-3185
Jayaraman A, Htike TT, James R, et al., 2021, TNF-mediated neuroinflammation is linked to neuronal necroptosis in Alzheimer’s disease hippocampus, Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying neuronal death and dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remain unclear. However, chronic neuroinflammation has been implicated in stimulating or exacerbating neuronal damage. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of cytokines are involved in many systemic chronic inflammatory and degenerative conditions and are amongst the key mediators of neuroinflammation. TNF binds to the TNFR1 and TNFR2 receptors to activate diverse cellular responses that can be either neuroprotective or neurodegenerative. In particular, TNF can induce programmed necrosis or necroptosis in an inflammatory environment. Although activation of necroptosis has recently been demonstrated in the AD brain, its significance in AD neuron loss and the role of TNF signaling is unclear. We demonstrate an increase in expression of multiple proteins in the TNF/TNF receptor-1-mediated necroptosis pathway in the AD post-mortem brain, as indicated by the phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL, predominantly observed in the CA1 pyramidal neurons. The density of phosphoRIPK3+ and phosphoMLKL+ neurons correlated inversely with total neuron density and showed significant sexual dimorphism within the AD cohort. In addition, apoptotic signaling was not significantly activated in the AD brain compared to the control brain. Exposure of human iPSC-derived glutamatergic neurons to TNF increased necroptotic cell death when apoptosis was inhibited, which was significantly reversed by small molecule inhibitors of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL. In the post-mortem AD brain and in human iPSC neurons to TNF, we show evidence of altered expression of proteins of the ESCRT III complex, which has been recently suggested as an antagonist of necroptosis and a possible mechanism by which cells can survive after necroptosis has been triggered. Taken together, our results suggest that neuronal loss in AD is due to TNF-mediated necroptos
Magliozzi R, Pezzini F, Pucci M, et al., 2021, Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid Balance of TNF and TNF Receptors in Naive Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Early Involvement in Compartmentalised Intrathecal Inflammation, CELLS, Vol: 10
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- Citations: 4
Pienaar IS, Mohammed R, Courtley R, et al., 2021, Investigation of the correlation between mildly deleterious mtDNA Variations and the clinical progression of multiple sclerosis, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS, Vol: 53, ISSN: 2211-0348
James RE, Farquharson AC, Jacobs HC, et al., 2021, The Role of Neuronal CXCL13 Chemokine Expression in Multiple Sclerosis Pathology, Publisher: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, Pages: 104-105, ISSN: 1352-4585
Pardini M, Brown JWL, Magliozzi R, et al., 2021, Surface-in pathology in multiple sclerosis: a new view on pathogenesis?, BRAIN, Vol: 144, Pages: 1646-1654, ISSN: 0006-8950
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- Citations: 17
Wang Q, Luo Y, Chaudhuri KR, et al., 2021, The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson's disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options., Brain: a journal of neurology, Vol: 144, Pages: 2571-2593, ISSN: 0006-8950
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease in which gastrointestinal symptoms may appear prior to motor symptoms. The gut microbiota of patients with Parkinson's disease shows unique changes, which may be used as early biomarkers of disease. Alteration in gut microbiota composition may be related to the cause or effect of motor or non-motor symptoms, but the specific pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. The gut microbiota and its metabolites have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease by regulating neuroinflammation, barrier function and neurotransmitter activity. There is bidirectional communication between the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system, and the microbiota-gut-brain axis may provide a pathway for the transmission of α-synuclein. We highlight recent discoveries and alterations of the gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease, and highlight current mechanistic insights on the microbiota-gut-brain axis in disease pathophysiology. We discuss the interactions between production and transmission of α-synuclein and gut inflammation and neuroinflammation. In addition, we also draw attention to diet modification, use of probiotics and prebiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation as potential therapeutic approaches that may lead to a new treatment paradigm for Parkinson's disease.
van Olst Y, Rodriguez-Mogeda C, Picon C, et al., 2021, Meningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis induces phenotypic changes in cortical microglia that differentially associate with neurodegeneration, ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA, Vol: 141, Pages: 881-899, ISSN: 0001-6322
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- Citations: 30
Magliozzi R, Pitteri M, Ziccardi S, et al., 2021, CSF parvalbumin levels reflect interneuron loss linked with cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis, Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, Vol: 8, Pages: 534-547, ISSN: 2328-9503
INTRODUCTION AND METHODS: In order to verify whether parvalbumin (PVALB), a protein specifically expressed by GABAergic interneurons, could be a MS-specific marker of grey matter neurodegeneration, we performed neuropathology/molecular analysis of PVALB expression in motor cortex of 40 post-mortem progressive MS cases, with/without meningeal inflammation, and 10 control cases, in combination with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assessment. Analysis of CSF PVALB and neurofilaments (Nf-L) levels combined with physical/cognitive/3TMRI assessment was performed in 110 naïve MS patients and in 32 controls at time of diagnosis. RESULTS: PVALB gene expression was downregulated in MS (fold change = 3.7 ± 1.2, P < 0.001 compared to controls) reflecting the significant reduction of PVALB+ cell density in cortical lesions, to a greater extent in MS patients with high meningeal inflammation (51.8, P < 0.001). Likewise, post-mortem CSF-PVALB levels were higher in MS compared to controls (fold change = 196 ± 36, P < 0.001) and correlated with decreased PVALB+ cell density (r = -0.64, P < 0.001) and increased MHC-II+ microglia density (r = 0.74, P < 0.01), as well as with early age of onset (r = -0.69, P < 0.05), shorter time to wheelchair (r = -0.49, P < 0.05) and early age of death (r = -0.65, P < 0.01). Increased CSF-PVALB levels were detected in MS patients at diagnosis compared to controls (P = 0.002). Significant correlation was found between CSF-PVALB levels and cortical lesion number on MRI (R = 0.28, P = 0.006) and global cortical thickness (R = -0.46, P < 0.001), better than Nf-L levels. CSF-PVALB levels increased in MS patients with severe cognitive impairment (mean ± SEM:25.2 ± 7.5
Elkjaer ML, Nawrocki A, Kacprowski T, et al., 2021, CSF proteome in multiple sclerosis subtypes related to brain lesion transcriptomes, Scientific Reports, Vol: 11, Pages: 1-13, ISSN: 2045-2322
To identify markers in the CSF of multiple sclerosis (MS) subtypes, we used a two-step proteomic approach: (i) Discovery proteomics compared 169 pooled CSF from MS subtypes and inflammatory/degenerative CNS diseases (NMO spectrum and Alzheimer disease) and healthy controls. (ii) Next, 299 proteins selected by comprehensive statistics were quantified in 170 individual CSF samples. (iii) Genes of the identified proteins were also screened among transcripts in 73 MS brain lesions compared to 25 control brains. F-test based feature selection resulted in 8 proteins differentiating the MS subtypes, and secondary progressive (SP)MS was the most different also from controls. Genes of 7 out these 8 proteins were present in MS brain lesions: GOLM was significantly differentially expressed in active, chronic active, inactive and remyelinating lesions, FRZB in active and chronic active lesions, and SELENBP1 in inactive lesions. Volcano maps of normalized proteins in the different disease groups also indicated the highest amount of altered proteins in SPMS. Apolipoprotein C-I, apolipoprotein A-II, augurin, receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase gamma, and trypsin-1 were upregulated in the CSF of MS subtypes compared to controls. This CSF profile and associated brain lesion spectrum highlight non-inflammatory mechanisms in differentiating CNS diseases and MS subtypes and the uniqueness of SPMS.
Picon C, Jayaraman A, James R, et al., 2021, Neuron-specific activation of necroptosis signaling in multiple sclerosis cortical grey matter, Acta Neuropathologica, Vol: 141, Pages: 585-604, ISSN: 0001-6322
Sustained exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines in the leptomeninges is thought to play a major role in the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in the grey matter remain unclear, several lines of evidence suggest a prominent role for tumour necrosis factor (TNF). Using cortical grey matter tissue blocks from post-mortem brains from 28 secondary progressive MS subjects and ten non-neurological controls, we describe an increase in expression of multiple steps in the TNF/TNF receptor 1 signaling pathway leading to necroptosis, including the key proteins TNFR1, FADD, RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL. Activation of this pathway was indicated by the phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL and the formation of protein oligomers characteristic of necrosomes. In contrast, caspase-8 dependent apoptotic signaling was decreased. Upregulation of necroptotic signaling occurred predominantly in macroneurons in cortical layers II–III, with little expression in other cell types. The presence of activated necroptotic proteins in neurons was increased in MS cases with prominent meningeal inflammation, with a 30-fold increase in phosphoMLKL+ neurons in layers I–III. The density of phosphoMLKL+ neurons correlated inversely with age at death, age at progression and disease duration. In vivo induction of chronically elevated TNF and INFγ levels in the CSF in a rat model via lentiviral transduction in the meninges, triggered inflammation and neurodegeneration in the underlying cortical grey matter that was associated with increased neuronal expression of TNFR1 and activated necroptotic signaling proteins. Exposure of cultured primary rat cortical neurons to TNF induced necroptosis when apoptosis was inhibited. Our data suggest that neurons in the MS cortex are dying via TNF/TNFR1 stimulated necroptosis rather than apoptosis, possibly initiated in part by chronic meni
Elkjaer ML, Frisch T, Tonazzolli A, et al., 2021, Unbiased examination of genome-wide human endogenous retrovirus transcripts in MS brain lesions., Multiple Sclerosis Journal, ISSN: 1352-4585
BACKGROUND: Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) expression in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain lesions may contribute to chronic inflammation, but expression of genome-wide HERVs in different MS lesions is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We examined the HERV expression landscape in different MS lesions compared to control brains. METHODS: Transcripts from 71 MS brain samples and 25 control WM were obtained by next-generation RNA sequencing and mapped against HERV transcripts across the human genome. Differential expression of mapped HERV-W and HERV-H reads between MS lesion types and controls was analysed. RESULTS: Out of 6.38 billion high-quality paired end reads, 174 million reads (2.73%) mapped to HERV transcripts. There was no difference in HERVs expression level between MS and control brains, but HERV-W transcripts were significantly reduced in chronic active lesions. Of the four HERV-W transcripts exclusively present in MS, ERV3633503 located on chromosome 7q21.13 close to the MS genetic risk locus had the highest number of reads. In the HERV-H family, 75% of transcripts located to nearby 7q21-22 were overrepresented in MS, and ERV3643914 was expressed more than 16 times in MS compared to control brains. CONCLUSION: Novel HERV-W and HERV-H transcripts located at chromosome 7 regions were uniquely expressed in MS lesions, indicating their potential role in brain lesion evolution.
Gallego-Delgado P, James R, Browne E, et al., 2020, Neuroinflammation in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of the multiple sclerosis brain causes abnormalities at the nodes of Ranvier., PLoS Biology, Vol: 18, Pages: 1-36, ISSN: 1544-9173
Changes to the structure of nodes of Ranvier in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of multiple sclerosis (MS) brains are associated with chronic inflammation. We show that the paranodal domains in MS NAWM are longer on average than control, with Kv1.2 channels dislocated into the paranode. These pathological features are reproduced in a model of chronic meningeal inflammation generated by the injection of lentiviral vectors for the lymphotoxin-α (LTα) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) genes. We show that tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IFNγ, and glutamate can provoke paranodal elongation in cerebellar slice cultures, which could be reversed by an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker. When these changes were inserted into a computational model to simulate axonal conduction, a rapid decrease in velocity was observed, reaching conduction failure in small diameter axons. We suggest that glial cells activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines can produce high levels of glutamate, which triggers paranodal pathology, contributing to axonal damage and conduction deficits.
Wang J, Jelcic I, Muhlenbruch L, et al., 2020, HLA-DR15 molecules jointly shape an autoreactive T cell repertoire in multiple sclerosis, Cell, Vol: 183, Pages: 1264-1281.e20, ISSN: 0092-8674
The HLA-DR15 haplotype is the strongest genetic risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS), but our understanding of how it contributes to MS is limited. Because autoreactive CD4+ T cells and B cells as antigen-presenting cells are involved in MS pathogenesis, we characterized the immunopeptidomes of the two HLA-DR15 allomorphs DR2a and DR2b of human primary B cells and monocytes, thymus, and MS brain tissue. Self-peptides from HLA-DR molecules, particularly from DR2a and DR2b themselves, are abundant on B cells and thymic antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, we identified autoreactive CD4+ T cell clones that can cross-react with HLA-DR-derived self-peptides (HLA-DR-SPs), peptides from MS-associated foreign agents (Epstein-Barr virus and Akkermansia muciniphila), and autoantigens presented by DR2a and DR2b. Thus, both HLA-DR15 allomorphs jointly shape an autoreactive T cell repertoire by serving as antigen-presenting structures and epitope sources and by presenting the same foreign peptides and autoantigens to autoreactive CD4+ T cells in MS.
Monaco S, Nicholas R, Reynolds R, et al., 2020, Intrathecal inflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol: 21, Pages: 1-11, ISSN: 1422-0067
Progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) are associated with chronic demyelination, axonal loss, neurodegeneration, cortical and deep gray matter damage, and atrophy. These changes are strictly associated with compartmentalized sustained inflammation within the brain parenchyma, the leptomeninges, and the cerebrospinal fluid. In progressive MS, molecular mechanisms underlying active demyelination differ from processes that drive neurodegeneration at cortical and subcortical locations. The widespread pattern of neurodegeneration is consistent with mechanisms associated with the inflammatory molecular load of the cerebrospinal fluid. This is at variance with gray matter demyelination that typically occurs at focal subpial sites, in the proximity of ectopic meningeal lymphoid follicles. Accordingly, it is possible that variations in the extent and location of neurodegeneration may be accounted for by individual differences in CSF flow, and by the composition of soluble inflammatory factors and their clearance. In addition, “double hit” damage may occur at sites allowing a bidirectional exchange between interstitial fluid and CSF, such as the Virchow–Robin spaces and the periventricular ependymal barrier. An important aspect of CSF inflammation and deep gray matter damage in MS involves dysfunction of the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier and inflammation in the choroid plexus. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the role of intrathecal inflammation compartmentalized to CNS and non-neural tissues in progressive MS.
Frisch T, Elkjaer ML, Reynolds R, et al., 2020, Multiple sclerosis atlas: a molecular map of brain lesion stages in progressive multiple sclerosis, Network and Systems Medicine, Vol: 3, Pages: 122-129, ISSN: 2690-5949
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disorder of the central nervous system with an untreatable late progressive phase. Molecular maps of different stages of brain lesion evolution in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) are missing but critical for understanding disease development and to identify novel targets to halt progression. Materials and Methods: The MS Atlas database comprises comprehensive high-quality transcriptomic profiles of 98 white matter (WM) brain samples of different lesion types (normal-appearing WM [NAWM], active, chronic active, inactive, remyelinating) from ten progressive MS patients and 25 WM areas from five non-neurological diseased cases. Results: We introduce the first MS brain lesion atlas (msatlas.dk), developed to address the current challenges of understanding mechanisms driving the fate on a lesion basis. The MS Atlas gives means for testing research hypotheses, validating biomarkers and drug targets. It comes with a user-friendly web interface, and it fosters bioinformatic methods for de novo network enrichment to extract mechanistic markers for specific lesion types and pathway-based lesion type comparison. We describe examples of how the MS Atlas can be used to extract systems medicine signatures and demonstrate the interface of MS Atlas. Conclusion: This compendium of mechanistic PMS WM lesion profiles is an invaluable resource to fuel future MS research and a new basis for treatment development.
Magliozzi R, Scalfari A, Pisani AI, et al., 2020, TheCSFProfile linked to cortical damage predicts multiple sclerosis activity, Annals of Neurology, ISSN: 0364-5134
ObjectiveIntrathecal inflammation correlates with the grey matter damage since the early stages of multiple sclerosis (MS), but whether the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile can help to identify patients at risk of disease activity is still unclear.MethodsWe evaluated the association between CSF levels of 18 cytokines, previously found to be associated to grey matter damage, and the disease activity, among 99 patients with relapsing‐remitting MS, who underwent blinded clinical and 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluations for 4 years. Groups with evidence of disease activity (EDA) or no evidence of disease activity (NEDA; occurrence of relapses, new white matter lesions, and Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] change) were identified. Cortical lesions and the annualized cortical thinning were also evaluated.ResultsForty‐one patients experienced EDA and, compared to the NEDA group, had at diagnosis higher CSF levels of CXCL13, CXCL12, IFNγ, TNF, sCD163, LIGHT, and APRIL (p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, CXCL13 (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.35; p = 0.0002), LIGHT (HR = 1.22; p = 0.005) and APRIL (HR = 1.78; p = 0.0001) were the CSF molecules more strongly associated with the risk of EDA. The model, including CSF variables, predicted more accurately the occurrence of disease activity than the model with only clinical/MRI parameters (C‐index at 4 years = 71% vs 44%). Finally, higher CSF levels of CXCL13 (β = 4.7*10−4; p < 0.001), TNF (β = 3.1*10−3; p = 0.004), LIGHT (β = 2.6*10−4; p = 0.003), sCD163 (β = 4.3*10−3; p = 0.009), and TWEAK (β = 3.4*10−3; p = 0.024) were associated with more severe cortical thinning.InterpretationA specific CSF profile, mainly characterized by elevated levels of B‐cell r
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