Imperial College London

Richard M Kwasnicki PhD MRCS

Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Surgery & Cancer

Honorary Clinical Research Fellow
 
 
 
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Contact

 

+44 (0)20 3312 5140richard.kwasnicki07

 
 
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Location

 

Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Wing (QEQM)St Mary's Campus

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Summary

 

Publications

Publication Type
Year
to

78 results found

Kwasnicki RM, Irukulla M, Che Bakri NA, Whiteman E, Gardiner M, Dunne J, Henry FP, Gokani V, Hunter JE, Williams G, Wood SHet al., 2024, Identifying variation in the cost of abdominally based breast reconstruction in the UK., J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, Vol: 88, Pages: 466-472

AIMS: To understand variation in the cost of autologous breast reconstruction in the UK, including identifying key areas of cost variability, differences between and within units and the impact of enhanced recovery protocols (ERAS). METHODS: A micro-costing study was designed based on the responses to a national survey of clinical preferences completed by the majority of plastic surgeons and anaesthetists involved in the UK. Detailed costs were estimated from macro elements such as ward and theatre running costs, down to that of surgical meshes, anaesthetic drugs and flap monitoring devices. RESULTS: The largest variation in cost arose from postoperative location and length of stay, preoperative imaging and flap monitoring strategies. Plastic surgeon costs varied from £1282 to £3141, whereas anaesthetic costs were between £32 and £151 (not including salary). Estimated cost variation within units was up to £893 per case. Units with ERAS had significantly lower total costs than those without (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study reveals significant cost variation in breast reconstruction in the UK based on clinician preferences. Many areas of practice driving this variation lack strong evidence of any clinical advantage. The total cost of a deep inferior epigastric perforator in the majority, if not all units, likely surpasses the national tariff for reimbursement, particularly when considering additional resource demand for immediate and bilateral breast reconstruction, as well as future symmetrisation procedures. Whilst units should look to streamline costs through ERAS, there should also be a realistic tariff that promotes excellent care.

Journal article

Che Bakri NA, Kwasnicki RM, Giannas E, Tenang L, Khan N, Moenig C, Imam Z, Dhillon K, Ashrafian H, Darzi A, Leff DRet al., 2023, ASO author reflections: objective outcome measure of upper limb function following axillary lymph node dissection and sentinel lymph node biopsy, Annals of Surgical Oncology, Vol: 30, Pages: 7133-7134, ISSN: 1068-9265

Journal article

Che Bakri NA, Kwasnicki RMM, Giannas E, Tenang L, Khan N, Moenig C, Imam Z, Dhillon K, Ashrafian H, Darzi A, Leff DRRet al., 2023, ASO Visual Abstract: The Use of Wearable Activity Monitors to Measure the Upper Limb Physical Activity After Axillary Lymph Node Dissection and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, ANNALS OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY, ISSN: 1068-9265

Journal article

Che Bakri NA, Kwasnicki R, Giannas E, Tenang L, Khan N, Moenig C, Imam Z, Dhillon K, Ashrafian H, Darzi A, Leff Det al., 2023, The Use of Wearable Activity Monitors to Measure the Upper Limb Physical Activity after Axillary Lymph Node Dissection and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, Annals of Surgical Oncology, ISSN: 1068-9265

Journal article

Bakri NAC, Kwasnicki R, Tenang L, Giannas E, Ghandour O, Moenig C, Imam Z, Dhillon K, Ashrafian H, Darzi A, Leff Det al., 2023, Upper Limb Recovery Following Mastectomy with and without Breast Reconstruction Measured Using Wearable Activity Monitors, 24th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS), Publisher: SPRINGER, Pages: S614-S615, ISSN: 1068-9265

Conference paper

Wolff AL, Kwasnicki RM, Farnebo S, Horwitz MDet al., 2023, Dynamic assessment of the upper extremity: a review of available and emerging technologies, JOURNAL OF HAND SURGERY-EUROPEAN VOLUME, Vol: 48, Pages: 404-411, ISSN: 1753-1934

Journal article

Che Bakri NA, Kwasnicki R, Khan N, Ghandour O, Lee A, Grant Y, Dawidziuk A, Darzi A, Ashrafian H, Leff Det al., 2023, Impact of axillary lymph node dissection and sentinel lymph node biopsy on upper limb morbidity in breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Annals of Surgery, Vol: 277, Pages: 572-580, ISSN: 0003-4932

Objective: To evaluate the impact of ALND and SLNB on upper limb (UL) morbidity in breastcancer patients.Summary Background: Axillary de-escalation is motivated by a desire to reduce harm ofALND. Understanding the impact of axillary surgery and disparities in operative procedureson post-operative arm morbidity would better direct resources to the point of need and cementthe need for de-escalation strategies.Methods: Embase, Medline, CINAHL and PsychINFO were searched from 1990 until March2020. Included studies were randomized-controlled and observational studies focusing on ULmorbidities, in breast surgery patients. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items forSystematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The prevalence of upper limbmorbidity comparing SLNB and ALND at less than 12 months, 12-24 months and beyond 24months were analyzed.Results: Sixty-seven studies were included. All studies reported a higher rate of lymphedemaand pain after ALND compared to SLNB. The difference in lymphedema and pain prevalencebetween SLNB and ALND was 13.7% (95% CI 10.5-16.8, p<0.005) and 24.2% (95% CI 12.1-36.3, p<0.005) respectively. Pooled estimates for prevalence of reduced strength and rangeof motion after SLNB and ALND were 15.2% vs 30.9% and 17.1% vs 29.8% respectively.Type of axillary surgery, greater BMI, and radiotherapy were some of the predictors for ULmorbidities.Conclusions: Prevalence of lymphedema after ALND was higher than previously estimated.ALND patients experienced greater rates of lymphedema, pain, reduced strength, and ROMcompared to SLNB. The findings support the continued drive to de-escalate axillary surgery.

Journal article

Che Bakri NA, Kwasnicki RM, Khan N, Ghandour O, Lee A, Grant Y, Dawidziuk A, Darzi A, Ashrafian H, Leff DRet al., 2023, Impact of Axillary Lymph Node Dissection and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy on Upper Limb Morbidity in Breast Cancer Patients A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Publisher: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, Pages: 572-580, ISSN: 0003-4932

Conference paper

Bakri NAC, Kwasnicki R, Tenang L, Giannas E, Dhillon K, Darzi A, Leff Det al., 2023, Objective Comparison of Post-operative Activity after Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy versus Axillary Lymph Node Dissection Using Wearable Activity Monitors - The 'BRACELET' Study, CANCER RESEARCH, Vol: 83, ISSN: 0008-5472

Journal article

Che Bakri NA, Kwasnicki RM, Dhillon K, Khan N, Ghandour O, Cairns A, Darzi A, Leff DRet al., 2022, ASO author reflections: Improving management of upper limb complications after breast cancer treatments, Annals of Surgical Oncology, Vol: 29, Pages: 566-567, ISSN: 1068-9265

Journal article

Kwasnicki RM, Burgin J, Paton C, Hettiaratchy Set al., 2022, Pulse oximetry for the diagnosis of vascular limb trauma, JOURNAL OF PLASTIC RECONSTRUCTIVE AND AESTHETIC SURGERY, Vol: 75, Pages: 3182-3189, ISSN: 1748-6815

Journal article

Kwasnicki RM, Super JT, Ramaraj P, Savine L, Hettiaratchy SPet al., 2022, FFP3 Feelings and Clinical Experience (FaCE). Facial pressure injuries in healthcare workers from FFP3 masks during the COVID-19 pandemic., J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, Vol: 75, Pages: 3622-3627

AIMS: Prolonged wear of filtering facepiece 3 (FFP3) masks during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to dermatoses, including pressure sores. This study aimed to better understand the local scale and nature of the problem, coping strategies, and impact on those affected. METHODS: A survey was designed by plastic surgeons, tissue viability nurses, and critical care doctors. Key elements were demographics, mask-wearing behaviours, facial injuries, coping mechanisms, and impacts, such as time off work or redeployment. Question types were multiple-choice questions, visual analogue scales, and blank space. It was distributed for voluntary completion at a London NHS Trust via staff update emails and posters. RESULTS: Between 24th April-15th May 2020, 178 surveys were completed in full. Participants were 84% female, 55% worked in ITU, and 48% were nurses. Grade 1 facial pressure injuries were reported by 79% of respondents (n=124). Other significant occupational dermatoses included pain (70%), dry skin (50%), and acne (41%). The cheeks and bridge of nose were most affected. Staff used barrier creams (17%), dressings (17%), and analgesia (10%) to manage facial injuries. Half of those who modified their mask were not re-fit tested. A total of 33% required redeployment to a non-FFP3 area or time off. CONCLUSIONS: FFP3 masks worn beyond the recommended 1 h are associated with facial injuries. When advanced PPE (i.e., powered airflow masks) is unavailable, we must provide targeted skincare support (prevent and manage), modify shift patterns to reduce mask wear intensity, and amend fit test protocols to optimise protection against COVID-19.

Journal article

Marcus HJ, Bennett A, Chari A, Day T, Hirst A, Hughes-Hallett A, Kolias A, Kwasnicki RM, Martin J, Rovers M, Squire SE, McCulloch Pet al., 2022, IDEAL-D Framework for Device Innovation A Consensus Statement on the Preclinical Stage, ANNALS OF SURGERY, Vol: 275, Pages: 73-79, ISSN: 0003-4932

Journal article

Lee A, Kwasnicki R, Hasaan K, Yasmin G, Abigail C, Angela F, Leff Det al., 2021, Outcome reporting in therapeutic mammaplasty: a systematic review, BJS Open, Vol: 5, Pages: 1-12, ISSN: 2474-9842

BackgroundTherapeutic mammaplasty (TM) is an oncological procedure which combines tumour resection with breast reduction and mastopexy techniques. Previous systematic reviews have demonstrated the oncological safety of TM but reporting of critically important outcomes such as quality of life, aesthetic and functional outcomes are limited, piecemeal or inconsistent. This systematic review aims to identify all outcomes reported in clinical studies of TM to facilitate development of a Core Outcome Set.MethodsMedline, EMBASE, CINAHL and Web of Science were searched from inception to 5 August 2020. Included studies reported clinical outcomes following TM for adult women. Two authors independently screened articles for eligibility. Data was extracted regarding the outcome definition and classification type (e.g., oncologic, quality of life, etc), time of outcome reporting and measurement tools. ResultsOf 5709 de-duplicated records, 148 were included in the narrative synthesis. The majority of studies (n=102, 68.9 per cent) reported measures of survival and/or recurrence; approximately three-quarters (n=75, 73.5 per cent) had less than 5 years follow-up. Aesthetic outcome was reported in half of studies (n=75, 50.7 per cent) using mainly subjective, non-validated measurement tools. The time-point at which aesthetic assessment was conducted was highly variable, and only defined in 48 (64.0 per cent) studies and none included a pre-operative baseline for comparison. Few studies reported quality of life (n=30, 20.3 per cent), functional outcomes (n=5, 3.4 per cent) or resource use (n=28, 18.9 per cent).ConclusionsGiven the oncological equivalence of TM and mastectomy, treatment decisions are often driven by aesthetic and functional outcomes, which are infrequently and inconsistently reported with non-validated measurement tools.PROSPERO: CRD42020200365

Journal article

Che Bakri NA, Kwasnicki RM, Dhillon K, Khan N, Ghandour O, Cairns A, Darzi A, Leff DRet al., 2021, ASO visual abstract: objective assessment of postoperative morbidity following breast cancer treatments with wearable activity monitors: The "BRACELET" study., Annals of Surgical Oncology, Vol: 28, Pages: 1-1, ISSN: 1068-9265

Journal article

Kwasnicki R, Noakes A, Banhidy N, Hettiaratchy Set al., 2021, Quantifying the Limitations of Clinical and Technology-Based Flap Monitoring Strategies Using A Systematic Recurrent Themes Analysis, Publisher: OXFORD UNIV PRESS, ISSN: 0007-1323

Conference paper

Che Bakri NA, Kwasnicki R, Dhillon K, Ghandour O, Khan N, Cairns A, Darzi A, Leff Det al., 2021, Objective assessment of post-operative morbidity following breast cancer treatments with wearable activity monitors, Annals of Surgical Oncology, Vol: 28, Pages: 5597-5606, ISSN: 1068-9265

BackgroundCurrent validated tools to measure upper limb dysfunction after breast cancer treatment, such as questionnaires, are prone to recall bias and do not enable comparisons between patients. This study aimed to test the feasibility of wearable activity monitors (WAMs) for achieving a continuous, objective assessment of functional recovery by measuring peri-operative physical activity (PA).MethodsA prospective, single-center, non-randomized, observational study was conducted. Patients undergoing breast and axillary surgery were invited to wear WAMs on both wrists in the peri-operative period and then complete upper limb function (DASH) and quality-of-life (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaires. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the construct validity and concurrent validity of WAMs.ResultsThe analysis included 39 patients with a mean age of 55 ± 13.2 years. Regain of function on the surgically treated side was observed to be an increase of arm activity as a percentage of preoperative levels, with the greatest increase observed between the postoperative days 1 and 2. The PA was significantly greater on the side not treated by surgery than on the surgically treated side after week 1 (mean PA, 75.8% vs. 62.3%; p < 0.0005) and week 2 (mean PA, 91.6% vs. 77.4%; p < 0.005). Subgroup analyses showed differences in recovery trends between different surgical procedures. Concurrent validity was demonstrated by a significant negative moderate correlation between the PA and DASH questionnaires (R = −0.506; p < 0.05).ConclusionThis study demonstrated the feasibility and validity of WAMs to objectively measure postoperative recovery of upper limb function after breast surgery, providing a starting point for personalized rehabilitation through early detection of upper limb physical morbidity.

Journal article

Kwasnicki R, Noakes A, Banhidy N, Hettiaratchy Set al., 2021, Quantifying the limitations of clinical and technology-based flap monitoring strategies using a systematic thematic analysis, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open, Vol: 7, ISSN: 2169-7574

Aims: Multiple techniques exist to monitor free flap viability postoperatively, varying with practicaland personal preference, yet the limitations of each technique remain unquantified. Thissystematic review aims to identify the most commonly reported limitations of these techniques inclinical practice.Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using MEDLINE,EMBASE and Web of Science with search criteria for postoperative free flap monitoringtechniques. Search results were independently screened using defined criteria by two authorsand a senior clinician. Limitations of the techniques found in the discussion section of eligiblepapers were recorded and categorised using thematic analysis.Results: A total of 4699 records were identified. 2210 articles met the eligibility criteria and weresubsequently reviewed, with 195 papers included in the final analysis. The most frequentlyreported limitations of clinical monitoring were: interpretation requiring expertise (25% of relatedpapers), unsuitability for buried flaps (21%), and lack of quantitative/objective values (19%). Fornon-invasive technologies: lack of quantitative/objective values (21%), cost (16%) andinterpretation requiring expertise (13%). For invasive technologies: application requiring expertise(25%), equipment design and malfunction (13%) and cost (13%).Conclusions: This is the first systematic review to quantify the limitations of different flapmonitoring techniques as reported in the literature. This information may enhance the choice inmonitoring strategy for a reconstructive service and inform the development and refinement ofnew flap monitoring technologies.

Journal article

Lee A, Kwasnicki R, Leff D, 2021, Outcomes and outcome measures reported in clinical studies of therapeutic mammaplasty: a systematic review protocol, BMJ Open, Vol: 11, ISSN: 2044-6055

ntroduction Therapeutic mammaplasty (TM) is an oncological procedure which combines tumour resection with breast reduction and mastopexy techniques. Previous systematic reviews have demonstrated oncological safety of TM, but poor and inconsistent reporting of quality-of-life, aesthetic and functional outcomes, often with non-validated measurement tools. Moreover, there is a paucity of patient-reported outcome measures. Standardisation of outcome reporting is required to enable study results to be compared and combined, for example, through core outcome set (COS) development. This systematic review aims to comprehensively describe the outcomes reported in clinical studies of TM, their respective outcome measures and the time points at which they were evaluated. The overall objective is to facilitate the development of a COS for TM.Methods and analysis A systematic review of clinical studies evaluating outcomes following TM will be completed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The following electronic databases have been searched from inception to 5 August 2020: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science. Primary outcomes will include the number of reported outcomes of various types (clinical, aesthetic, functional, quality-of-life and cost-effectiveness), whether these are patient-reported or clinician-reported, how outcomes are defined and the outcome measurement tool(s) used. The time point(s) at which outcomes were measured will be a secondary outcome. No studies will be excluded on the basis of methodological quality in order to generate a comprehensive list of reported outcomes and outcome measures; hence, risk of bias assessment is not required. The data will be described narratively. This protocol has been reported in line with PRISMA-Protocols.Ethics and dissemination This study does not involve human or animal participants, hence ethical approval is not required. The findings will be p

Journal article

Ngadimin C, Rai A, Ngaage LM, Dawidziuk A, Kwasnicki RM, Hettiaratchy Set al., 2021, 686 Emergencies in Plastic Surgery - The Impact of a One-Day Conference on Medical Students' Confidence, ASiT/MedAll Virtual Surgical Summit, Publisher: OXFORD UNIV PRESS, ISSN: 0007-1323

Conference paper

Dawidziuk A, Ngadimin C, Kwasnicki R, Jallali Net al., 2021, 687 The Effectiveness of a Two-Day Conference in Improving Plastic Surgery Knowledge and Skills of Medical Students and Junior Doctors, ASiT/MedAll Virtual Surgical Summit, Publisher: OXFORD UNIV PRESS, ISSN: 0007-1323

Conference paper

Joshi M, Archer S, Morbi A, Arora S, Kwasnicki R, Ashrafian H, Khan S, Cooke G, Darzi Aet al., 2021, Short-term wearable sensors for in-hospital medical and surgical patients: mixed methods analysis of patient perspectives, JMIR Perioperative Medicine, Vol: 4, ISSN: 2561-9128

Background: Continuous vital sign monitoring using wearable sensors may enable early detection of patient deterioration and sepsis.Objective: This study aimed to explore patient experiences with wearable sensor technology and carry out continuous monitoring through questionnaire and interview studies in an acute hospital setting.Methods: Patients were recruited for a wearable sensor study and were asked to complete a 9-item questionnaire. Patients responses were evaluated using a Likert scale and with continuous variables. A subgroup of surgical patients wearing a Sensium Vital Sign Sensor was invited to participate in semistructured interviews. The Sensium wearable sensor measures the vital signs: heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. All interview data were subjected to thematic analysis.Results: Out of a total of 500 patients, 453 (90.6%) completed the questionnaire. Furthermore, 427 (85.4%) patients agreed that the wearable sensor was comfortable, 429 (85.8%) patients agreed to wear the patch again when in hospital, and 398 (79.6%) patients agreed to wear the patch at home. Overall, 12 surgical patients consented to the interviews. Five main themes of interest to patients emerged from the interviews: (1) centralized monitoring, (2) enhanced feelings of patient safety, (3) impact on nursing staff, (4) comfort and usability, and (5) future use and views on technology.Conclusions: Overall, the feedback from patients using wearable monitoring sensors was strongly positive with relatively few concerns raised. Patients felt that the wearable sensors would improve their sense of safety, relieve pressure on health care staff, and serve as a favorable aspect of future health care technology.

Journal article

Geoghegan L, Kwasnicki RM, Henton JM, Hettiaratchy S, Jain Aet al., 2021, REDUCING VENOUS CONGESTION FOLLOWING LOWER LIMB RECONSTRUCTION WITH ISOMETRIC CALF EXERCISES: A PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL STUDY, Publisher: OXFORD UNIV PRESS, ISSN: 0007-1323

Conference paper

Kwasnicki R, Chen C-M, Noakes A, Hettiaratchy S, Yang G-Z, Darzi Aet al., 2021, Developing a wearable sensor for continuous tissue oxygenation monitoring: a proof of concept study, Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery Open, Vol: 6, Pages: e11-e19, ISSN: 2377-0813

Objective Technologies facilitating continuous free tissue flap monitoring such as near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) have been shown to improve flap salvage rates. However, the size and associated costs of such technology create a barrier to wider implementation. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a wearable sensor for continuous tissue oxygenation monitoring.Materials and Methods A forearm ischemia model was designed by using a brachial pressure cuff inflation protocol. Twenty healthy subjects were recruited. The forearm tissue oxygenation of each subject was monitored throughout the pressure cuff protocol by using a new optical sensor (Imperial College London), and a gold standard tissue spectrometry system (O2C, Medizintecknik, LEA, Germany). Data were processed to allow quantitative deoxygenation episode comparisons between inflations and sensor modalities.Results The correlation between O2C and optical sensor oxygenation measurements was moderate (average R = 0.672, p < 0.001). Incremental increases in cuff inflation duration resulted in a linear increase in deoxygenation values with both O2C and optical sensors, with significant differences recorded on consecutive inflations (wall shear rate, p < 0.005). The presence or absence of pulsatile blood flow was correctly determined throughout by both sensor modalities.Conclusion This study demonstrates the ability of a small optical sensor to detect and quantify tissue oxygenation changes and assess the presence of pulsatile blood flow. Low power, miniaturized electronics make the device capable of deployment in a wearable form which may break down the barriers for implementation in postoperative flap monitoring.

Journal article

Anastasova S, SpeharDélèze A, Kwasnicki RM, Yang G, Vadgama Pet al., 2020, Electrochemical monitoring of subcutaneous tissue pO2 fluctuations during exercise using a semi‐implantable needle electrode, Electroanalysis, Vol: 32, Pages: 2393-2403, ISSN: 1040-0397

Semi‐implantable needle oxygen electrodes were used for forearm subcutaneous monitoring in human subjects undertaking high intensity cycling and fist clenching exercise. pO2 variations in the range between 40 and 100 mm Hg oxygen were seen. Superimposed on these were paradoxical rises in subcutaneous pO2, of up to 100 mm Hg which paralleled the scale of the exercise. This was indicative of increased blood flow through skin. Triton X‐100 incorporated into the sensor polyurethane membranes helped to give faster responses and reduced the possibility of biofouling and drift. The sterilizable system, free from internal electrolyte film appears promising for future clinical monitoring.

Journal article

Kwasnicki R, Paton C, Burgin J, Wormald J, Hettiaratchy Set al., 2020, Pulse Oximetry for Diagnosing Acute Limb Ischaemia: A Systematic Review, International Surgical Conference of the Association-of-Surgeons-in-Training, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 198-198, ISSN: 0007-1323

Conference paper

Kwasnicki RM, Burgin J, Paton C, Hettiaratchy Set al., 2020, The Use of Pulse Oximetry for the Diagnosis of Vascular Disruption Following Limb Trauma, International Surgical Conference of the Association-of-Surgeons-in-Training, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 195-196, ISSN: 0007-1323

Conference paper

Kwasnicki R, Khan N, Cairns A, Leff Det al., 2020, BRACELET Study: Breast Recovery After Axillary Node Clearance - Evaluating Limbs with E-Technology, 21st Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Breast-Surgeons (ASBS), Publisher: SPRINGER, Pages: S469-S470, ISSN: 1068-9265

Conference paper

Joshi M, Archer S, Morbi A, Arora S, Kwasnicki R, Ashrafian H, Khan S, Cooke G, Darzi Aet al., 2020, Short-Term Wearable Sensors for In-Hospital Medical and Surgical Patients: Mixed Methods Analysis of Patient Perspectives (Preprint)

<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> <p>Continuous vital sign monitoring using wearable sensors may enable early detection of patient deterioration and sepsis.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> <p>This study aimed to explore patient experiences with wearable sensor technology and carry out continuous monitoring through questionnaire and interview studies in an acute hospital setting.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> <p>Patients were recruited for a wearable sensor study and were asked to complete a 9-item questionnaire. Patients responses were evaluated using a Likert scale and with continuous variables. A subgroup of surgical patients wearing a Sensium Vital Sign Sensor was invited to participate in semistructured interviews. The Sensium wearable sensor measures the vital signs: heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. All interview data were subjected to thematic analysis.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> <p>Out of a total of 500 patients, 453 (90.6%) completed the questionnaire. Furthermore, 427 (85.4%) patients agreed that the wearable sensor was comfortable, 429 (85.8%) patients agreed to wear the patch again when in hospital, and 398 (79.6%) patients agreed to wear the patch at home. Overall, 12 surgical patients consented to the interviews. Five main themes of interest to patients emerged from the interviews: (1) centralized monitoring, (2) enhanced feelings of patient safety, (3) impact on nursing staff, (4) comfort and usability, and (5) future use and views on technology.</p> </se

Journal article

Geoghegan L, Kwasnicki RM, Henton JMD, Hettiaratchy S, Jain Aet al., 2020, Investigating Lower Limb Hemodynamics during Flap Training Regimens and Patient-led Isometric Contraction Protocols, PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2169-7574

Journal article

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