Publications
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Wright J, Truscott J, Farrell S, et al., 2018, INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF REPEATED, COMMUNITY-WIDE, MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION ON THE AGGREGATION OF SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTH INFECTION, 67th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTHM), Publisher: AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE, Pages: 395-396, ISSN: 0002-9637
Vegvari C, Kura K, Truscott J, et al., 2018, MIGRATION AND LOCAL MOVEMENT CAN IMPEDE ELIMINATION EFFORTS OF SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS (STH) BY MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION (MDA), 67th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTHM), Publisher: AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE, Pages: 239-239, ISSN: 0002-9637
Werkman M, Anderson R, 2018, THE IMPACT OF DATA UNCERTAINTY ON MODEL PREDICTIONS FOR SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS, 67th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTHM), Publisher: AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE, Pages: 617-618, ISSN: 0002-9637
Anderson RM, Hadjichrysanthou C, Evans S, et al., 2017, Why do so many clinical trials of therapies for Alzheimer's disease fail?, LANCET, Vol: 390, Pages: 2327-2329, ISSN: 0140-6736
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Dunn JC, Bettis AA, Wyine NY, et al., 2017, RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PREDISPOSITION TO SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTH INFECTION IN SOUTHERN MYANMAR, 65th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTMH)
Stylianou A, Siddiqui AA, Anderson RM, 2017, MODELLING THE EFFECT OF A POTENTIAL VACCINE APPLICATION ON THE SCHISTOSOME PARASITE DYNAMICS, 65th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTMH)
Levecke B, Ghebretinsae AH, Anderson RM, et al., 2017, GUIDANCE IN DESIGNING SURVEYS FOR MONITORING SURVEYS FOR MONITORING THE PROGRESS OF SCHOOL-BASED DEWORMING PROGRAMS TO CONTROL SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS, 65th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTMH)
Sarkar R, Truscott JE, Veluswamy V, et al., 2017, UNDERSTANDING THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HOOKWORM INFECTION IN A LOW-TRANSMISSION SETTING IN SOUTHERN INDIA: ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM A CLUSTER-RANDOMIZED MASS DEWORMING TRIAL, 65th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTMH)
Oliveira RG, Easton AV, Kihara JH, et al., 2017, REPEATED ROUNDS OF MASS DEWORMING ADMINISTRATION STILL LEAVE HOUSEHOLD CLUSTERING OF SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTH INFECTIONS, 65th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTMH)
Truscott J, Farrell S, Anderson R, 2017, USING TRANSMISSION MODELS IN STUDY DESIGN: DETECTING ELIMINATION AND THE IMPACT OF PRE-EXISTING TREATMENT PROGRAMS, 65th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTMH), Publisher: AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE, Pages: 542-542, ISSN: 0002-9637
Lawrence E, Vegvari C, Ower A, et al., 2017, A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Which Measure Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers, JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE, Vol: 59, Pages: 1359-1379, ISSN: 1387-2877
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease, with no effective treatment orcure. A gold standard therapy would be treatment to slow or halt disease progression; however, knowledge of causationin the early stages of AD is very limited. In order to determine effective endpoints for possible therapies, a number ofquantitative surrogate markers of disease progression have been suggested, including biochemical and imaging biomarkers.The dynamics of these various surrogate markers over time, particularly in relation to disease development, are, however,not well characterized. We reviewed the literature for studies that measured cerebrospinal fluid or plasma amyloid-andtau, or took magnetic resonance image or fluorodeoxyglucose/Pittsburgh compound B-positron electron tomography scans,in longitudinal cohort studies. We summarized the properties of the major cohort studies in various countries, commonlyused diagnosis methods and study designs. We have concluded that additional studies with repeat measures over time in arepresentative population cohort are needed to address the gap in knowledge of AD progression. Based on our analysis, wesuggest directions in which research could move in order to advance our understanding of this complex disease, includingrepeat biomarker measurements, standardization and increased sample sizes.
Dunn JC, Bettis AA, Wyine NY, et al., 2017, A cross-sectional survey of soil-transmitted helminthiases in two Myanmar villages receiving mass drug administration: epidemiology of infection with a focus on adults, Parasites & Vectors, Vol: 10, ISSN: 1756-3305
Background: Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are still highly prevalent in southeast Asia. The country of Myanmarhas had ongoing mass drug administration (MDA) programmes since 2003 in an attempt to control STH andreduce STH-related morbidities. Whilst the MDA programmes have reported high nationwide coverage, therehave been no epidemiological surveys that included measurements from adults. This paper details threecross-sectional surveys that took place over the course of a year in two villages endemic for STH and receivingMDA in lower Myanmar.Results: At baseline, 27.81% of participants were infected with at least one type of STH. The most prevalent STHwas Trichuris trichiura (18.12%) followed by hookworm (8.71%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.34%). Most infectionswere of low intensity, measured by eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). Gender stratification revealed that A.lumbricoides prevalence was significantly higher in females, whereas hookworm prevalence was significantlyhigher in males. The distribution of EPG in the study sample was highly overdispersed, suggesting that mostpeople release few eggs whereas a few people release many eggs. Adults harbour a major proportion of theoverall STH burden; 65.15% of STH infections were harboured by adults.Conclusions: STH infection remains at medium prevalence in the study villages despite past and recent MDA.Recorded prevalence of STH in school-aged children has not substantially decreased since the last monitoringand evaluation activities in Myanmar in 2013. Analyses suggest that adults are a major contributor to the totalSTH prevalence and EPG burden, probably perpetuating transmission.
Srinivasa Rao ASR, Anderson RM, 2017, Helminth Dynamics: Mean Number of Worms, Reproductive Rates, Handbook of Statistics, Publisher: North-Holland Publ Co, Pages: 397-404
© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Understanding the mean number of worms and burden of soil transmitted helminth infections are considered as important parameters in formulating treatment strategies to eliminate worms among children who are effected by helminth infections (Anderson et al., 2015). We derive mean number of worms in a newly helminth infected population before secondary infections are started (population is closed). Further we bring analytical solutions. We also theoretically demonstrate computing net reproductive rates within and outside a human host.
Truscott JE, Werkman M, Wright JE, et al., 2017, Identifying optimal threshold statistics for elimination of hookworm using a stochastic simulation model, Parasites & Vectors, Vol: 10, ISSN: 1756-3305
BackgroundThere is an increased focus on whether mass drug administration (MDA) programmes alone can interrupt the transmission of soil-transmitted helminths (STH). Mathematical models can be used to model these interventions and are increasingly being implemented to inform investigators about expected trial outcome and the choice of optimum study design. One key factor is the choice of threshold for detecting elimination. However, there are currently no thresholds defined for STH regarding breaking transmission.MethodsWe develop a simulation of an elimination study, based on the DeWorm3 project, using an individual-based stochastic disease transmission model in conjunction with models of MDA, sampling, diagnostics and the construction of study clusters. The simulation is then used to analyse the relationship between the study end-point elimination threshold and whether elimination is achieved in the long term within the model. We analyse the quality of a range of statistics in terms of the positive predictive values (PPV) and how they depend on a range of covariates, including threshold values, baseline prevalence, measurement time point and how clusters are constructed.ResultsEnd-point infection prevalence performs well in discriminating between villages that achieve interruption of transmission and those that do not, although the quality of the threshold is sensitive to baseline prevalence and threshold value. Optimal post-treatment prevalence threshold value for determining elimination is in the range 2% or less when the baseline prevalence range is broad. For multiple clusters of communities, both the probability of elimination and the ability of thresholds to detect it are strongly dependent on the size of the cluster and the size distribution of the constituent communities. Number of communities in a cluster is a key indicator of probability of elimination and PPV. Extending the time, post-study endpoint, at which the threshold statistic is measured improves
Stylianou A, Hadjichrysanthou C, Truscott JE, et al., 2017, Developing a mathematical model for the evaluation of the potential impact of a partially efficacious vaccine on the transmission dynamics of Schistosoma mansoni in human communities, PARASITES & VECTORS, Vol: 10, ISSN: 1756-3305
Background:There is currently no vaccine available to protect humans against infection with the schistosome digenean parasites, although candidate formulations for Schistosoma mansoni are under trial in animal models, including rodents and primates. Current strategies for the control of infection are based on mass drug administration (MDA) targeted at school-aged children of age 5 to 14 years. This approach is unlikely to eliminate exposure to infection except in settings with very low levels of transmission.Methods:A deterministic mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of the parasite is described and employed to investigate community level outcomes. The model is defined to encompass two different delivery strategies for the vaccination of the population, namely, infant (cohort) and mass vaccination. However, in this paper the focus is on vaccination delivered in a cohort immunisation programme where infants are immunised within the first year of life before acquiring infection. An analysis of the parasite’s transmission dynamics following the administration of a partially protective vaccine is presented. The vaccine acts on parasite mortality, fecundity or/and establishment.Results:A vaccine with an efficacy of over 60% can interrupt transmission in low and moderate transmission settings. In higher transmission intensity areas, greater efficacy or higher infant vaccination coverage is required. Candidate vaccines that act either on parasite mortality, fecundity or establishment within the human host, can be similarly effective. In all cases, however, the duration of protection is important. The community level impact of vaccines with all modes of action, declines if vaccine protection is of a very short duration. However, durations of protection of 5–10 years or more are sufficient, with high coverage and efficacy levels, to halt transmission. The time taken to break transmission may be 18 years or more after the start of the cohort vaccinati
Farrell SH, Truscott JE, Anderson RM, 2017, The importance of patient compliance in repeated rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for the elimination of intestinal helminth transmission, PARASITES & VECTORS, Vol: 10, ISSN: 1756-3305
Background:Systematic non-compliance to chemotherapeutic treatment among a portion of the eligible population is thought to be a major obstacle to the elimination of helminth infections by mass drug administration (MDA). MDA for helminths is repeated at defined intervals such as yearly or every 2 years, as a consequence of the inability of the human host to develop fully protective immunity to reinfection. As such, how an individual complies to these repeated rounds of MDA can have a significant impact on parasite transmission. The importance of this factor is poorly understood at present. Few epidemiological studies have examined longitudinal trends in compliance in the many communities in areas of endemic helminth infection that are undergoing MDA. Reducing systematic non-compliance will obviously increase the number of individuals treated, but it may also alter the dynamics of parasite transmission.Methods:Here we develop an individual-based stochastic model of helminth transmission and MDA treatment to investigate how different patterns of compliance influence the impact of MDA for two groups of helminths, the soil transmitted nematode infections and the schistosome parasites. We study the effect of several alternative treatment and compliance patterns on the dynamics of transmission.Results:We find that the impact of different compliance patterns, ranging from random treatment at each round of chemotherapy to systematic non-compliance by a proportion of the population, is very dependent on both transmission intensity in a defined setting and the type of infection that the treatment is targeted at. Systematic non-compliance has a greater impact on the potential for elimination of Schistosoma mansoni transmission by intensive MDA, than it does on Ascaris lumbricoides.Conclusions:We discuss the implications of our findings for the prioritisation of resources in MDA programmes and for monitoring and evaluation programme design. The key message generated by the anal
Easton AV, Oliveira RG, Walker M, et al., 2017, Sources of variability in the measurement of Ascaris lumbricoides infection intensity by Kato-Katz and qPCR, Parasites & Vectors, Vol: 10, ISSN: 1756-3305
BackgroundUnderstanding and quantifying the sources and implications of error in the measurement of helminth egg intensity using Kato-Katz (KK) and the newly emerging “gold standard” quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique is necessary for the appropriate design of epidemiological studies, including impact assessments for deworming programs.MethodsRepeated measurements of Ascaris lumbricoides infection intensity were made from samples collected in western Kenya using the qPCR and KK techniques. These data were combined with data on post-treatment worm expulsions. Random effects regression models were used to quantify the variability associated with different technical and biological factors for qPCR and KK diagnosis. The relative precision of these methods was compared, as was the precision of multiple qPCR replicates.ResultsFor both KK and qPCR, intensity measurements were largely determined by the identity of the stool donor. Stool donor explained 92.4% of variability in qPCR measurements and 54.5% of observed measurement variance for KK. An additional 39.1% of variance in KK measurements was attributable to having expelled adult A. lumbricoides worms following anthelmintic treatment. For qPCR, the remaining 7.6% of variability was explained by the efficiency of the DNA extraction (2.4%), plate-to-plate variability (0.2%) and other residual factors (5%). Differences in replicate measurements by qPCR were comparatively small. In addition to KK variability based on stool donor infection levels, the slide reader was highly statistically significant, although it only explained 1.4% of the total variation. In a comparison of qPCR and KK variance to mean ratios under ideal conditions, the coefficient of variation was on average 3.6 times larger for KK highlighting increased precision of qPCR.ConclusionsPerson-to-person differences explain the majority of variability in egg intensity measurements by qPCR and KK, with very little additional var
Werkman M, Truscott JE, Toor J, et al., 2017, The past matters: estimating intrinsic hookworm transmission intensity inareas with past mass drug administration to control lymphatic filariasis, Parasites & Vectors, Vol: 10, ISSN: 1756-3305
BackgroundCurrent WHO guidelines for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) control focus on mass drug administration (MDA) targeting preschool-aged (pre-SAC) and school-aged children (SAC), with the goal of eliminating STH as a public health problem amongst children. Recently, attention and funding has turned towards the question whether MDA alone can result in the interruption of transmission for STH. The lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programme, have been successful in reaching whole communities. There is the possibility of building upon the infrastructure created for these LF-programmes to enhance the control of STH. Using hookworm as an example, we explore what further MDA coverage might be required to induce interruption of transmission for hookworm in the wake of a successful LF programme.ResultsAnalyses based on the model of STH transmission and MDA impact predict the effects of previous LF control by MDA over five years, on a defined baseline prevalence of STH in an area with a defined transmission intensity (the basic reproductive number R0). If the LF MDA programme achieved a high coverage (70, 70 and 60% for pre-SAC, SAC and adults, respectively) we expect that in communities with a hookworm prevalence of 15%, after 5 years of LF control, the intrinsic R0 value in that setting is 2.47. By contrast, if lower LF coverages were achieved (40, 40 and 30% for pre-SAC, SAC and adults, respectively), with the same prevalence of 15% at baseline (after 5 years of LF MDA), the intrinsic hookworm R0 value is predicted to be 1.67. The intrinsic R0 value has a large effect on the expected successes of follow-up STH programmes post LF MDA. Consequently, the outcomes of identical programmes may differ between these communities.ConclusionTo design the optimal MDA intervention to eliminate STH infections, it is vital to have information on historical MDA programmes and baseline prevalence to estimate the intrinsic transmission intensity for the defined setting (R0). The b
Turner HC, Truscott JE, Bettis AA, et al., 2017, Evaluating the variation in the projected benefit of community-wide mass treatment for schistosomiasis: Implications for future economic evaluations, PARASITES & VECTORS, Vol: 10, ISSN: 1756-3305
Background:The majority of schistosomiasis control programmes focus on targeting school-aged children. Expanding the use of community-wide mass treatment to reach more adults is under consideration. However, it should be noted that this would require a further increase in programmatic resources, international aid, and commitment for the provision of praziquantel. Consequently, it is important to understand (i) where a change of strategy would have the greatest benefit, and (ii) how generalisable the conclusions of field trials and analytical studies based on mathematical models investigating the impact of community-wide mass treatment, are to a broad range of settings.Methods:In this paper, we employ a previously described deterministic fully age-structured schistosomiasis transmission model and evaluate the benefit of community-wide mass treatment both in terms of controlling morbidity and eliminating transmission for Schistosoma mansoni, across a wide range of epidemiological settings and programmatic scenarios. This included variation in the baseline relative worm pre-control burden in adults, the overall level of transmission in defined settings, choice of effectiveness metric (basing morbidity calculations on prevalence or intensity), the level of school enrolment and treatment compliance.Results:Community-wide mass treatment was found to be more effective for controlling the transmission of schistosome parasites than using a school-based programme only targeting school-aged children. However, in the context of morbidity control, the potential benefit of switching to community-wide mass treatment was highly variable across the different scenarios analysed. In contrast, for areas where the goal is to eliminate transmission, the projected benefit of community-wide mass treatment was more consistent.Conclusion:Whether community-wide mass treatment is appropriate will depend on the local epidemiological setting (i.e. the relative pre-control burden in adults and tr
Coffeng LE, Truscott JE, Farrell SH, et al., 2017, Comparison and validation of two mathematical models for the impact of mass drug administration on Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm infection, Epidemics, Vol: 18, Pages: 38-47, ISSN: 1755-4365
The predictions of two mathematical models of the transmission dynamics of Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm infection and the impact of mass drug administration (MDA) are compared, using data from India. One model has an age structured partial differential equation (PDE) deterministic framework for the distribution of parasite numbers per host and sexual mating. The second model is an individual-based stochastic model. Baseline data acquired prior to treatment are used to estimate key transmission parameters, and forward projections are made, given the known MDA population coverage. Predictions are compared with observed post-treatment epidemiological patterns. The two models could equally well predict the short-term impact of deworming on A. lumbricoides and hookworm infection levels, despite being fitted to different subsets and/or summary statistics of the data. As such, the outcomes give confidence in their use as aids to policy formulation for the use of PCT to control A. lumbricoides and hookworm infection. The models further largely agree in a qualitative sense on the added benefit of semi-annual vs. annual deworming and targeting of the entire population vs. only children, as well as the potential for interruption of transmission. Further, this study also illustrates that long-term predictions are sensitive to modelling assumptions about which age groups contribute most to transmission, which depends on human demography and age-patterns in exposure and contribution to the environmental reservoir of infection, the latter being notoriously difficult to empirically quantify.
Truscott JE, Gurarie D, Alsallaq R, et al., 2017, A comparison of two mathematical models of the impact of mass drug administration on the transmission and control of schistosomiasis, Epidemics, Vol: 18, Pages: 29-37, ISSN: 1878-0067
The predictions of two mathematical models describing the transmission dynamics of schistosome infection and the impact of mass drug administration are compared. The models differ in their description of the dynamics of the parasites within the host population and in their representation of the stages of the parasite lifecycle outside of the host. Key parameters are estimated from data collected in northern Mozambique from 2011 to 2015. This type of data set is valuable for model validation as treatment prior to the study was minimal. Predictions from both models are compared with each other and with epidemiological observations. Both models have difficulty matching both the intensity and prevalence of disease in the datasets and are only partially successful at predicting the impact of treatment. The models also differ from each other in their predictions, both quantitatively and qualitatively, of the long-term impact of 10 years’ school-based mass drug administration. We trace the dynamical differences back to basic assumptions about worm aggregation, force of infection and the dynamics of the parasite in the snail population in the two models and suggest data which could discriminate between them. We also discuss limitations with the datasets used and ways in which data collection could be improved.
Anderson R, Farrell S, Turner H, et al., 2017, Assessing the interruption of the transmission of human helminths with mass drug administration alone: optimizing the design of cluster randomized trials, PARASITES & VECTORS, Vol: 10, ISSN: 1756-3305
Background:A method is outlined for the use of an individual-based stochastic model of parasite transmission dynamics to assess different designs for a cluster randomized trial in which mass drug administration (MDA) is employed in attempts to eliminate the transmission of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in defined geographic locations. The hypothesis to be tested is: Can MDA alone interrupt the transmission of STH species in defined settings? Clustering is at a village level and the choice of clusters of villages is stratified by transmission intensity (low, medium and high) and parasite species mix (either Ascaris, Trichuris or hookworm dominant).Results:The methodological approach first uses an age-structured deterministic model to predict the MDA coverage required for treating pre-school aged children (Pre-SAC), school aged children (SAC) and adults (Adults) to eliminate transmission (crossing the breakpoint in transmission created by sexual mating in dioecious helminths) with 3 rounds of annual MDA. Stochastic individual-based models are then used to calculate the positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively, for observing elimination or the bounce back of infection) for a defined prevalence of infection 2 years post the cessation of MDA. For the arm only involving the treatment of Pre-SAC and SAC, the failure rate is predicted to be very high (particularly for hookworm-infected villages) unless transmission intensity is very low (R0, or the effective reproductive number R, just above unity in value).Conclusions:The calculations are designed to consider various trial arms and stratifications; namely, community-based treatment and Pre-SAC and SAC only treatment (the two arms of the trial), different STH transmission settings of low, medium and high, and different STH species mixes. Results are considered in the light of the complications introduced by the choice of statistic to define success or failure, varying adherence to treatment, mig
Kepha S, Mwandawiro CS, Anderson RM, et al., 2017, Impact of single annual treatment and four-monthly treatment for hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides, and factors associated with residual infection among Kenyan school children, Infectious Diseases of Poverty, Vol: 6, ISSN: 2049-9957
BackgroundSchool-based deworming is widely implemented in various countries to reduce the burden of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), however, the frequency of drug administration varies in different settings. In this study, we compared the impact of a single annual treatment and 4-monthly treatment over a follow-up among Kenyan school children, and investigated the factors associated with residual infection.MethodsWe performed a secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial investigating whether deworming for STHs alters risk of acquiring malaria. Children received either a single treatment or 4-monthly albendazole treatments were followed longitudinally from February 2014 to October 2014. The relative impact of treatment and factors associated with residual infections were investigated using mixed-effects regression models. Predisposition to infection was assessed based on Spearman’s rank and Kendall’s Tau correlation coefficients.ResultsIn the 4-monthly treatment group, the proportion of children infected with hookworm decreased from 59.9 to 5.7%, while Ascaris lumbricoides infections dropped from 55.7 to 6.2%. In the single treatment group, hookworm infections decreased over the same time period from 58.7 to 18.3% (12.6% absolute difference in reduction, 95% CI: 8.9–16.3%), and A. lumbricoides from 56.7 to 23.3% (17.1% absolute difference in reduction, 95% CI: 13.1–21.1%). There was strong evidence for predisposition to both STH types. Residual hookworm infection among children on 4-monthly treatment were associated with male sex and baseline nutritional status, whereas A. lumbricoides infection was associated with individual and school-level infection at baseline, latrine cleanliness at schools.ConclusionsThis study found that 4-monthly treatment w more effective than single annual treatment. Repeated treatments led to dramatic reductions in the intensities of STHs, but did not completely clear infections among school children in K
Turner HC, Bettis AA, Dunn JC, et al., 2017, Economic Considerations for Moving beyond the Kato-Katz Technique for Diagnosing Intestinal Parasites As We Move Towards Elimination, TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY, Vol: 33, Pages: 435-443, ISSN: 1471-4922
While the need for more sensitive diagnostics for intestinal helminths is well known, the cost of developing and implementing new tests is considered relatively high compared to the Kato-Katz technique. Here, we review the reported costs of performing the Kato-Katz technique. We also outline several economic arguments we believe highlight the need for further investment in alternative diagnostics, and considerations that should be made when comparing their costs. In our opinion, we highlight that, without new diagnostic methods, it will be difficult for policy makers to make the most cost-effective decisions and that the potentially higher unit costs of new methods can be outweighed by the long-term programmatic benefits they have (such as the ability to detect the interruption of transmission).
Wright JE, Truscott J, Werkman M, et al., 2017, ASSESSING BETWEEN-VILLAGE HETEROGENEITY OF HOOKWORM TRANSMISSION IN A LOW-INTENSITY SETTING, 66th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTMH)
Toor J, Truscott JE, Alsallaq R, et al., 2017, ARE WE ON OUR WAY TO ACHIEVING THE 2020 GOALS FOR SCHISTOSOMIASIS MORBIDITY CONTROL USING CURRENT WHO GUIDELINES?, 66th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTMH)
Werkman M, Truscott JE, Wright JE, et al., 2017, ARE WE ON THE RIGHT TRACK? STOPPING CRITERIA FOR ENDING SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS, 66th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTMH)
Bettis AA, Dunn JC, Wyine NY, et al., 2017, UNDERSTANDING ADHERENCE/COMPLIANCE TO NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASE MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION PROGRAMS: AN IMPORTANT TOOL FOR THE ENDGAME, 66th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTMH)
Truscott J, Werkman M, Wright J, et al., 2017, TESTING FOR STH ELIMINATION: MODELLING THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT DIAGNOSTICS TOOLS, 66th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTMH), Publisher: AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE, Pages: 568-568, ISSN: 0002-9637
Farrell S, Coffeng L, Truscott J, et al., 2017, INSIGHTS FROM MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH (STH) TRANSMISSION INTO POLICY FOR THEIR CONTROL AND ELIMINATION BY MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION (MDA), 66th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene (ASTMH), Publisher: AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE, Pages: 565-565, ISSN: 0002-9637
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