Publications
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Mumby S, Peros F, Grynblat J, et al., 2023, Differential responses of pulmonary vascular cells from PAH patients and controls to TNFα and the effect of the BET inhibitor JQ1, Respiratory Research, Vol: 24, Pages: 1-16, ISSN: 1465-9921
BackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) encompasses a group of diseases characterized by raised pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting from vascular remodelling and inflammation. Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins are required for the expression of a subset of NF-κB-induced inflammatory genes which can be inhibited by the BET mimic JQ1+. We hypothesised that JQ+ would supress TNFα-driven inflammatory responses in human pulmonary vascular cells from PAH patients.MethodsImmunohistochemical staining of human peripheral lung tissue (N = 14 PAH and N = 12 non-PAH) was performed for the BET proteins BRD2 and 4. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMC) from PAH patients (N = 4) and non-PAH controls (N = 4) were stimulated with TNFα in presence or absence of JQ1+ or its inactive isomer JQ1–. IL-6 and -8 mRNA was measured by RT-qPCR and protein levels by ELISA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis was performed using EZ-ChIP™ and NF-κB p65 activation determined using a TransAm kit. MTT assay was used to measure cell viability.ResultsNuclear staining of BRD2 and BRD4 was significantly (p < 0.0001) increased in the lung vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells from PAH patients compared to controls with normal lung function. TNFα-driven IL-6 release from both HPMECs and HPASMCs was greater in PAH cells than control cells. Levels of CXCL8/IL-8 protein release was higher in PAH HPASMCs than in control cells with similar release observed in HPMECs. TNFα-induced recruitment of activated NF-κB p65 to the IL-6 and CXCL8/IL-8 promoters were similar in both cell types and between subject groups. JQ1+ suppressed TNFα-induced IL-6 and CXCL8/IL-8 release and mRNA expression to a comparable extent in control and PAH HPMECs and HPASMCs. JQ1 had a g
Samaranayake CB, Warren C, Rhamie S, et al., 2023, Chaotic breathing in post-COVID-19 breathlessness: a key feature of dysfunctional breathing can be characterised objectively by approximate entropy., ERJ Open Res, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2312-0541
Post-COVID-19 breathing pattern disorder can be characterised by application of nonlinear statistical modelling of exercise ventilatory data https://bit.ly/3WlBc7e.
Samaranayake CB, Upham J, Tran K, et al., 2023, Right ventricular functional recovery assessment with stress echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing after pulmonary embolism: a pilot prospective multicentre study., BMJ Open Respir Res, Vol: 10
BACKGROUND: Data on right ventricular (RV) exercise adaptation following acute intermediate and high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the symptom burden, RV functional recovery during exercise and cardiopulmonary exercise parameters in survivors of intermediate and high-risk acute PE. METHODS: We prospectively recruited patients following acute intermediate and high-risk PE at four sites in Australia and UK. Study assessments included stress echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and ventilation-perfusion (VQ) scan at 3 months follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty patients were recruited and 24 (median age: 55 years, IQR: 22) completed follow-up. Reduced peak oxygen consumption (VO2) and workload was seen in 75.0% (n=18), with a persistent high symptom burden (mean PEmb-QoL Questionnaire 48.4±21.5 and emPHasis-10 score 22.4±8.8) reported at follow-up. All had improvement in RV-focused resting echocardiographic parameters. RV systolic dysfunction and RV to pulmonary artery (PA) uncoupling assessed by stress echocardiography was seen in 29.2% (n=7) patients and associated with increased ventilatory inefficiency (V̇E/V̇CO2 slope 47.6 vs 32.4, p=0.03), peak exercise oxygen desaturation (93.2% vs 98.4%, p=0.01) and reduced peak oxygen pulse (p=0.036) compared with controls. Five out of seven patients with RV-PA uncoupling demonstrated persistent bilateral perfusion defects on VQ scintigraphy consistent with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary vascular disease. CONCLUSION: In our cohort, impaired RV adaptation on exercise was seen in almost one-third of patients. Combined stress echocardiography and CPET may enable more accurate phenotyping of patients with persistent symptoms following acute PE to allow timely detection of long-term complications.
Samaranayake CB, Kempny A, Naeije R, et al., 2023, Beta-blockade improves right ventricular diastolic function in exercising pulmonary arterial hypertension, European Respiratory Journal, Vol: 61, ISSN: 0903-1936
Piccari L, Allwood B, Antoniou K, et al., 2023, Pathogenesis, clinical features, and phenotypes of pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung disease: A consensus statement from the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute's Innovative Drug Development Initiative - Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension., Pulm Circ, Vol: 13, ISSN: 2045-8932
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a frequent complication of interstitial lung disease (ILD). Although PH has mostly been described in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, it can manifest in association with many other forms of ILD. Associated pathogenetic mechanisms are complex and incompletely understood but there is evidence of disruption of molecular and genetic pathways, with panvascular histopathologic changes, multiple pathophysiologic sequelae, and profound clinical ramifications. While there are some recognized clinical phenotypes such as combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema and some possible phenotypes such as connective tissue disease associated with ILD and PH, the identification of further phenotypes of PH in ILD has thus far proven elusive. This statement reviews the current evidence on the pathogenesis, recognized patterns, and useful diagnostic tools to detect phenotypes of PH in ILD. Distinct phenotypes warrant recognition if they are characterized through either a distinct presentation, clinical course, or treatment response. Furthermore, we propose a set of recommendations for future studies that might enable the recognition of new phenotypes.
Dawes TJW, McCabe C, Dimopoulos K, et al., 2023, Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor treatment and survival in interstitial lung disease pulmonary hypertension: A Bayesian retrospective observational cohort study, Respirology, Vol: 28, Pages: 262-272, ISSN: 1323-7799
Background and ObjectivePulmonary hypertension is a life-limiting complication of interstitial lung disease (ILD-PH). We investigated whether treatment with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) in patients with ILD-PH was associated with improved survival.MethodsConsecutive incident patients with ILD-PH and right heart catheterisation, echocardiography and spirometry data were followed from diagnosis to death, transplantation or censoring with all follow-up and survival data modelled by Bayesian methods.ResultsThe diagnoses in 128 patients were idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n = 74, 58%), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (n = 17, 13%), non-specific interstitial pneumonia (n = 12, 9%), undifferentiated ILD (n = 8, 6%) and other lung diseases (n = 17, 13%). Final outcomes were death (n = 106, 83%), transplantation (n = 9, 7%) and censoring (n = 13, 10%). Patients treated with PDE5i (n = 50, 39%) had higher mean pulmonary artery pressure (median 38 mm Hg [interquartile range, IQR: 34, 43] vs. 35 mm Hg [IQR: 31, 38], p = 0.07) and percentage predicted forced vital capacity (FVC; median 57% [IQR: 51, 73] vs. 52% [IQR: 45, 66], p=0.08) though differences did not reach significance. Patients treated with PDE5i survived longer than untreated patients (median 2.18 years [95% CI: 1.43, 3.04] vs. 0.94 years [0.69, 1.51], p = 0.003) independent of all other prognostic markers by Bayesian joint-modelling (HR 0.39, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.59, p < 0.001) and propensity-matched analyses (HR 0.38, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.58, p < 0.001). Survival difference with treatment was significantly larger if right ventricular function was normal, rather than abnormal, at presentation (+2.55 years, 95% CI: −0.03, +3.97 vs. +0.98 years, 95% CI: +0.47, +2.00, p = 0.04).ConclusionPDE5i treatment in ILD-PH should be investigated by a prospective randomized trial.
Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM, et al., 2023, 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension., Eur Respir J, Vol: 61
Prapa M, Lago-Docampo M, Swietlik EM, et al., 2022, First Genotype-Phenotype Study in TBX4 Syndrome Gain-of-Function Mutations Causative for Lung Disease, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, Vol: 206, Pages: 1522-1533, ISSN: 1073-449X
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Kariotis S, Jammeh E, Swietlik EM, et al., 2022, Biological heterogeneity in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension identified through unsupervised transcriptomic profiling of whole blood, Nature Communications, Vol: 13, Pages: 1-1, ISSN: 2041-1723
Constantine A, Condliffe R, Ciift P, et al., 2022, Macitentan for pulmonary arterial hypertension related to repaired congenital heart disease: real-world UK experience, ESC Congress 2022, Publisher: Oxford University Press, Pages: 1928-1928, ISSN: 0195-668X
Samaranayake C, Kempny A, Price LC, et al., 2022, Metabolic modulation of the right ventricle and pulmonary circulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension: an interventional study using a Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, Publisher: EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD, ISSN: 0903-1936
Samaranayake C, Mcniven R, Kempny A, et al., 2022, Ventilatory limitation during cardiopulmonary exercise testing predicts survival in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension with Eisenmenger physiology, Publisher: EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD, ISSN: 0903-1936
Mahomed A, Burke-Gaffney A, Ghazaly M, et al., 2022, COX2 expression is downregulated in a shear stress magnitude-dependent manner in BMPR2-silenced HPAECs: implications for prostacyclin deficiency in PAH, Publisher: EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD, ISSN: 0903-1936
Samaranayake C, Niglas M, Kempny A, et al., 2022, Acute beat blockade improves right ventricular diastolic filling in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a rodent CMR and clinical human pressure-volume study, Publisher: EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD, ISSN: 0903-1936
Constantine A, Rhodes CJ, Ricci P, et al., 2022, Correlation between right ventricular dysfunction and plasma protein profile in pulmonary hypertension, Publisher: EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD, ISSN: 0903-1936
Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM, et al., 2022, 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension Developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Endorsed by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) and the European Reference Network on rare respiratory diseases (ERN-LUNG), European Heart Journal, Pages: 1-114, ISSN: 0195-668X
Diller GP, Vidal MLB, Kempny A, et al., 2022, A framework of deep learning networks provides expert-level accuracy for the detection and prognostication of pulmonary arterial hypertension, EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL-CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING, Vol: 23, Pages: 1447-1456, ISSN: 2047-2404
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McFadyen C, Garfield B, Mancio J, et al., 2022, Use of sildenafil in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonitis, British Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol: 129, Pages: E18-E21, ISSN: 0007-0912
Jones RJ, De Bie EMDD, Groves E, et al., 2022, Autoimmunity is a significant feature of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol: 206, Pages: 81-93, ISSN: 1073-449X
RATIONALE: Autoimmunity is thought to play a role in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). It is not clear if this is causative or a bystander of disease and if it carries any prognostic or treatment significance. OBJECTIVE: To study autoimmunity in IPAH using a large cross-sectional cohort. METHODS: Assessment of the circulating immune cell phenotype was undertaken using flow cytometry and the profile of serum immunoglobulins was generated using a standardised multiplex array of 19 clinically validated autoantibodies in 473 cases and 946 controls. Additional GST-fusion array and ELISA data were used to identify a serum autoantibody to BMPR2. Clustering analyses and clinical correlations were employed to determine associations between immunogenicity and clinical outcomes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Flow cytometric immune profiling demonstrates IPAH is associated with an altered humoral immune response in addition to raised IgG3. Multiplexed autoantibodies were significantly raised in IPAH, and clustering demonstrated three distinct clusters: 'high autoantibody', 'low autoantibody', and a small 'intermediate' cluster exhibiting high levels of RNP-complex. The high autoantibody cluster had worse haemodynamics but improved survival. A small subset of patients demonstrated immunoglobulin reactivity to BMPR2. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes aberrant immune regulation and presence of autoantibodies as a key feature in the profile of a significant proportion of IPAH patients and is associated with clinical outcomes. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Toshner M, Church C, Harbaum L, et al., 2022, Mendelian randomisation and experimental medicine approaches to interleukin-6 as a drug target in pulmonary arterial hypertension (vol 59, 2002463, 2022), EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL, Vol: 60, ISSN: 0903-1936
Nikkho SM, Richter MJ, Shen E, et al., 2022, Clinical significance of pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease: A consensus statement from the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute's innovative drug development initiative-Group 3 pulmonary hypertension, PULMONARY CIRCULATION, Vol: 12, ISSN: 2045-8932
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Schwiening M, Swietlik EM, Pandya D, et al., 2022, Different Cytokine Patterns in BMPR2-Mutation-Positive Patients and Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Without Mutations and Their Influence on Survival, CHEST, Vol: 161, Pages: 1651-1656, ISSN: 0012-3692
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Rhodes C, Wharton J, Swietlik E, et al., 2022, Using the plasma proteome for risk stratifying patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol: 205, Pages: 1102-1111, ISSN: 1073-449X
Rationale: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a biomarker of cardiac origin, is used to risk stratify patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Its limitations include poor sensitivity to early vascular pathology. Other biomarkers of vascular or systemic origin may also be useful in the management of PAH.Objectives: Identify prognostic proteins in PAH which complement NT-proBNP and clinical risk scores.Methods: An aptamer-based assay (SomaScan-V4) targeting 4,152 proteins was used to measure plasma proteins in patients with idiopathic, heritable or drug-induced-PAH from the UK National Cohort of PAH (n=357) and the French EFORT study (n=79). Prognostic proteins were identified in discovery-replication analyses of UK samples. Proteins independent of 6-minute walk distance (6-MWD) and NT-proBNP entered LASSO modelling and the best combination in a single score was evaluated against clinical targets in EFORT.Measurements and Main Results: Thirty-one proteins robustly informed prognosis independent of NT-proBNP and 6-MWD in the UK Cohort. A weighted combination score of 6 proteins was validated at baseline (5-year mortality, AUC:0.73, 95%CI:0.63-0.85) and follow-up in EFORT (AUC:0.84, 95%CI:0.75-0.94, p=9.96x10-6). The protein score risk-stratified patients independent of established clinical targets and risk equations. The addition of the 6-protein model score to NT-proBNP improved prediction of 5-year outcomes from AUC:0.762 (0.702-0.821) to 0.818 (0.767-0.869) by ROC analysis (p=0.00426 for difference in AUC) in the UK replication and French samples combined. Conclusions: The plasma proteome informs prognosis beyond established factors in PAH and may provide a more sensitive measure of therapeutic response.
Kariotis S, Jammeh E, Swietlik EM, et al., 2022, Longitudinal Analysis of Three Major Risk-Associated Transcriptomic Subgroups Within the IPAH Classification, International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society, Publisher: AMER THORACIC SOC, ISSN: 1073-449X
Piccari L, Wort SJ, Meloni F, et al., 2022, The Effect of Borderline Pulmonary Hypertension on Survival in Chronic Lung Disease, RESPIRATION, Vol: 101, Pages: 717-727, ISSN: 0025-7931
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Toe QK, Issitt T, Mahomed A, et al., 2022, Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells upregulate ACE2 expression in response to iron-regulatory elements: Potential implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection, PULMONARY CIRCULATION, Vol: 12, ISSN: 2045-8932
Gupta R, Baughman RP, Nathan SD, et al., 2022, The six-minute walk test in sarcoidosis associated pulmonary hypertension: Results from an international registry, Virtual International Conference of the American-Thoracic-Society, Publisher: W B SAUNDERS CO LTD, ISSN: 0954-6111
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Constantine A, Rhodes CJ, Ricci P, et al., 2022, PLASMA PROTEIN PROFILE IN EISENMENGER SYNDROME AND OTHER FORMS OF PH: ASSOCIATION WITH MARKERS OF RV REMODELLING, ACC.22, Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, Pages: 1364-1364, ISSN: 0735-1097
Constantine A, Dimopoulos K, Jenkins P, et al., 2021, Use of pulmonary arterial hypertension therapies in Fontan patients: current practice across the United Kingdom, Journal of the American Heart Association, Vol: 11, Pages: 1-19, ISSN: 2047-9980
Background: The Fontan circulation is a successful operative strategy for abolishing cyanosis and chronic volume overload in congenital heart disease (CHD) patients with single ventricle physiology. ‘Fontan failure’ is a major cause of poor quality of life and mortality in these patients. We assessed the number and clinical characteristics of adult Fontan patients receiving pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) therapies across specialist centers in the UK.Methods and Results: We identified all adult patients with a Fontan-type circulation under active follow-up in 10 specialist CHD centers in England and Scotland between 2009 and 2019. Patients on PAH therapies were matched to untreated patients. A survey of experts was also performed. Of 1538 Fontan patients followed in specialist centers, only 76 (4.9%) received PAH therapies during follow-up. The vast majority (90.8%) were treated with a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor. In 33% of patients, PAH therapies were started after surgery or during hospital admission. In the matched cohort, treated patients were more likely to be significantly limited, have ascites, history of protein losing enteropathy, or receive loop diuretics (p<0.0001 for all), also reflecting survey responses indicating that failing Fontan is an important treatment target. After a median 12[11-15] months, functional class was more likely to improve in the treated group (p=0.01), with no other changes in clinical parameters or safety issues. Conclusions: PAH therapies are used in adult Fontan patients followed in specialist centers, targeting individuals with very advanced disease or complications. Follow-up suggests stabilization of the clinical status after 12 months of therapy.
Kariotis S, Jammeh E, Swietlik EM, et al., 2021, Biological heterogeneity in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension identified through unsupervised transcriptomic profiling of whole blood, Nature Communications, Vol: 12, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 2041-1723
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a rare but fatal disease diagnosed by right heart catheterisation and the exclusion of other forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension, producing a heterogeneous population with varied treatment response. Here we show unsupervised machine learning identification of three major patient subgroups that account for 92% of the cohort, each with unique whole blood transcriptomic and clinical feature signatures. These subgroups are associated with poor, moderate, and good prognosis. The poor prognosis subgroup is associated with upregulation of the ALAS2 and downregulation of several immunoglobulin genes, while the good prognosis subgroup is defined by upregulation of the bone morphogenetic protein signalling regulator NOG, and the C/C variant of HLA-DPA1/DPB1 (independently associated with survival). These findings independently validated provide evidence for the existence of 3 major subgroups (endophenotypes) within the IPAH classification, could improve risk stratification and provide molecular insights into the pathogenesis of IPAH.
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