Publications
353 results found
Atkinson SH, Uyoga SM, Armitage AE, et al., 2015, Malaria and age variably but critically control hepcidin throughout childhood in Kenya, EBioMedicine, Vol: 2, Pages: 1478-1486, ISSN: 2352-3964
Both iron deficiency (ID) and malaria are common among African children. Studies show that the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin is induced by malaria, but few studies have investigated this relationship longitudinally. We measured hepcidin concentrations, markers of iron status, and antibodies to malaria antigens during two cross-sectional surveys within a cohort of 324 Kenyan children ≤8 years old who were under intensive surveillance for malaria and other febrile illnesses. Hepcidin concentrations were highest in the youngest, and female infants, declined rapidly in infancy and more gradually thereafter. Asymptomatic malaria and malaria antibody titres were positively associated with hepcidin concentrations. Recent episodes of febrile malaria were associated with high hepcidin concentrations that fell over time. Hepcidin concentrations were not associated with the subsequent risk of either malaria or other febrile illnesses. Given that iron absorption is impaired by hepcidin, our data suggest that asymptomatic and febrile malaria contribute to the high burden of ID seen in African children. Further, the effectiveness of iron supplementation may be sub-optimal in the presence of asymptomatic malaria. Thus, strategies to prevent and eliminate malaria may have the added benefit of addressing an important cause of ID for African children.
Ndungu FM, Marsh K, Fegan G, et al., 2015, Identifying children with excess malaria episodes after adjusting for variation in exposure: identification from a longitudinal study using statistical count models, BMC Medicine, Vol: 13, ISSN: 1741-7015
Background: The distribution of Plasmodium falciparum clinical malaria episodes is over-dispersed among childrenin endemic areas, with more children experiencing multiple clinical episodes than would be expected based on aPoisson distribution. There is consistent evidence for micro-epidemiological variation in exposure to P. falciparum.The aim of the current study was to identify children with excess malaria episodes after controlling for malariaexposure.Methods: We selected the model that best fit the data out of the models examined and included the followingcovariates: age, a weighted local prevalence of infection as an index of exposure, and calendar time to predictepisodes of malaria on active surveillance malaria data from 2,463 children of under 15 years of age followed forbetween 5 and 15 years each. Using parameters from the zero-inflated negative binomial model which best fittedour data, we ran 100 simulations of the model based on our population to determine the variation that might beseen due to chance.Results: We identified 212 out of 2,463 children who had a number of clinical episodes above the 95th percentile of thesimulations run from the model, hereafter referred to as “excess malaria (EM)”. We then identified exposure-matchedcontrols with “average numbers of malaria” episodes, and found that the EM group had higher parasite densities whenasymptomatically infected or during clinical malaria, and were less likely to be of haemoglobin AS genotype.Conclusions: Of the models tested, the negative zero-inflated negative binomial distribution with exposure,calendar year, and age acting as independent predictors, fitted the distribution of clinical malaria the best.Despite accounting for these factors, a group of children suffer excess malaria episodes beyond those predictedby the model. An epidemiological framework for identifying these children will allow us to study factors that mayexplain excess malaria episodes.
Opi DH, Ochola LB, Tendwa M, et al., 2015, Erratum to "Mechanistic studies of the negative epistatic malaria-protective interaction between sickle cell trait and α(+)thalassemia" [EBioMedicine 1 (2014) 29-36]., EBioMedicine, Vol: 2, Pages: 1001-1001, ISSN: 2352-3964
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2014.10.006.].
Williams TN, 2015, Red blood cell variants and malaria: a long story not yet over., Lancet Haematol, Vol: 2, Pages: e130-e131
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators, 2015, Global, regional, and national age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, The Lancet, Vol: 385, Pages: 117-171, ISSN: 0140-6736
SummaryBackground Up-to-date evidence on levels and trends for age-sex-specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality is essential for the formation of global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) we estimated yearly deaths for 188 countries between 1990, and 2013. We used the results to assess whether there is epidemiological convergence across countries. Methods We estimated age-sex-specific all-cause mortality using the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data. We generally estimated cause of death as in the GBD 2010. Key improvements included the addition of more recent vital registration data for 72 countries, an updated verbal autopsy literature review, two new and detailed data systems for China, and more detail for Mexico, UK, Turkey, and Russia. We improved statistical models for garbage code redistribution. We used six different modelling strategies across the 240 causes; cause of death ensemble modelling (CODEm) was the dominant strategy for causes with sufficient information. Trends for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were informed by meta-regression of prevalence studies. For pathogen-specific causes of diarrhoea and lower respiratory infections we used a counterfactual approach. We computed two measures of convergence (inequality) across countries: the average relative difference across all pairs of countries (Gini coefficient) and the average absolute difference across countries. To summarise broad findings, we used multiple decrement life-tables to decompose probabilities of death from birth to exact age 15 years, from exact age 15 years to exact age 50 years, and from exact age 50 years to exact age 75 years, and life expectancy at birth into major causes. For all quantities reported, we computed 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We constrained cause-specific fractions within each age-sex-co
Chakravorty S, Williams TN, 2015, Sickle cell disease: A neglected chronic disease of increasing global health importance, Archives of Disease in Childhood, Vol: 100, Pages: 48-53
Rockett KA, Clarke GM, Fitzpatrick K, et al., 2014, Reappraisal of known malaria resistance loci in a large multicenter study, Nature Genetics, Vol: 46, Pages: 1197-1204, ISSN: 1061-4036
Many human genetic associations with resistance to malaria have been reported, but few have been reliably replicated. We collected data on 11,890 cases of severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum and 17,441 controls from 12 locations in Africa, Asia and Oceania. We tested 55 SNPs in 27 loci previously reported to associate with severe malaria. There was evidence of association at P < 1 × 10−4 with the HBB, ABO, ATP2B4, G6PD and CD40LG loci, but previously reported associations at 22 other loci did not replicate in the multicenter analysis. The large sample size made it possible to identify authentic genetic effects that are heterogeneous across populations or phenotypes, with a striking example being the main African form of G6PD deficiency, which reduced the risk of cerebral malaria but increased the risk of severe malarial anemia. The finding that G6PD deficiency has opposing effects on different fatal complications of P. falciparum infection indicates that the evolutionary origins of this common human genetic disorder are more complex than previously supposed.
Ndila C, Bauni E, Mochamah G, et al., 2014, Causes of death among persons of all ages within the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Kenya, determined from verbal autopsies interpreted using the InterVA-4 model, Global Health Action, Vol: 7, Pages: 25593-25593, ISSN: 1654-9880
BACKGROUND: The vast majority of deaths in the Kilifi study area are not recorded through official systems of vital registration. As a result, few data are available regarding causes of death in this population. OBJECTIVE: To describe the causes of death (CODs) among residents of all ages within the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS) on the coast of Kenya. DESIGN: Verbal autopsies (VAs) were conducted using the 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) standard VA questionnaires, and VA data further transformed to align with the 2012 WHO VA instrument. CODs were then determined using the InterVA-4 computer-based probabilistic model. RESULTS: Five thousand one hundred and eighty seven deaths were recorded between January 2008 and December 2011. VA interviews were completed for 4,460 (86%) deaths. Neonatal pneumonia and birth asphyxia were the main CODs in neonates; pneumonia and malaria were the main CODs among infants and children aged 1-4, respectively, while HIV/AIDS was the main COD for adult women of reproductive age. Road traffic accidents were more commonly observed among men than women. Stroke and neoplasms were common CODs among the elderly over the age of 65. CONCLUSIONS: We have established the main CODs among people of all ages within the area served by the KHDSS on the coast of Kenya using the 2007 WHO VA questionnaire coded using InterVA-4. We hope that our data will allow local health planners to estimate the burden of various diseases and to allocate their limited resources more appropriately.
Streatfield PK, Khan WA, Bhuiya A, et al., 2014, Cause-specific mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites, Global Health Action, Vol: 7, ISSN: 1654-9880
BACKGROUND: Because most deaths in Africa and Asia are not well documented, estimates of mortality are often made using scanty data. The INDEPTH Network works to alleviate this problem by collating detailed individual data from defined Health and Demographic Surveillance sites. By registering all deaths over time and carrying out verbal autopsies to determine cause of death across many such sites, using standardised methods, the Network seeks to generate population-based mortality statistics that are not otherwise available. OBJECTIVE: To build a large standardised mortality database from African and Asian sites, detailing the relevant methods, and use it to describe cause-specific mortality patterns. DESIGN: Individual demographic and verbal autopsy (VA) data from 22 INDEPTH sites were collated into a standardised database. The INDEPTH 2013 population was used for standardisation. The WHO 2012 VA standard and the InterVA-4 model were used for assigning cause of death. RESULTS: A total of 111,910 deaths occurring over 12,204,043 person-years (accumulated between 1992 and 2012) were registered across the 22 sites, and for 98,429 of these deaths (88.0%) verbal autopsies were successfully completed. There was considerable variation in all-cause mortality between sites, with most of the differences being accounted for by variations in infectious causes as a proportion of all deaths. CONCLUSIONS: This dataset documents individual deaths across Africa and Asia in a standardised way, and on an unprecedented scale. While INDEPTH sites are not constructed to constitute a representative sample, and VA may not be the ideal method of determining cause of death, nevertheless these findings represent detailed mortality patterns for parts of the world that are severely under-served in terms of measuring mortality. Further papers explore details of mortality patterns among children and specifically for NCDs, external causes, pregnancy-related mortality, malaria, and HIV/AIDS. Compa
Streatfield PK, Alam N, Compaoré Y, et al., 2014, Pregnancy-related mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites, Global Health Action, Vol: 7, ISSN: 1654-9880
BACKGROUND: Women continue to die in unacceptably large numbers around the world as a result of pregnancy, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Part of the problem is a lack of accurate, population-based information characterising the issues and informing solutions. Population surveillance sites, such as those operated within the INDEPTH Network, have the potential to contribute to bridging the information gaps. OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns of pregnancy-related mortality at INDEPTH Network Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia in terms of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and cause-specific mortality rates. DESIGN: Data on individual deaths among women of reproductive age (WRA) (15-49) resident in INDEPTH sites were collated into a standardised database using the INDEPTH 2013 population standard, the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy (VA) standard, and the InterVA model for assigning cause of death. RESULTS: These analyses are based on reports from 14 INDEPTH sites, covering 14,198 deaths among WRA over 2,595,605 person-years observed. MMRs varied between 128 and 461 per 100,000 live births, while maternal mortality rates ranged from 0.11 to 0.74 per 1,000 person-years. Detailed rates per cause are tabulated, including analyses of direct maternal, indirect maternal, and incidental pregnancy-related deaths across the 14 sites. CONCLUSIONS: As expected, these findings confirmed unacceptably high continuing levels of maternal mortality. However, they also demonstrate the effectiveness of INDEPTH sites and of the VA methods applied to arrive at measurements of maternal mortality that are essential for planning effective solutions and monitoring programmatic impacts.
Streatfield PK, Khan WA, Bhuiya A, et al., 2014, HIV/AIDS-related mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites, Global Health Action, Vol: 7, ISSN: 1654-9880
BACKGROUND: As the HIV/AIDS pandemic has evolved over recent decades, Africa has been the most affected region, even though a large proportion of HIV/AIDS deaths have not been documented at the individual level. Systematic application of verbal autopsy (VA) methods in defined populations provides an opportunity to assess the mortality burden of the pandemic from individual data. OBJECTIVE: To present standardised comparisons of HIV/AIDS-related mortality at sites across Africa and Asia, including closely related causes of death such as pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and pneumonia. DESIGN: Deaths related to HIV/AIDS were extracted from individual demographic and VA data from 22 INDEPTH sites across Africa and Asia. VA data were standardised to WHO 2012 standard causes of death assigned using the InterVA-4 model. Between-site comparisons of mortality rates were standardised using the INDEPTH 2013 standard population. RESULTS: The dataset covered a total of 10,773 deaths attributed to HIV/AIDS, observed over 12,204,043 person-years. HIV/AIDS-related mortality fractions and mortality rates varied widely across Africa and Asia, with highest burdens in eastern and southern Africa, and lowest burdens in Asia. There was evidence of rapidly declining rates at the sites with the heaviest burdens. HIV/AIDS mortality was also strongly related to PTB mortality. On a country basis, there were strong similarities between HIV/AIDS mortality rates at INDEPTH sites and those derived from modelled estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring HIV/AIDS-related mortality continues to be a challenging issue, all the more so as anti-retroviral treatment programmes alleviate mortality risks. The congruence between these results and other estimates adds plausibility to both approaches. These data, covering some of the highest mortality observed during the pandemic, will be an important baseline for understanding the future decline of HIV/AIDS.
Streatfield PK, Khan WA, Bhuiya A, et al., 2014, Cause-specific childhood mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites, Global Health Action, Vol: 7, ISSN: 1654-9880
BackgroundChildhood mortality, particularly in the first 5 years of life, is a major global concern and the target of Millennium Development Goal 4. Although the majority of childhood deaths occur in Africa and Asia, these are also the regions where such deaths are least likely to be registered. The INDEPTH Network works to alleviate this problem by collating detailed individual data from defined Health and Demographic Surveillance sites. By registering deaths and carrying out verbal autopsies to determine cause of death across many such sites, using standardised methods, the Network seeks to generate population-based mortality statistics that are not otherwise available.ObjectiveTo present a description of cause-specific mortality rates and fractions over the first 15 years of life as documented by INDEPTH Network sites in sub-Saharan Africa and south-east Asia.DesignAll childhood deaths at INDEPTH sites are routinely registered and followed up with verbal autopsy (VA) interviews. For this study, VA archives were transformed into the WHO 2012 VA standard format and processed using the InterVA-4 model to assign cause of death. Routine surveillance data also provided person-time denominators for mortality rates. Cause-specific mortality rates and cause-specific mortality fractions are presented according to WHO 2012 VA cause groups for neonatal, infant, 1–4 year and 5–14 year age groups.ResultsA total of 28,751 childhood deaths were documented during 4,387,824 person-years over 18 sites. Infant mortality ranged from 11 to 78 per 1,000 live births, with under-5 mortality from 15 to 152 per 1,000 live births. Sites in Vietnam and Kenya accounted for the lowest and highest mortality rates reported.ConclusionsMany children continue to die from relatively preventable causes, particularly in areas with high rates of malaria and HIV/AIDS. Neonatal mortality persists at relatively high, and perhaps sometimes under-documented, rates. External causes of death are a
Lopez AD, Williams TN, Levin A, et al., 2014, Remembering the forgotten non-communicable diseases, BMC MEDICINE, Vol: 12, ISSN: 1741-7015
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- Citations: 66
Piel FB, Rees DC, Williams TN, 2014, Managing the burden of sickle-cell disease in Africa, The Lancet. Haematology, Vol: 1, Pages: e11-e12, ISSN: 2352-3026
Sickle-cell disease is a genetic disorder of growing public health importance worldwide.1 More than 300 000 homozygous neonates with sickle-cell anaemia (HbSS)—the most common form of sickle-cell disease worldwide1—are born every year, with three-quarters born in sub-Saharan Africa.2 Estimates based on demographic projections suggest that this number could increase to 400 000 by 2050.3 Little is known about the natural history of sickle-cell anaemia, especially in Africa, or the epidemiology of other clinically relevant forms of sickle-cell disease, such as HbSC disease and HbS-β-thalassaemia.
Streatfield PK, Khan WA, Bhuiya A, et al., 2014, Adult non-communicable disease mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites, GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION, Vol: 7, ISSN: 1654-9880
Warimwe GM, Fegan G, Kiragu EW, et al., 2014, An assessment of the impact of host polymorphisms on <i>Plasmodium falciparum var</i> gene expression patterns among Kenyan children, BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Vol: 14, ISSN: 1471-2334
Murray CJL, Ortblad KF, Guinovart C, et al., 2014, Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Lancet, Vol: 384, Pages: 1005-1070, ISSN: 1474-547X
BackgroundThe Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration.MethodsTo estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010–13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets.FindingsGlobally in 2013, there were 1·8 million new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval 1·7 million to 2·1 million), 29·2 million prevalent HIV cases (28·1 to 31·7), and 1·3 million HIV deaths (1·3 to 1·5). At the
Olupot-Olupot K, Engoru C, Thompson J, et al., 2014, Phase II trial of standard versus increased transfusion volume in Ugandan children with acute severe anemia, BMC Medicine, Vol: 12, ISSN: 1741-7015
Background: Severe anemia (SA, hemoglobin <6 g/dl) is a leading cause of pediatric hospital admission in Africa,with significant in-hospital mortality. The underlying etiology is often infectious, but specific pathogens are rarelyidentified. Guidelines developed to encourage rational blood use recommend a standard volume of whole blood(20 ml/kg) for transfusion, but this is commonly associated with a frequent need for repeat transfusion and pooroutcome. Evidence is lacking on what hemoglobin threshold criteria for intervention and volume are associatedwith the optimal survival outcomes.Methods: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of a higher volume of whole blood (30 ml/kg; Tx30: n = 78) againstthe standard volume (20 ml/kg; Tx20: n = 82) in Ugandan children (median age 36 months (interquartile range(IQR) 13 to 53)) for 24-hour anemia correction (hemoglobin >6 g/dl: primary outcome) and 28-day survival.Results: Median admission hemoglobin was 4.2 g/dl (IQR 3.1 to 4.9). Initial volume received followed therandomization strategy in 155 (97%) patients. By 24-hours, 70 (90%) children in the Tx30 arm had corrected SAcompared to 61 (74%) in the Tx20 arm; cause-specific hazard ratio = 1.54 (95% confidence interval 1.09 to 2.18, P = 0.01).From admission to day 28 there was a greater hemoglobin increase from enrollment in Tx30 (global P <0.0001).Serious adverse events included one non-fatal allergic reaction and one death in the Tx30 arm. There were sixdeaths in the Tx20 arm (P = 0.12); three deaths were adjudicated as possibly related to transfusion, but nonesecondary to volume overload.Conclusion: A higher initial transfusion volume prescribed at hospital admission was safe and resulted in anaccelerated hematological recovery in Ugandan children with SA. Future testing in a large, pragmatic clinicaltrial to establish the effect on short and longer-term survival is warranted.
Piel FB, Tatem AJ, Huang Z, et al., 2014, Global migration and the changing distribution of sickle haemoglobin: A quantitative study of temporal trends between 1960 and 2000, The Lancet Global Health, Vol: 2, Pages: e80-e89, ISSN: 2214-109X
BackgroundChanges in the geographical distribution of genetic disorders are often thought to happen slowly, especially when compared with infectious diseases. Whereas mutations, genetic drift, and natural selection take place over many generations, epidemics can spread through large populations within a few days or weeks. Nevertheless, population movements can interfere with these processes, and few studies have been done of their effect on genetic disorders. We aimed to investigate the effect of global migration on the distribution of the sickle-cell gene—the most common and clinically significant haemoglobin structural variant.MethodsFor each country, we extracted data from the World Bank's Global Bilateral Migration Database about international human migrations between 1960 and 2000. We combined this information with evidence-based estimates of national HbS allele frequencies, generated within a Bayesian geostatistical framework, to analyse temporal changes in the net numbers of migrants, and classified countries with an index summarising these temporal trends.FindingsThe number of international migrants increased from 92·6 million in 1960, to 165·2 million in 2000. The estimated global number of migrants with HbS increased from about 1·6 million in 1960, to 3·6 million in 2000. This increase was largely due to an increase in the number of migrants from countries with HbS allele frequencies higher than 10%, from 3·1 million in 1960, to 14·2 million in 2000. Additionally, the mean number of countries of origin for each destination country increased from 70 (SE 46) in 1960, to 98 (48) in 2000, showing an increasing diversity in the network of international migrations between countries. Our index of change map shows a patchy distribution of the magnitude of temporal changes, with the highest positive and negative values scattered across all continents.InterpretationGlobal human population movements have had a substanti
Tsang BL, Sullivan KM, Ruth LJ, et al., 2014, Nutritional status of young children with inherited blood disorders in Western Kenya, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol: 90, Pages: 955-962
Suchdev PS, Ruth LJ, Earley M, et al., 2014, The burden and consequences of inherited blood disorders among young children in western Kenya, Maternal and Child Nutrition, Vol: 10, Pages: 135-144
Atkinson SH, Uyoga SM, Nyatichi E, et al., 2014, Epistasis between the haptoglobin common variant and α +thalassemia influences risk of severe malaria in Kenyan children, Blood, Vol: 123, Pages: 2008-2016
Atkinson SH, Armitage AE, Khandwala S, et al., 2014, Combinatorial effects of malaria season, iron deficiency, and inflammation determine plasma hepcidin concentration in African children, Blood, Vol: 123, Pages: 3221-3229
Etyang AO, Munge K, Bunyasi EW, et al., 2014, Burden of disease in adults admitted to hospital in a rural region of coastal Kenya: An analysis of data from linked clinical and demographic surveillance systems, The Lancet Global Health, Vol: 2, Pages: E216-E224
Bejon P, Williams TN, Nyundo C, et al., 2014, A micro-epidemiological analysis of febrile malaria in coastal Kenya showing hotspots within hotspots, eLife, Vol: 2014
Ndila C, Bauni E, Nyirongo V, et al., 2014, Verbal autopsy as a tool for identifying children dying of sickle cell disease: A validation study conducted in Kilifi district, Kenya, BMC Medicine, Vol: 12
De Vries J, Williams TN, Bojang K, et al., 2014, Knowing who to trust: Exploring the role of 'ethical metadata' in mediating risk of harm in collaborative genomics research in Africa, BMC Medical Ethics, Vol: 15
Shah SS, Macharia A, Makale J, et al., 2014, Genetic determinants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in Kenya, BMC Medical Genetics, Vol: 15
Streatfield PK, Khan WA, Bhuiya A, et al., 2014, Malaria mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites, GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION, Vol: 7
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Streatfield PK, Khan WA, Bhuiya A, et al., 2014, Mortality from external causes in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System Sites, GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION, Vol: 7
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- Citations: 24
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