Imperial College London

Dr Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu

Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Infectious Disease

Reader in Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases
 
 
 
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Contact

 

+44 (0)20 7594 3914v.sancho-shimizu

 
 
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Location

 

309Norfolk PlaceSt Mary's Campus

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Summary

 

Publications

Publication Type
Year
to

117 results found

Bastard P, Gervais A, Taniguchi M, Saare L, Särekannu K, Le Voyer T, Philippot Q, Rosain J, Bizien L, Asano T, Garcia-Prat M, Parra-Martínez A, Migaud M, Tsumura M, Conti F, Belot A, Rivière JG, Morio T, Tanaka J, Javouhey E, Haerynck F, Duvlis S, Ozcelik T, Keles S, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Escoda S, Husain M, Pan-Hammarström Q, Hammarström L, Ahlijah G, Abi Haidar A, Soudee C, Arseguel V, Abolhassani H, Sahanic S, Tancevski I, Nukui Y, Hayakawa S, Chrousos GP, Michos A, Tatsi E-B, Filippatos F, Rodriguez-Palmero A, Troya J, Tipu I, Meyts I, Roussel L, Ostrowski SR, Schidlowski L, Prando C, Condino-Neto A, Cheikh N, Bousfiha AA, El Bakkouri J, COVID Clinicians, GEN-COVID Study Group, COVID Human Genetic Effort, Peterson P, Pujol A, Lévy R, Quartier P, Vinh DC, Boisson B, Béziat V, Zhang S-Y, Borghesi A, Pession A, Andreakos E, Marr N, Mentis A-FA, Mogensen TH, Rodríguez-Gallego C, Soler-Palacin P, Colobran R, Tillmann V, Neven B, Trouillet-Assant S, Brodin P, Abel L, Jouanguy E, Zhang Q, Martinón-Torres F, Salas A, Gómez-Carballa A, Gonzalez-Granado LI, Kisand K, Okada S, Puel A, Cobat A, Casanova J-Let al., 2024, Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-ω auto-Abs in children., J Exp Med, Vol: 221

We found that 19 (10.4%) of 183 unvaccinated children hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia had autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs (IFN-α2 in 10 patients: IFN-α2 only in three, IFN-α2 plus IFN-ω in five, and IFN-α2, IFN-ω plus IFN-β in two; IFN-ω only in nine patients). Seven children (3.8%) had Abs neutralizing at least 10 ng/ml of one IFN, whereas the other 12 (6.6%) had Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml. The auto-Abs neutralized both unglycosylated and glycosylated IFNs. We also detected auto-Abs neutralizing 100 pg/ml IFN-α2 in 4 of 2,267 uninfected children (0.2%) and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-ω in 45 children (2%). The odds ratios (ORs) for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia were, therefore, higher for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-α2 only (OR [95% CI] = 67.6 [5.7-9,196.6]) than for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-ω only (OR [95% CI] = 2.6 [1.2-5.3]). ORs were also higher for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 12.9 [4.6-35.9]) than for those neutralizing low concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 5.5 [3.1-9.6]) of IFN-ω and/or IFN-α2.

Journal article

Matuozzo D, Talouarn E, Marchal A, Zhang P, Manry J, Seeleuthner Y, Zhang Y, Bolze A, Chaldebas M, Milisavljevic B, Gervais A, Bastard P, Asano T, Bizien L, Barzaghi F, Abolhassani H, Tayoun AA, Aiuti A, Darazam IA, Allende LM, Alonso-Arias R, Arias AA, Aytekin G, Bergman P, Bondesan S, Bryceson YT, Bustos IG, Cabrera-Marante O, Carcel S, Carrera P, Casari G, Chaïbi K, Colobran R, Condino-Neto A, Covill LE, Delmonte OM, Zein LE, Flores C, Gregersen PK, Gut M, Haerynck F, Halwani R, Hancerli S, Hammarström L, Hatipoğlu N, Karbuz A, Keles S, Kyheng C, Leon-Lopez R, Franco JL, Mansouri D, Martinez-Picado J, Akcan OM, Migeotte I, Morange P-E, Morelle G, Martin-Nalda A, Novelli G, Novelli A, Ozcelik T, Palabiyik F, Pan-Hammarström Q, de Diego RP, Planas-Serra L, Pleguezuelo DE, Prando C, Pujol A, Reyes LF, Rivière JG, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Rojas J, Rovere-Querini P, Schlüter A, Shahrooei M, Sobh A, Soler-Palacin P, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Tipu I, Tresoldi C, Troya J, van de Beek D, Zatz M, Zawadzki P, Al-Muhsen SZ, Alosaimi MF, Alsohime FM, Baris-Feldman H, Butte MJ, Constantinescu SN, Cooper MA, Dalgard CL, Fellay J, Heath JR, Lau Y-L, Lifton RP, Maniatis T, Mogensen TH, von Bernuth H, Lermine A, Vidaud M, Boland A, Deleuze J-F, Nussbaum R, Kahn-Kirby A, Mentre F, Tubiana S, Gorochov G, Tubach F, Hausfater P, COVID Human Genetic Effort, COVIDeF Study Group, French COVID Cohort Study Group, CoV-Contact Cohort, COVID Clinicians, Orchestra Working Group, Amsterdam UMC Covid-19 Biobank, NIAID-USUHS COVID Study Group, Meyts I, Zhang S-Y, Puel A, Notarangelo LD, Boisson-Dupuis S, Su HC, Boisson B, Jouanguy E, Casanova J-L, Zhang Q, Abel L, Cobat Aet al., 2024, Correction: Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19., Genome Med, Vol: 16

Journal article

Michael BD, Dunai C, Needham EJ, Tharmaratnam K, Williams R, Huang Y, Boardman SA, Clark JJ, Sharma P, Subramaniam K, Wood GK, Collie C, Digby R, Ren A, Norton E, Leibowitz M, Ebrahimi S, Fower A, Fox H, Tato E, Ellul MA, Sunderland G, Held M, Hetherington C, Egbe FN, Palmos A, Stirrups K, Grundmann A, Chiollaz A-C, Sanchez J-C, Stewart JP, Griffiths M, Solomon T, Breen G, Coles AJ, Kingston N, Bradley JR, Chinnery PF, Cavanagh J, Irani SR, Vincent A, Baillie JK, Openshaw PJ, Semple MG, ISARIC4C Investigators, COVID-CNS Consortium, Taams LS, Menon DKet al., 2023, Para-infectious brain injury in COVID-19 persists at follow-up despite attenuated cytokine and autoantibody responses, Nature Communications, Vol: 14, ISSN: 2041-1723

To understand neurological complications of COVID-19 better both acutely and for recovery, we measured markers of brain injury, inflammatory mediators, and autoantibodies in 203 hospitalised participants; 111 with acute sera (1-11 days post-admission) and 92 convalescent sera (56 with COVID-19-associated neurological diagnoses). Here we show that compared to 60 uninfected controls, tTau, GFAP, NfL, and UCH-L1 are increased with COVID-19 infection at acute timepoints and NfL and GFAP are significantly higher in participants with neurological complications. Inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-12p40, HGF, M-CSF, CCL2, and IL-1RA) are associated with both altered consciousness and markers of brain injury. Autoantibodies are more common in COVID-19 than controls and some (including against MYL7, UCH-L1, and GRIN3B) are more frequent with altered consciousness. Additionally, convalescent participants with neurological complications show elevated GFAP and NfL, unrelated to attenuated systemic inflammatory mediators and to autoantibody responses. Overall, neurological complications of COVID-19 are associated with evidence of neuroglial injury in both acute and late disease and these correlate with dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses acutely.

Journal article

Bastard P, Vazquez SE, Liu J, Laurie MT, Wang CY, Gervais A, Le Voyer T, Bizien L, Zamecnik C, Philippot Q, Rosain J, Catherinot E, Willmore A, Mitchell AM, Bair R, Garçon P, Kenney H, Fekkar A, Salagianni M, Poulakou G, Siouti E, Sahanic S, Tancevski I, Weiss G, Nagl L, Manry J, Duvlis S, Arroyo-Sánchez D, Paz Artal E, Rubio L, Perani C, Bezzi M, Sottini A, Quaresima V, Roussel L, Vinh DC, Reyes LF, Garzaro M, Hatipoglu N, Boutboul D, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Borghesi A, Aliberti A, Cassaniti I, Venet F, Monneret G, Halwani R, Sharif-Askari NS, Danielson J, Burrel S, Morbieu C, Stepanovskyy Y, Bondarenko A, Volokha A, Boyarchuk O, Gagro A, Neuville M, Neven B, Keles S, Hernu R, Bal A, Novelli A, Novelli G, Saker K, Ailioaie O, Antolí A, Jeziorski E, Rocamora-Blanch G, Teixeira C, Delaunay C, Lhuillier M, Le Turnier P, Zhang Y, Mahevas M, Pan-Hammarström Q, Abolhassani H, Bompoil T, Dorgham K, COVID HGE Consortium, French COVID Study Group, COMET Consortium, Gorochov G, Laouenan C, Rodríguez-Gallego C, Ng LFP, Renia L, Pujol A, Belot A, Raffi F, Allende LM, Martinez-Picado J, Ozcelik T, Imberti L, Notarangelo LD, Troya J, Solanich X, Zhang S-Y, Puel A, Wilson MR, Trouillet-Assant S, Abel L, Jouanguy E, Ye CJ, Cobat A, Thompson LM, Andreakos E, Zhang Q, Anderson MS, Casanova J-L, DeRisi JLet al., 2023, Vaccine breakthrough hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs., Sci Immunol, Vol: 8

Life-threatening "breakthrough" cases of critical COVID-19 are attributed to poor or waning antibody (Ab) response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in individuals already at risk. Preexisting auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs underlie at least 15% of critical COVID-19 pneumonia cases in unvaccinated individuals; their contribution to hypoxemic breakthrough cases in vaccinated people is unknown. We studied a cohort of 48 individuals (aged 20 to 86 years) who received two doses of a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine and developed a breakthrough infection with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia 2 weeks to 4 months later. Ab levels to the vaccine, neutralization of the virus, and auto-Abs to type I IFNs were measured in the plasma. Forty-two individuals had no known deficiency of B cell immunity and a normal Ab response to the vaccine. Among them, 10 (24%) had auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs (aged 43 to 86 years). Eight of these 10 patients had auto-Abs neutralizing both IFN-α2 and IFN-ω, whereas two neutralized IFN-ω only. No patient neutralized IFN-β. Seven neutralized type I IFNs at 10 ng/ml and three at 100 pg/ml only. Seven patients neutralized SARS-CoV-2 D614G and Delta efficiently, whereas one patient neutralized Delta slightly less efficiently. Two of the three patients neutralizing only type I IFNs at 100 pg/ml neutralized both D614G and Delta less efficiently. Despite two mRNA vaccine inoculations and the presence of circulating Abs capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs may underlie a notable proportion of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia cases, highlighting the importance of this particularly vulnerable population.

Journal article

Marchal A, Cirulli ET, Neveux I, Bellos E, Thwaites RS, Schiabor Barrett KM, Zhang Y, Nemes-Bokun I, Kalinova M, Catchpole A, Tangye SG, Spaan AN, Lack JB, Ghosn J, Burdet C, Gorochov G, Tubach F, Hausfater P, COVID Human Genetic Effort, COVIDeF Study Group, French COVID Cohort Study Group, CoV-Contact Cohort, COVID-STORM Clinicians, COVID Clinicians, Orchestra Working Group, Amsterdam UMC Covid-19 Biobank, NIAID-USUHS COVID Study Group, Dalgard CL, Zhang S-Y, Zhang Q, Chiu C, Fellay J, Grzymski JJ, Sancho-Shimizu V, Abel L, Casanova J-L, Cobat A, Bolze Aet al., 2023, Lack of association between HLA and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection., medRxiv

Human genetic studies of critical COVID-19 pneumonia have revealed the essential role of type I interferon-dependent innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conversely, an association between the HLA-B*15:01 allele and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated individuals was recently reported, suggesting a contribution of pre-existing T cell-dependent adaptive immunity. We report a lack of association of classical HLA alleles, including HLA-B*15:01, with pre-omicron asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated participants in a prospective population-based study in the US (191 asymptomatic vs. 945 symptomatic COVID-19 cases). Moreover, we found no such association in the international COVID Human Genetic Effort cohort (206 asymptomatic vs. 574 mild or moderate COVID-19 cases and 1,625 severe or critical COVID-19 cases). Finally, in the Human Challenge Characterisation study, the three HLA-B*15:01 individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 developed symptoms. As with other acute primary infections, no classical HLA alleles favoring an asymptomatic course of SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified. These findings suggest that memory T-cell immunity to seasonal coronaviruses does not strongly influence the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated individuals.

Journal article

Matuozzo D, Talouarn E, Marchal A, Zhang P, Manry J, Seeleuthner Y, Zhang Y, Bolze A, Chaldebas M, Milisavljevic B, Gervais A, Bastard P, Asano T, Bizien L, Barzaghi F, Abolhassani H, Abou Tayoun A, Aiuti A, Alavi Darazam I, Allende LM, Alonso-Arias R, Arias AA, Aytekin G, Bergman P, Bondesan S, Bryceson YT, Bustos IG, Cabrera-Marante O, Carcel S, Carrera P, Casari G, Chaïbi K, Colobran R, Condino-Neto A, Covill LE, Delmonte OM, El Zein L, Flores C, Gregersen PK, Gut M, Haerynck F, Halwani R, Hancerli S, Hammarström L, Hatipoğlu N, Karbuz A, Keles S, Kyheng C, Leon-Lopez R, Franco JL, Mansouri D, Martinez-Picado J, Metin Akcan O, Migeotte I, Morange PE, Morelle G, Martin-Nalda A, Novelli G, Novelli A, Palabiyik F, Pan-Hammarström Q, de Diego RP, Planas-Serra L, Pleguezuelo DE, Prando C, Pujol A, Reyes LF, Rivière JG, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Rojas J, Rovere-Querini P, Schlüter A, Shahrooei M, Sobh A, Soler-Palacin P, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Tipu I, Tresoldi C, Troya J, van de Beek D, Zatz M, Zawadzki P, Al-Muhsen SZ, Alosaimi MF, Alsohime FM, Baris-Feldman H, Butte MJ, Constantinescu SN, Cooper MA, Dalgard CL, Fellay J, Heath JR, Lau YL, Lifton RP, Maniatis T, Mogensen TH, von Bernuth H, Lermine A, Vidaud M, Boland Aet al., 2023, Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19, Genome Medicine, Vol: 15

Background: We previously reported that impaired type I IFN activity, due to inborn errors of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity or to autoantibodies against type I IFN, account for 15–20% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients. Therefore, the determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 remain to be identified in ~ 80% of cases. Methods: We report here a genome-wide rare variant burden association analysis in 3269 unvaccinated patients with life-threatening COVID-19, and 1373 unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without pneumonia. Among the 928 patients tested for autoantibodies against type I IFN, a quarter (234) were positive and were excluded. Results: No gene reached genome-wide significance. Under a recessive model, the most significant gene with at-risk variants was TLR7, with an OR of 27.68 (95%CI 1.5–528.7, P = 1.1 × 10−4) for biochemically loss-of-function (bLOF) variants. We replicated the enrichment in rare predicted LOF (pLOF) variants at 13 influenza susceptibility loci involved in TLR3-dependent type I IFN immunity (OR = 3.70[95%CI 1.3–8.2], P = 2.1 × 10−4). This enrichment was further strengthened by (1) adding the recently reported TYK2 and TLR7 COVID-19 loci, particularly under a recessive model (OR = 19.65[95%CI 2.1–2635.4], P = 3.4 × 10−3), and (2) considering as pLOF branchpoint variants with potentially strong impacts on splicing among the 15 loci (OR = 4.40[9%CI 2.3–8.4], P = 7.7 × 10−8). Finally, the patients with pLOF/bLOF variants at these 15 loci were significantly younger (mean age [SD] = 43.3 [20.3] years) than the other patients (56.0 [17.3] years; P = 1.68 × 10−5). Conclusions: Rare variants of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I IFN immunity genes can underlie life-threatening COVID-19, particularly with recessive inheritance, in patients under 60 years old.

Journal article

Gonçalves BP, Jassat W, Baruch J, Hashmi M, Rojek A, Dasgupta A, Martin-Loeches I, Reyes LF, Piubelli C, Citarella BW, Kartsonaki C, Lefèvre B, López Revilla JW, Lunn M, Harrison EM, Kraemer MUG, Shrapnel S, Horby P, Bisoffi Z, Olliaro PL, Merson L, ISARIC Clinical Characterisation Groupet al., 2023, A multi-country analysis of COVID-19 hospitalizations by vaccination status., Med, Vol: 4, Pages: 797-812.e2

BACKGROUND: Individuals vaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), when infected, can still develop disease that requires hospitalization. It remains unclear whether these patients differ from hospitalized unvaccinated patients with regard to presentation, coexisting comorbidities, and outcomes. METHODS: Here, we use data from an international consortium to study this question and assess whether differences between these groups are context specific. Data from 83,163 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (34,843 vaccinated, 48,320 unvaccinated) from 38 countries were analyzed. FINDINGS: While typical symptoms were more often reported in unvaccinated patients, comorbidities, including some associated with worse prognosis in previous studies, were more common in vaccinated patients. Considerable between-country variation in both in-hospital fatality risk and vaccinated-versus-unvaccinated difference in this outcome was observed. CONCLUSIONS: These findings will inform allocation of healthcare resources in future surges as well as design of longer-term international studies to characterize changes in clinical profile of hospitalized COVID-19 patients related to vaccination history. FUNDING: This work was made possible by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and Wellcome (215091/Z/18/Z, 222410/Z/21/Z, 225288/Z/22/Z, and 220757/Z/20/Z); the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1209135); and the philanthropic support of the donors to the University of Oxford's COVID-19 Research Response Fund (0009109). Additional funders are listed in the "acknowledgments" section.

Journal article

Le Voyer T, Parent AV, Liu X, Cederholm A, Gervais A, Rosain J, Nguyen T, Perez Lorenzo M, Rackaityte E, Rinchai D, Zhang P, Bizien L, Hancioglu G, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Charuel J-L, Philippot Q, Gueye MS, Maglorius Renkilaraj MRL, Ogishi M, Soudée C, Migaud M, Rozenberg F, Momenilandi M, Riller Q, Imberti L, Delmonte OM, Müller G, Keller B, Orrego J, Franco Gallego WA, Rubin T, Emiroglu M, Parvaneh N, Eriksson D, Aranda-Guillen M, Berrios DI, Vong L, Katelaris CH, Mustillo P, Raedler J, Bohlen J, Bengi Celik J, Astudillo C, Winter S, NF-κB Consortium, COVID Human Genetic Effort, McLean C, Guffroy A, DeRisi JL, Yu D, Miller C, Feng Y, Guichard A, Béziat V, Bustamante J, Pan-Hammarström Q, Zhang Y, Rosen LB, Holland SM, Bosticardo M, Kenney H, Castagnoli R, Slade CA, Boztuğ K, Mahlaoui N, Latour S, Abraham RS, Lougaris V, Hauck F, Sediva A, Atschekzei F, Sogkas G, Poli MC, Slatter MA, Palterer B, Keller MD, Pinzon-Charry A, Sullivan A, Droney L, Suan D, Wong M, Kane A, Hu H, Ma C, Grombiříková H, Ciznar P, Dalal I, Aladjidi N, Hie M, Lazaro E, Franco J, Keles S, Malphettes M, Pasquet M, Maccari ME, Meinhardt A, Ikinciogullari A, Shahrooei M, Celmeli F, Frosk P, Goodnow CC, Gray PE, Belot A, Kuehn HS, Rosenzweig SD, Miyara M, Licciardi F, Servettaz A, Barlogis V, Le Guenno G, Herrmann V-M, Kuijpers T, Ducoux G, Sarrot-Reynauld F, Schuetz C, Cunningham-Rundles C, Rieux-Laucat F, Tangye SG, Sobacchi C, Doffinger R, Warnatz K, Grimbacher B, Fieschi C, Berteloot L, Bryant VL, Trouillet Assant S, Su H, Neven B, Abel L, Zhang Q, Boisson B, Cobat A, Jouanguy E, Kampe O, Bastard P, Roifman CM, Landegren N, Notarangelo LD, Anderson MS, Casanova J-L, Puel Aet al., 2023, Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in humans with alternative NF-κB pathway deficiency., Nature, Vol: 623, Pages: 803-813

Patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1 (APS-1) caused by autosomal recessive AIRE deficiency produce autoantibodies that neutralize type I interferons (IFNs)1,2, conferring a predisposition to life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia3. Here we report that patients with autosomal recessive NIK or RELB deficiency, or a specific type of autosomal-dominant NF-κB2 deficiency, also have neutralizing autoantibodies against type I IFNs and are at higher risk of getting life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. In patients with autosomal-dominant NF-κB2 deficiency, these autoantibodies are found only in individuals who are heterozygous for variants associated with both transcription (p52 activity) loss of function (LOF) due to impaired p100 processing to generate p52, and regulatory (IκBδ activity) gain of function (GOF) due to the accumulation of unprocessed p100, therefore increasing the inhibitory activity of IκBδ (hereafter, p52LOF/IκBδGOF). By contrast, neutralizing autoantibodies against type I IFNs are not found in individuals who are heterozygous for NFKB2 variants causing haploinsufficiency of p100 and p52 (hereafter, p52LOF/IκBδLOF) or gain-of-function of p52 (hereafter, p52GOF/IκBδLOF). In contrast to patients with APS-1, patients with disorders of NIK, RELB or NF-κB2 have very few tissue-specific autoantibodies. However, their thymuses have an abnormal structure, with few AIRE-expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells. Human inborn errors of the alternative NF-κB pathway impair the development of AIRE-expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells, thereby underlying the production of autoantibodies against type I IFNs and predisposition to viral diseases.

Journal article

Roper KJ, Thomas J, Albalawi W, Maddocks E, Dobson S, Alshehri A, Barone FG, Baltazar M, Semple MG, Ho A, Turtle L, ISARIC4C Consortium, Paxton WA, Pollakis Get al., 2023, Quantifying neutralising antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in dried blood spots (DBS) and paired sera, Scientific Reports, Vol: 13, ISSN: 2045-2322

The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was initially managed by non-pharmaceutical interventions such as diagnostic testing, isolation of positive cases, physical distancing and lockdowns. The advent of vaccines has provided crucial protection against SARS-CoV-2. Neutralising antibody (nAb) responses are a key correlate of protection, and therefore measuring nAb responses is essential for monitoring vaccine efficacy. Fingerstick dried blood spots (DBS) are ideal for use in large-scale sero-surveillance because they are inexpensive, offer the option of self-collection and can be transported and stored at ambient temperatures. Such advantages also make DBS appealing to use in resource-limited settings and in potential future pandemics. In this study, nAb responses in sera, venous blood and fingerstick blood stored on filter paper were measured. Samples were collected from SARS-CoV-2 acutely infected individuals, SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals and SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals. Good agreement was observed between the nAb responses measured in eluted DBS and paired sera. Stability of nAb responses was also observed in sera stored on filter paper at room temperature for 28 days. Overall, this study provides support for the use of filter paper as a viable sample collection method to study nAb responses.

Journal article

Cooray S, Price-Kuehne F, Hong Y, Omoyinmi E, Burleigh A, Gilmour KC, Ahmad B, Choi S, Bahar MW, Torpiano P, Gagunashvili A, Jensen B, Bellos E, Sancho-Shimizu V, Herberg JA, Mankad K, Kumar A, Kaliakatsos M, Worth AJJ, Eleftheriou D, Whittaker E, Brogan PAet al., 2023, Neuroinflammation, autoinflammation, splenomegaly and anemia caused by bi-allelic mutations in <i>IRAK4</i>, FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY, Vol: 14, ISSN: 1664-3224

Journal article

Shah N, Xue B, Xu Z, Yang H, Marwali E, Dalton H, Payne PPR, Lu CS, Said Aet al., 2023, Validation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation mortality prediction and severity of illness scores in an international COVID-19 cohort, ARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Vol: 47, Pages: 1490-1502, ISSN: 0160-564X

Journal article

Philippot Q, Fekkar A, Gervais A, Le Voyer T, Boers LS, Conil C, Bizien L, de Brabander J, Duitman JW, Romano A, Rosain J, Blaize M, Migaud M, Jeljeli M, Hammadi B, Desmons A, Marchal A, ArtDECO consortium, COVID HGE consortium, Mayaux J, Zhang Q, Jouanguy E, Borie R, Crestani B, Luyt CE, Adle-Biassette H, Sene D, Megarbane B, Cobat A, Bastard P, Bos LDJ, Casanova J-L, Puel Aet al., 2023, Autoantibodies Neutralizing Type I IFNs in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage of at Least 10% of Patients During Life-Threatening COVID-19 Pneumonia., J Clin Immunol, Vol: 43, Pages: 1093-1103

Autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) are found in the blood of at least 15% of unvaccinated patients with life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. We report here the presence of auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of 54 of the 415 unvaccinated patients (13%) with life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia tested. The 54 individuals with neutralizing auto-Abs in the BAL included 45 (11%) with auto-Abs against IFN-α2, 37 (9%) with auto-Abs against IFN-ω, 54 (13%) with auto-Abs against IFN-α2 and/or ω, and five (1%) with auto-Abs against IFN-β, including three (0.7%) with auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-α2, IFN-ω, and IFN-β, and two (0.5%) with auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-α2 and IFN-β. Auto-Abs against IFN-α2 also neutralize the other 12 subtypes of IFN-α. Paired plasma samples were available for 95 patients. All seven patients with paired samples who had detectable auto-Abs in BAL also had detectable auto-Abs in plasma, and one patient had auto-Abs detectable only in blood. Auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs are, therefore, present in the alveolar space of at least 10% of patients with life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. These findings suggest that these auto-Abs impair type I IFN immunity in the lower respiratory tract, thereby contributing to hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia.

Journal article

Pairo-Castineira E, Rawlik K, Bretherick AD, Qi T, Wu Y, Nassiri I, McConkey GA, Zechner M, Klaric L, Griffiths F, Oosthuyzen W, Kousathanas A, Richmond A, Millar J, Russell CD, Malinauskas T, Thwaites R, Morrice K, Keating S, Maslove D, Nichol A, Semple MG, Knight J, Shankar-Hari M, Summers C, Hinds C, Horby P, Ling L, McAuley D, Montgomery H, Openshaw PJM, Begg C, Walsh T, Tenesa A, Flores C, Riancho JA, Rojas-Martinez A, Lapunzina P, Clohisey S, Abellan J, Alex B, Shelton JF, Yang J, Ponting CP, Wilson JF, Vitart V, Abedalthagafi M, Luchessi AD, Parra EJ, Cruz R, Carracedo A, Fawkes A, Murphy L, Rowan K, Pereira AC, Law A, Fairfax B, Hendry SC, Baillie JKet al., 2023, Author Correction: GWAS and meta-analysis identifies 49 genetic variants underlying critical COVID-19, Nature, Vol: 619, Pages: E61-E61, ISSN: 0028-0836

Journal article

Griffee MJ, Bozza PT, Reyes LF, Eddington DP, Rosenberger D, Merson L, Citarella BW, Fanning JP, Alexander PMA, Fraser J, Dalton H, Cho S-M, ISARIC Clinical Characterisation Groupet al., 2023, Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications of COVID-19 in adults hospitalized in high-income countries compared with those in adults hospitalized in low- and middle-income countries in an international registry., Res Pract Thromb Haemost, Vol: 7

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has been associated with a broad range of thromboembolic, ischemic, and hemorrhagic complications (coagulopathy complications). Most studies have focused on patients with severe disease from high-income countries (HICs). OBJECTIVES: The main aims were to compare the frequency of coagulopathy complications in developing countries (low- and middle-income countries [LMICs]) with those in HICs, delineate the frequency across a range of treatment levels, and determine associations with in-hospital mortality. METHODS: Adult patients enrolled in an observational, multinational registry, the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections COVID-19 study, between January 1, 2020, and September 15, 2021, met inclusion criteria, including admission to a hospital for laboratory-confirmed, acute COVID-19 and data on complications and survival. The advanced-treatment cohort received care, such as admission to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, or inotropes or vasopressors; the basic-treatment cohort did not receive any of these interventions. RESULTS: The study population included 495,682 patients from 52 countries, with 63% from LMICs and 85% in the basic treatment cohort. The frequency of coagulopathy complications was higher in HICs (0.76%-3.4%) than in LMICs (0.09%-1.22%). Complications were more frequent in the advanced-treatment cohort than in the basic-treatment cohort. Coagulopathy complications were associated with increased in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.52-1.64). The increased mortality associated with these complications was higher in LMICs (58.5%) than in HICs (35.4%). After controlling for coagulopathy complications, treatment intensity, and multiple other factors, the mortality was higher among patients in LMICs than among patients in HICs (odds ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.39-1.51). CONCLUSION: In a large, international registry of patients hospitalized for COVID-19, coagulopathy complications were mo

Journal article

Wainstein M, Spyrison N, Dai D, Ghadimi M, Chávez-Iñiguez JS, Rizo-Topete L, Citarella BW, Merson L, Pole JD, Claure-Del Granado R, Johnson DW, Shrapnel S, ISARIC Characterization Groupet al., 2023, Association of Country Income Level With the Characteristics and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients Hospitalized With Acute Kidney Injury and COVID-19., Kidney Int Rep, Vol: 8, Pages: 1514-1530

INTRODUCTION: Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been identified as one of the most common and significant problems in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. However, studies examining the relationship between COVID-19 and AKI in low- and low-middle income countries (LLMIC) are lacking. Given that AKI is known to carry a higher mortality rate in these countries, it is important to understand differences in this population. METHODS: This prospective, observational study examines the AKI incidence and characteristics of 32,210 patients with COVID-19 from 49 countries across all income levels who were admitted to an intensive care unit during their hospital stay. RESULTS: Among patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, AKI incidence was highest in patients in LLMIC, followed by patients in upper-middle income countries (UMIC) and high-income countries (HIC) (53%, 38%, and 30%, respectively), whereas dialysis rates were lowest among patients with AKI from LLMIC and highest among those from HIC (27% vs. 45%). Patients with AKI in LLMIC had the largest proportion of community-acquired AKI (CA-AKI) and highest rate of in-hospital death (79% vs. 54% in HIC and 66% in UMIC). The association between AKI, being from LLMIC and in-hospital death persisted even after adjusting for disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: AKI is a particularly devastating complication of COVID-19 among patients from poorer nations where the gaps in accessibility and quality of healthcare delivery have a major impact on patient outcomes.

Journal article

Pairo-Castineira E, Rawlik K, Bretherick AD, Qi T, Wu Y, Nassiri I, McConkey GA, Zechner M, Klaric L, Griffiths F, Oosthuyzen W, Kousathanas A, Richmond A, Millar J, Russell CD, Malinauskas T, Thwaites R, Morrice K, Keating S, Maslove D, Nichol A, Semple MG, Knight J, Shankar-Hari M, Summers C, Hinds C, Horby P, Ling L, McAuley D, Montgomery H, Openshaw PJM, Begg C, Walsh T, Tenesa A, Flores C, Riancho JA, Rojas-Martinez A, Lapunzina P, GenOMICC Investigators, SCOURGE Consortium, ISARICC Investigators, 23andMe COVID-19 Team, Yang J, Ponting CP, Wilson JF, Vitart V, Abedalthagafi M, Luchessi AD, Parra EJ, Cruz R, Carracedo A, Fawkes A, Murphy L, Rowan K, Pereira AC, Law A, Fairfax B, Hendry SC, Baillie JKet al., 2023, GWAS and meta-analysis identifies 49 genetic variants underlying critical COVID-19, Nature, Vol: 617, Pages: 764-768, ISSN: 0028-0836

Critical illness in COVID-19 is an extreme and clinically homogeneous disease phenotype that we have previously shown1 to be highly efficient for discovery of genetic associations2. Despite the advanced stage of illness at presentation, we have shown that host genetics in patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 can identify immunomodulatory therapies with strong beneficial effects in this group3. Here we analyse 24,202 cases of COVID-19 with critical illness comprising a combination of microarray genotype and whole-genome sequencing data from cases of critical illness in the international GenOMICC (11,440 cases) study, combined with other studies recruiting hospitalized patients with a strong focus on severe and critical disease: ISARIC4C (676 cases) and the SCOURGE consortium (5,934 cases). To put these results in the context of existing work, we conduct a meta-analysis of the new GenOMICC genome-wide association study (GWAS) results with previously published data. We find 49 genome-wide significant associations, of which 16 have not been reported previously. To investigate the therapeutic implications of these findings, we infer the structural consequences of protein-coding variants, and combine our GWAS results with gene expression data using a monocyte transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) model, as well as gene and protein expression using Mendelian randomization. We identify potentially druggable targets in multiple systems, including inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte-macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

Journal article

Patel H, Sintou A, Chowdhury RA, Rothery S, Iacob AO, Prasad S, Rainer PP, Martinón-Torres F, Sancho-Shimizu V, Shimizu C, Dummer K, Tremoulet AH, Burns JC, Sattler S, Levin M, DIAMONDS consortiumet al., 2023, Evaluation of autoantibody binding to cardiac tissue in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and COVID-19 vaccination-induced myocarditis., JAMA Network Open, Vol: 6, Pages: 1-11, ISSN: 2574-3805

IMPORTANCE: Cardiac dysfunction and myocarditis have emerged as serious complications of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the role of autoantibodies in these conditions is essential for guiding MIS-C management and vaccination strategies in children. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presence of anticardiac autoantibodies in MIS-C or COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This diagnostic study included children with acute MIS-C or acute vaccine myocarditis, adults with myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy, healthy children prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and healthy COVID-19 vaccinated adults. Participants were recruited into research studies in the US, United Kingdom, and Austria starting January 2021. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA anticardiac autoantibodies were identified with immunofluorescence staining of left ventricular myocardial tissue from 2 human donors treated with sera from patients and controls. Secondary antibodies were fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antihuman IgG, IgM, and IgA. Images were taken for detection of specific IgG, IgM, and IgA deposits and measurement of fluorescein isothiocyanate fluorescence intensity. Data were analyzed through March 10, 2023. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: IgG, IgM and IgA antibody binding to cardiac tissue. RESULTS: By cohort, there were a total of 10 children with MIS-C (median [IQR] age, 10 [13-14] years; 6 male), 10 with vaccine myocarditis (median age, 15 [14-16] years; 10 male), 8 adults with myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy (median age, 55 [46-63] years; 6 male), 10 healthy pediatric controls (median age, 8 [13-14] years; 5 male), and 10 healthy vaccinated adults (all older than 21 years, 5 male). No antibody binding above background was observed in human cardiac tissue treated with sera from pediatric patients with MIS-C or vaccine myocarditis. One of the 8 adult patients with myocarditi

Journal article

Cho S-M, White N, Premraj L, Battaglini D, Fanning J, Suen J, Bassi GL, Fraser J, Robba C, Griffee M, Singh B, Citarella BW, Merson L, Solomon T, Thomson D, ISARIC Clinical Characterisation Groupet al., 2023, Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 in adults and children, Brain, Vol: 146, Pages: 1648-1661, ISSN: 1460-2156

Different neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults and children and their impact have not been well characterized. We aimed to determine the prevalence of neurological manifestations and in-hospital complications among hospitalized COVID-19 patients and ascertain differences between adults and children. We conducted a prospective multicentre observational study using the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) cohort across 1507 sites worldwide from 30 January 2020 to 25 May 2021. Analyses of neurological manifestations and neurological complications considered unadjusted prevalence estimates for predefined patient subgroups, and adjusted estimates as a function of patient age and time of hospitalization using generalized linear models. Overall, 161 239 patients (158 267 adults; 2972 children) hospitalized with COVID-19 and assessed for neurological manifestations and complications were included. In adults and children, the most frequent neurological manifestations at admission were fatigue (adults: 37.4%; children: 20.4%), altered consciousness (20.9%; 6.8%), myalgia (16.9%; 7.6%), dysgeusia (7.4%; 1.9%), anosmia (6.0%; 2.2%) and seizure (1.1%; 5.2%). In adults, the most frequent in-hospital neurological complications were stroke (1.5%), seizure (1%) and CNS infection (0.2%). Each occurred more frequently in intensive care unit (ICU) than in non-ICU patients. In children, seizure was the only neurological complication to occur more frequently in ICU versus non-ICU (7.1% versus 2.3%, P < 0.001). Stroke prevalence increased with increasing age, while CNS infection and seizure steadily decreased with age. There was a dramatic decrease in stroke over time during the pandemic. Hypertension, chronic neurological disease and the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were associated with increased risk of stroke. Altered consciousness was associated with CNS infection, seizure and stroke.

Journal article

Tangye SG, COVID Human Genetic Effort consortium, 2023, Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 on patients with inborn errors of immunity., J Allergy Clin Immunol, Vol: 151, Pages: 818-831

Since the arrival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019, its characterization as a novel human pathogen, and the resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, over 6.5 million people have died worldwide-a stark and sobering reminder of the fundamental and nonredundant roles of the innate and adaptive immune systems in host defense against emerging pathogens. Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are caused by germline variants, typically in single genes. IEI are characterized by defects in development and/or function of cells involved in immunity and host defense, rendering individuals highly susceptible to severe, recurrent, and sometimes fatal infections, as well as immune dysregulatory conditions such as autoinflammation, autoimmunity, and allergy. The study of IEI has revealed key insights into the molecular and cellular requirements for immune-mediated protection against infectious diseases. Indeed, this has been exemplified by assessing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with previously diagnosed IEI, as well as analyzing rare cases of severe COVID-19 in otherwise healthy individuals. This approach has defined fundamental aspects of mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, immunopathology in the context of infection with a novel pathogen, and therapeutic options to mitigate severe disease. This review summarizes these findings and illustrates how the study of these rare experiments of nature can inform key features of human immunology, which can then be leveraged to improve therapies for treating emerging and established infectious diseases.

Journal article

Bucciol G, COVID Human Genetic Effort, Meyts I, 2023, Inherited and acquired errors of type I interferon immunity govern susceptibility to COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children., J Allergy Clin Immunol, Vol: 151, Pages: 832-840

Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, global sequencing efforts have led in the field of inborn errors of immunity, and inspired particularly by previous research on life-threatening influenza, they have revealed that known and novel inborn errors affecting type I interferon immunity underlie critical COVID-19 in up to 5% of cases. In addition, neutralizing autoantibodies against type I interferons have been identified in up to 20% of patients with critical COVID-19 who are older than 80 years and 20% of fatal cases, with a higher prevalence in men and individuals older than 70 years. Also, inborn errors impairing regulation of type I interferon responses and RNA degradation have been found as causes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, a life-threatening hyperinflammatory condition complicating otherwise mild initial SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and young adults. Better understanding of these immunologic mechanisms can aid in designing treatments for severe COVID-19, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, long COVID, and neuro-COVID.

Journal article

Goldswain H, Dong X, Penrice-Randal R, Alruwaili M, Shawli GT, Prince T, Williamson MK, Raghwani J, Randle N, Jones B, Donovan-Banfield I, Salguero FJ, Tree JA, Hall Y, Hartley C, Erdmann M, Bazire J, Jearanaiwitayakul T, Semple MG, Openshaw PJM, Baillie JK, ISARIC4C Investigators, Emmett SR, Digard P, Matthews DA, Turtle L, Darby AC, Davidson AD, Carroll MW, Hiscox JAet al., 2023, The P323L substitution in the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase (NSP12) confers a selective advantage during infection, Genome Biology, Vol: 24, ISSN: 1474-7596

BACKGROUND: The mutational landscape of SARS-CoV-2 varies at the dominant viral genome sequence and minor genomic variant population. During the COVID-19 pandemic, an early substitution in the genome was the D614G change in the spike protein, associated with an increase in transmissibility. Genomes with D614G are accompanied by a P323L substitution in the viral polymerase (NSP12). However, P323L is not thought to be under strong selective pressure. RESULTS: Investigation of P323L/D614G substitutions in the population shows rapid emergence during the containment phase and early surge phase during the first wave. These substitutions emerge from minor genomic variants which become dominant viral genome sequence. This is investigated in vivo and in vitro using SARS-CoV-2 with P323 and D614 in the dominant genome sequence and L323 and G614 in the minor variant population. During infection, there is rapid selection of L323 into the dominant viral genome sequence but not G614. Reverse genetics is used to create two viruses (either P323 or L323) with the same genetic background. L323 shows greater abundance of viral RNA and proteins and a smaller plaque morphology than P323. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that P323L is an important contribution in the emergence of variants with transmission advantages. Sequence analysis of viral populations suggests it may be possible to predict the emergence of a new variant based on tracking the frequency of minor variant genomes. The ability to predict an emerging variant of SARS-CoV-2 in the global landscape may aid in the evaluation of medical countermeasures and non-pharmaceutical interventions.

Journal article

Siggins MK, Davies K, Fellows R, Thwaites RS, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Openshaw PJM, Zelek WM, Harris CL, Morgan BP, ISARIC4C Investigatorset al., 2023, Alternative pathway dysregulation in tissues drives sustained complement activation and predicts outcome across the disease course in COVID-19, Immunology, Vol: 168, Pages: 473-492, ISSN: 0019-2805

Complement, a critical defence against pathogens, has been implicated as a driver of pathology in COVID-19. Complement activation products are detected in plasma and tissues and complement blockade considered for therapy. To delineate roles of complement in immunopathogenesis, we undertook the largest comprehensive study of complement in an COVID-19 to date, a comprehensive profiling of 16 complement biomarkers, including key components, regulators and activation products, in 966 plasma samples from 682 hospitalised COVID-19 patients collected across the hospitalisation period as part of the UK ISARIC4C study. Unsupervised clustering of complement biomarkers mapped to disease severity and supervised machine learning identified marker sets in early samples that predicted peak severity. Compared to heathy controls, complement proteins and activation products (Ba, iC3b, terminal complement complex) were significantly altered in COVID-19 admission samples in all severity groups. Elevated alternative pathway activation markers (Ba and iC3b) and decreased alternative pathway regulator (properdin) in admission samples associated with more severe disease and risk of death. Levels of most complement biomarkers were reduced in severe disease, consistent with consumption and tissue deposition. Latent class mixed modelling and cumulative incidence analysis identified the trajectory of increase of Ba to be a strong predictor of peak COVID-19 disease severity and death. The data demonstrate that early-onset, uncontrolled activation of complement, driven by sustained and progressive amplification through the alternative pathway amplification loop is a ubiquitous feature of COVID-19, further exacerbated in severe disease. These findings provide novel insights into COVID-19 immunopathogenesis and inform strategies for therapeutic intervention.

Journal article

Kartsonaki C, Baillie JK, Garcia Barrio N, Baruch J, Beane A, Blumberg L, Bozza F, Broadley T, Burrell A, Carson G, Citarella BW, Dagens A, Dankwa EA, Donnelly CA, Dunning J, Elotmani L, Escher M, Farshait N, Goffard J-C, Goncalves BP, Hall M, Hashmi M, Sim Lim Heng B, Ho A, Jassat W, Pedrera Jimenez M, Laouenan C, Lissauer S, Martin-Loeches I, Mentre F, Merson L, Morton B, Munblit D, Nekliudov NA, Nichol AD, Singh Oinam BC, Ong D, Panda PK, Petrovic M, Pritchard MG, Ramakrishnan N, Ramos GV, Roger C, Sandulescu O, Semple MG, Sharma P, Sigfrid L, Somers EC, Streinu-Cercel A, Taccone F, Vecham PK, Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan B, Wei J, Wils E-J, Ci Wong X, Horby P, Rojek A, Olliaro PL, Abbas Aet al., 2023, Characteristics and outcomes of an international cohort of 600000 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, ISSN: 0300-5771

Journal article

Lee D, Le Pen J, Yatim A, Dong B, Aquino Y, Ogishi M, Pescarmona R, Talouarn E, Rinchai D, Zhang P, Perret M, Liu Z, Jordan I, Bozdemir SE, Bayhan GI, Beaufils C, Bizien L, Bisiaux A, Lei W, Hasan M, Chen J, Gaughan C, Asthana A, Libri V, Luna JM, Jaffre F, Hoffmann H-H, Michailidis E, Moreews M, Seeleuthner Y, Bilguvar K, Mane S, Flores C, Zhang Y, Arias AA, Bailey R, Schlueter A, Milisavljevic B, Bigio B, Le Voyer T, Materna M, Gervais A, Moncada-Velez M, Pala F, Lazarov T, Levy R, Neehus A-L, Rosain J, Peel J, Chan Y-H, Morin M-P, Pino-Ramirez RM, Belkaya S, Lorenzo L, Anton J, Delafontaine S, Toubiana J, Bajolle F, Furnado V, DeDiego ML, Fidouh N, Rozenberg F, Perez-Tur J, Chen S, Evans T, Geissmann F, Lebon P, Weiss SR, Bonnet D, Duval X, Pan-Hammarstroem Q, Planas AM, Meyts I, Haerynck F, Pujol A, Sancho-Shimizu V, Dalgard CL, Bustamante J, Puel A, Boisson-Dupuis S, Boisson B, Maniatis T, Zhang Q, Bastard P, Notarangelo L, Beziat V, de Diego RP, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Su HC, Lifton RP, Jouanguy E, Cobat A, Alsina L, Keles S, Haddad E, Abel L, Belot A, Quintana-Murci L, Rice CM, Silverman RH, Zhang S-Y, Casanova J-Let al., 2023, Inborn errors of OAS-RNase L in SARS-CoV-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, SCIENCE, Vol: 379, Pages: 554-+, ISSN: 0036-8075

Journal article

Boeddha NP, Atkins L, de Groot R, Driessen G, Hazelzet J, Zenz W, Carrol ED, Anderson ST, Martinon-Torres F, Agyeman PKA, Galassini R, Herberg J, Levin M, Schlapbach LJ, Emonts Met al., 2023, Group A streptococcal disease in paediatric inpatients: a European perspective (Vol 182, pg 697, 2023), EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS, ISSN: 0340-6199

Journal article

Liew F, Talwar S, Cross A, Willett B, Scott S, Logan N, Siggins M, Swieboda D, Sidhu J, Efstathiou C, Moore S, Davis C, Mohamed N, Nunag J, King C, Thompson AAR, Rowland-Jones S, Docherty A, Chalmers J, Ho L-P, Horsley A, Raman B, Poinasamy K, Marks M, Kon OM, Howard L, Wootton D, Dunachie S, Quint J, Evans R, Wain L, Fontanella S, de Silva T, Ho A, Harrison E, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Brightling C, Thwaites R, Turtle L, Openshaw Pet al., 2023, SARS-CoV-2-specific nasal IgA wanes 9 months after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and is not induced by subsequent vaccination, EBioMedicine, Vol: 87, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 2352-3964

Background:Most studies of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 focus on circulating antibody, giving limited insights into mucosal defences that prevent viral replication and onward transmission. We studied nasal and plasma antibody responses one year after hospitalisation for COVID-19, including a period when SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was introduced.Methods:In this follow up study, plasma and nasosorption samples were prospectively collected from 446 adults hospitalised for COVID-19 between February 2020 and March 2021 via the ISARIC4C and PHOSP-COVID consortia. IgA and IgG responses to NP and S of ancestral SARS-CoV-2, Delta and Omicron (BA.1) variants were measured by electrochemiluminescence and compared with plasma neutralisation data.Findings:Strong and consistent nasal anti-NP and anti-S IgA responses were demonstrated, which remained elevated for nine months (p < 0.0001). Nasal and plasma anti-S IgG remained elevated for at least 12 months (p < 0.0001) with plasma neutralising titres that were raised against all variants compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Of 323 with complete data, 307 were vaccinated between 6 and 12 months; coinciding with rises in nasal and plasma IgA and IgG anti-S titres for all SARS-CoV-2 variants, although the change in nasal IgA was minimal (1.46-fold change after 10 months, p = 0.011) and the median remained below the positive threshold determined by pre-pandemic controls. Samples 12 months after admission showed no association between nasal IgA and plasma IgG anti-S responses (R = 0.05, p = 0.18), indicating that nasal IgA responses are distinct from those in plasma and minimally boosted by vaccination.Interpretation:The decline in nasal IgA responses 9 months after infection and minimal impact of subsequent vaccination may explain the lack of long-lasting nasal defence against reinfection and the limited effects of vaccination on transmission. These findings highlight the need to develop vaccines that enhance nasal immunity.Funding:This

Journal article

Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan BK, Bishnu S, Baruch J, Citarella BW, Kartsonaki C, Meeyai A, Mohamed Z, Ohshimo S, Lefèvre B, Al-Fares A, Calvache JA, Taccone FS, Olliaro P, Merson L, Adhikari NKJ, ISARIC Clinical Characterisation Groupet al., 2023, Liver injury in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: An International observational cohort study., PLoS One, Vol: 18

BACKGROUND: Using a large dataset, we evaluated prevalence and severity of alterations in liver enzymes in COVID-19 and association with patient-centred outcomes. METHODS: We included hospitalized patients with confirmed or suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection from the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) database. Key exposure was baseline liver enzymes (AST, ALT, bilirubin). Patients were assigned Liver Injury Classification score based on 3 components of enzymes at admission: Normal; Stage I) Liver injury: any component between 1-3x upper limit of normal (ULN); Stage II) Severe liver injury: any component ≥3x ULN. Outcomes were hospital mortality, utilization of selected resources, complications, and durations of hospital and ICU stay. Analyses used logistic regression with associations expressed as adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Of 17,531 included patients, 46.2% (8099) and 8.2% (1430) of patients had stage 1 and 2 liver injury respectively. Compared to normal, stages 1 and 2 were associated with higher odds of mortality (OR 1.53 [1.37-1.71]; OR 2.50 [2.10-2.96]), ICU admission (OR 1.63 [1.48-1.79]; OR 1.90 [1.62-2.23]), and invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 1.43 [1.27-1.70]; OR 1.95 (1.55-2.45). Stages 1 and 2 were also associated with higher odds of developing sepsis (OR 1.38 [1.27-1.50]; OR 1.46 [1.25-1.70]), acute kidney injury (OR 1.13 [1.00-1.27]; OR 1.59 [1.32-1.91]), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (OR 1.38 [1.22-1.55]; OR 1.80 [1.49-2.17]). CONCLUSIONS: Liver enzyme abnormalities are common among COVID-19 patients and associated with worse outcomes.

Journal article

Vink E, Davis C, MacLean A, Pascall D, McDonald SE, Gunson R, Hardwick HE, Oosthuyzen W, Openshaw PJM, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Ho Aet al., 2022, Viral coinfections in hospitalized Coronavirus disease 2019 patients recruited to the international severe acute respiratory and emerging infections consortium WHO clinical characterisation protocol UK study, Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Vol: 9, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 2328-8957

BackgroundWe conducted this study to assess the prevalence of viral coinfection in a well characterized cohort of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to investigate the impact of coinfection on disease severity.MethodsMultiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction testing for endemic respiratory viruses was performed on upper respiratory tract samples from 1002 patients with COVID-19, aged <1 year to 102 years old, recruited to the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK study. Comprehensive demographic, clinical, and outcome data were collected prospectively up to 28 days post discharge.ResultsA coinfecting virus was detected in 20 (2.0%) participants. Multivariable analysis revealed no significant risk factors for coinfection, although this may be due to rarity of coinfection. Likewise, ordinal logistic regression analysis did not demonstrate a significant association between coinfection and increased disease severity.ConclusionsViral coinfection was rare among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United Kingdom during the first 18 months of the pandemic. With unbiased prospective sampling, we found no evidence of an association between viral coinfection and disease severity. Public health interventions disrupted normal seasonal transmission of respiratory viruses; relaxation of these measures mean it will be important to monitor the prevalence and impact of respiratory viral coinfections going forward.

Journal article

Baruch J, Rojek A, Kartsonaki C, Vijayaraghavan BKT, Gonçalves BP, Pritchard MG, Merson L, Dunning J, Hall M, Sigfrid L, Citarella BW, Murthy S, Yeabah TO, Olliaro P, ISARIC Clinical Characterisation Groupet al., 2022, Symptom-based case definitions for COVID-19: Time and geographical variations for detection at hospital admission among 260,000 patients., Influenza Other Respir Viruses, Vol: 16, Pages: 1040-1050

INTRODUCTION: Case definitions are used to guide clinical practice, surveillance and research protocols. However, how they identify COVID-19-hospitalised patients is not fully understood. We analysed the proportion of hospitalised patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, in the ISARIC prospective cohort study database, meeting widely used case definitions. METHODS: Patients were assessed using the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), World Health Organization (WHO) and UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) case definitions by age, region and time. Case fatality ratios (CFRs) and symptoms of those who did and who did not meet the case definitions were evaluated. Patients with incomplete data and non-laboratory-confirmed test result were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 263,218 of the patients (42%) in the ISARIC database were included. Most patients (90.4%) were from Europe and Central Asia. The proportions of patients meeting the case definitions were 56.8% (WHO), 74.4% (UKHSA), 81.6% (ECDC) and 82.3% (CDC). For each case definition, patients at the extremes of age distribution met the criteria less frequently than those aged 30 to 70 years; geographical and time variations were also observed. Estimated CFRs were similar for the patients who met the case definitions. However, when more patients did not meet the case definition, the CFR increased. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of case definitions might be different in different regions and may change over time. Similarly concerning is the fact that older patients often did not meet case definitions, risking delayed medical care. While epidemiologists must balance their analytics with field applicability, ongoing revision of case definitions is necessary to improve patient care through early diagnosis and limit potential nosocomial spread.

Journal article

Bolze A, Mogensen TH, Zhang S-Y, Abel L, Andreakos E, Arkin LM, Borghesi A, Brodin P, Hagin D, Novelli G, Okada S, Peter J, Renia L, Severe K, Tiberghien P, Vinh DC, Cirulli ET, Casanova J-L, Hsieh EWYet al., 2022, Decoding the Human Genetic and Immunological Basis of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis, JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY, Vol: 42, Pages: 1354-1359, ISSN: 0271-9142

Journal article

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