Publications
See a list of publications below or visit the Photonics academic staff page and click on a particular member of staff to access their personal web page, which includes a list of their own publications.
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Conference paperTaengnoi N, Bottrill KRH, Hong Y, et al., 2020,
Experimental Characterization of Bismuth-Doped Fibre Amplifier: Electrical NF, PDG, and XGM
, ISSN: 1092-8081We present a detailed characterisation of the emergent bismuth-doped fibre amplifier, characterising performance in terms of electrical noise figure, polarisation dependent gain, and cross gain modulation. The results support its suitability for high capacity links.
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Conference paperHong Y, Bottrill KRH, Taengnoi N, et al., 2020,
First Investigation on Double-and Single-Sideband Formats in BDFA-Enabled O-Band Transmission
, ISSN: 1092-8081We experimentally compare 50-Gb/s single-and double-sideband formats in an O-band BDFA-amplified transmission system over different distances. The results show that single-sideband transmission is beneficial for distances beyond ∼50km at more dispersive O-band wavelengths.
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Conference paperWang S, Wang Y, Thipparapu NK, et al., 2020,
All-Fiber Wavelength-Tunable Bi-Doped Laser Employing a Fiber Bragg Grating Operating in the 1300nm Band
, ISSN: 1092-8081We present a Bi-doped fiber laser (BDFL) at 1340nm with >170mW output power and 35% slope efficiency. A wavelength-tunable version of the BDFL facilitated by an FBG is demonstrated from 1315-1340nm with >120mW output power.
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Journal articleGeorgiadou E, Haythorne E, Dickerson MT, et al., 2020,
The pore-forming subunit MCU of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter is required for normal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo in mice
, Diabetologia, Vol: 63, Pages: 1368-1381, ISSN: 0012-186XAims/hypothesisMitochondrial oxidative metabolism is central to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Whether Ca2+ uptake into pancreatic beta cell mitochondria potentiates or antagonises this process is still a matter of debate. Although the mitochondrial Ca2+ importer (MCU) complex is thought to represent the main route for Ca2+ transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane, its role in beta cells has not previously been examined in vivo.MethodsHere, we inactivated the pore-forming subunit of the MCU, encoded by Mcu, selectively in mouse beta cells using Ins1Cre-mediated recombination. Whole or dissociated pancreatic islets were isolated and used for live beta cell fluorescence imaging of cytosolic or mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration and ATP production in response to increasing glucose concentrations. Electrophysiological recordings were also performed on whole islets. Serum and blood samples were collected to examine oral and i.p. glucose tolerance.ResultsGlucose-stimulated mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation (p< 0.05), ATP production (p< 0.05) and insulin secretion (p< 0.01) were strongly inhibited in beta cell-specific Mcu-null (βMcu-KO) animals, in vitro, as compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Interestingly, cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations increased (p< 0.001), whereas mitochondrial membrane depolarisation improved in βMcu-KO animals. βMcu-KO mice displayed impaired in vivo insulin secretion at 5 min (p< 0.001) but not 15 min post-i.p. injection of glucose, whilst the opposite phenomenon was observed following an oral gavage at 5 min. Unexpectedly, glucose tolerance was improved (p< 0.05) in young βMcu-KO (<12 weeks), but not in older animals vs WT mice.Conclusions/interpretationMCU is crucial for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in pancreatic beta cells and is required for normal GSIS. The apparent compensatory mechanisms that maintain glucose tolerance in βMcu-KO mice remain
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Journal articleJones B, McGlone ER, Fang Z, et al., 2020,
Signal bias at glucagon family receptors: rationale and downstream impacts
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Receptors for the peptide hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon (GCG) are important regulators of insulin secretion and energy metabolism. Recently described GLP-1 receptor agonists showing signal bias in favour of cyclic AMP over β-arrestin-2 recruitment have delivered promising results in preclinical studies. Here we first sought to establish the role of β-arrestins in the control of intracellular signalling and trafficking responses at the closely related GLP-1, GIP and GCG receptors, through studies performed in cells depleted of both β-arrestin isoforms. We also generated analogues of GLP-1, GCG and GIP which in some cases showed selective reduction in β-arrestin-2 recruitment <jats:italic>versus</jats:italic> cAMP signalling compared to the parent peptide. Despite reduced acute signalling potency and/or efficacy, some biased GLP-1 and GIP analogues increased maximal sustained insulin secretion from INS-1 832/3 clonal beta cells, although only at high agonist concentrations. Biased GCG analogues did not affect maximal insulin release, or glucose output in hepatocytes.</jats:p>
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Journal articleHong Y, Bottrill KRH, Taengnoi N, et al., 2020,
Experimental Demonstration of Dual O+C-Band WDM Transmission over 50-km SSMF with Direct Detection
, Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol: 38, Pages: 2278-2284, ISSN: 0733-8724In this article, we experimentally demonstrate dual O+C-band direct-detection wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) transmission over 50 km of standard single-mode fibre, wherein 4 × 40-Gb/s Nyquist on-off keying (OOK) modulation is used in the O-band whilst 4 × 40-Gb/s single-sideband (SSB) subcarrier modulation (SCM) with Kramers-Kronig (KK) detection is used in the C-band. A bismuth-doped fibre amplifier (BDFA) is used as the pre-amplifier in the O-band to extend the reach of the direct-detection system. It is demonstrated that the O-band exhibits superior receiver sensitivity relative to the C-band and its transmission performance is limited by the chromatic dispersion (CD), especially when longer reaches and wavelengths in the longer edge of the band are explored. In contrast, due to the adoption of the SSB format, the C-band shows enhanced tolerance to CD effects. In this case, some receiver sensitivity is sacrificed to accommodate the adoption of the KK detection which is used to eliminate the signal-to-signal beating interference of the SSB-SCM format. The inferior receiver sensitivity in the C-band is caused by (1) the higher CSPR requirement of the KK detection and (2) the restriction of small-signal modulation for the dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator to generate optical SSB signals. The results indicate the feasibility to further extend the reach of O-band transmission systems, which enables the possibility to realise dual O+C-band WDM transmission in intermediate- to long-haul optical networks.
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Journal articleFang Z, Chen S, Pickford P, et al., 2020,
The influence of peptide context on signaling and trafficking of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor biased agonists
, ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, Vol: 3, Pages: 345-360, ISSN: 2575-9108Signal bias and membrane trafficking have recently emerged as important considerations in the therapeutic targeting of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in type 2 diabetes and obesity. In the present study, we have evaluated a peptide series with varying sequence homology between native GLP-1 and exendin-4, the archetypal ligands on which approved GLP-1R agonists are based. We find notable differences in agonist-mediated cyclic AMP signaling, recruitment of β-arrestins, endocytosis, and recycling, dependent both on the introduction of a His → Phe switch at position 1 and the specific midpeptide helical regions and C-termini of the two agonists. These observations were linked to insulin secretion in a beta cell model and provide insights into how ligand factors influence GLP-1R function at the cellular level.
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Journal articleGratus J, McCall MW, Kinsler P, 2020,
Electromagnetism, axions, and topology: A first-order operator approach to constitutive responses provides greater freedom
, Physical Review A: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Vol: 101, Pages: 043804-1-043804-18, ISSN: 1050-2947We show how the standard constitutive assumptions for the macroscopic Maxwell equations can be relaxed. This is done by arguing that the Maxwellian excitation fields (D, H) should be dispensed with, on the grounds that they (a) cannot be measured, and (b) act solely as gauge potentials for the charge and current. In the resulting theory, it is only the links between the fields (E, B) and the charge and current (ρ, J) that matter; and so we introduce appropriate linear operator equations that combine the Gauss and Maxwell-Ampère equations with the constitutive relations, eliminating (D, H). The result is that we can admit more types of electromagnetic media, notably, these relations can allow coupling in the bulk to a homogeneous axionic material; in contrast to standard electromagnetism where any homogeneous axionlike field is completely decoupled in the bulk, and only accessible at boundaries. We also consider a wider context, including the role of topology, extended nonaxionic constitutive parameters, and treatment of Ohmic currents. A range of examples including an axionic response material is presented, including static electromagnetic scenarios, a possible metamaterial implementation, and how the transformation optics paradigm would be modified. Notably, these examples include one where topological considerations make it impossible to model using (D, H).
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Conference paperWang Y, Thipparapu NK, Richardson DJ, et al., 2020,
Broadband Bismuth-Doped Fiber Amplifier with a Record 115-nm Bandwidth in the O and e Bands
We report a bismuth-doped fiber amplifier providing >20dB gain from 1345nm-1460nm with 31dB maximum gain and 4.8dB NF at 1420nm for a -23dBm signal. The gain coefficient and temperature-dependent-gain coefficient are 0.042dB/mW and -0.015dB/°C, respectively.
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Conference paperGeberbauer JWT, Kerridge-Johns WR, Damzen MJ, 2020,
Q-switched vortex laser using a Sagnac interferometer as an output coupler
, Solid State Lasers XXIX - Technology and Devices, Publisher: SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 0277-786XVortex lasers are an attractive prospect for efficient generation of high-quality beams in compact, environmentally robust, and turnkey systems. We demonstrate conversion of a Q-switched, diode-pumped Nd:YVO4, TEM00 Gaussian laser into a vortex laser source by replacing the output coupling mirror by a vortex output coupler (VOC) based on an imbalanced Sagnac interferometer. The Q-switched VOC laser generated a vortex output with 5.1 W average power, slope efficiency of 46% at 150 kHz pulse repetition rate, only marginally lower than the 5.4 W and 49% slope efficiency of the plane mirror laser. Vortex handedness was switchable with a single VOC control without loss of vortex power. In both handedness cases the vortex mode quality was assessed to be excellent by detailed analysis of vortex phase profile and propagation characteristics and comparison to an ideal vortex. The power scaling potential of the VOC was demonstrated in a higher power cavity, achieving a vortex output power of 14.3 W and a slope efficiency of 55%. Further investigation verified the ability for the VOC laser to self-mode-filter the intracavity mode, showing maintenance of high TEM00 quality even after introducing deliberate mode to pump size mismatch, when the equivalent plane mirror laser becomes multimode. This work highlights the potential of the VOC as a simple route to high powered structured light sources using just standard high-power handling mirror components and its self-mode-filtering property to compensate intra-cavity spatial mode degradation when power-scaling.
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Journal articleGeberbauer J, Kerridge-Johns WR, Damzen MJ, 2020,
Q-switched laser with self-mode-filtering interferometric vortex output coupler
, OSA Continuum, Vol: 3, Pages: 204-213, ISSN: 2578-7519Vortex lasers are an attractive prospect for efficient generation of high-quality beams in compact, environmentally robust, and turnkey systems. We demonstrate conversion of a Q-switched, diode-pumped Nd:YVO4, TEM00 Gaussian laser into a vortex laser source by replacing the output coupling mirror by a vortex output coupler (VOC) based on an imbalanced Sagnac interferometer. The Q-switched VOC laser generated a vortex output with 5.1 W average power, slope efficiency of 46% at 150 kHz pulse repetition rate, only marginally lower than the 5.4W and 49% slope efficiency of the plane mirror laser. Vortex handedness was switchable with a single VOC control without loss of vortex power. In both handedness cases, the vortex mode quality was assessed to be excellent by detailed analysis of the vortex phase profile and propagation characteristics and comparison to an ideal vortex. Further investigation verified the ability for the VOC laser to self-mode-filter the intracavity mode, showing maintenance of high TEM00 quality even after introducing deliberate mode to pump size mismatch, when the equivalent plane mirror laser becomes multimode. This work highlights the potential of the VOC as a simple route to high powered structured light sources using just standard high-power handling mirror components and its self-mode-filtering property to compensate intra-cavity spatial mode degradation when power-scaling.
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Journal articleLagarto JL, Nickdel MB, Kelly DJ, et al., 2020,
Autofluorescence lifetime reports cartilage damage in osteoarthritis
, Scientific Reports, Vol: 10, ISSN: 2045-2322Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common arthritis and its hallmark is degradation of articular cartilage by proteolytic enzymes leading to loss of joint function. It is challenging to monitor the status of cartilage in vivo and this study explores the use of autofluorescence lifetime (AFL) measurements to provide a label-free optical readout of cartilage degradation that could enable earlier detection and evaluation of potential therapies. We previously reported that treatment of ex vivo porcine cartilage with proteolytic enzymes resulted in decreased AFL. Here we report changes in AFL of ex vivo mouse knee joints, porcine metacarpophalangeal joints, normal human metatarsophalangeal articular tissue and human OA tibial plateau tissues measured with or without treatment using a compact single-point time resolved spectrofluorometer. Our data show that proteolytically damaged areas in porcine metacarpophalangeal joints present a reduced AFL and that inducing aggrecanases in mouse and human joints also significantly reduces AFL. Further, human cartilage from OA patients presents a significantly lower AFL compared to normal human cartilage. Our data suggest that AFL can detect areas of cartilage erosion and may potentially be utilised as a minimally-invasive diagnostic readout for early stage OA in combination with arthroscopy devices.
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Journal articleHarput S, Christensen-Jeffries K, Ramalli A, et al., 2020,
3-D super-resolution ultrasound imaging with a 2-D sparse array
, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Vol: 67, Pages: 269-277, ISSN: 0885-3010High-frame-rate 3-D ultrasound imaging technology combined with super-resolution processing method can visualize 3-D microvascular structures by overcoming the diffraction-limited resolution in every spatial direction. However, 3-D super-resolution ultrasound imaging using a full 2-D array requires a system with a large number of independent channels, the design of which might be impractical due to the high cost, complexity, and volume of data produced. In this study, a 2-D sparse array was designed and fabricated with 512 elements chosen from a density-tapered 2-D spiral layout. High-frame-rate volumetric imaging was performed using two synchronized ULA-OP 256 research scanners. Volumetric images were constructed by coherently compounding nine-angle plane waves acquired at a pulse repetition frequency of 4500 Hz. Localization-based 3-D super-resolution images of two touching subwavelength tubes were generated from 6000 volumes acquired in 12 s. Finally, this work demonstrates the feasibility of 3-D super-resolution imaging and super-resolved velocity mapping using a customized 2-D sparse array transducer.
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Journal articleKumar S, Patel AK, 2020,
Purification and Characterization of Prolyl Hydroxylase 3/Pyruvate Kinase Isoform 2 Protein Complex.
, Mol Biotechnol, Vol: 62, Pages: 111-118The prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) protein is less abundant in normal oxygen conditions (normoxia) but increases under deficient oxygen condition (hypoxia). Since cancerous cells often thrive in hypoxic conditions and predominantly express the Pyruvate kinase isoforms 2 (PKM2), the PHD3/PKM2 interaction might be particularly important in cancer development. In the present study, the PHD3/PKM2 complex was co-expressed and purified by size-exclusion chromatography. The interaction of PHD3 with PKM2 was confirmed in Native gel as well as western blot analysis. The PHD3/PKM2 complex formed discreet crystals under suitable conditions, and diffraction data revealed that crystal belonged to the P1 space group with 3.0 Å resolution. This is the first crystal report of PHD3/PKM2 complex as well as this study demonstrates a direct physical binding through protein-protein interaction. The structural analysis of complex will provide the information regarding the amino acid residues critical for the catalytic mechanism. Based on the structural information thus obtained, pharmacological interference with the PHD3/PKM2 interaction could be used as a novel strategy to reduce the cancer progression.
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Conference paperJones DC, Alexandrov Y, Curry N, et al., 2020,
A multidimensional imaging and spectroscopic microscope
We present a multidimensional luminescence microscope for characterisation of emission from defects in diamond. We have applied the photoluminescence, hyperspectral and time-resolved luminescence imaging capabilities of this novel instrument to natural and synthetic diamonds.
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Conference paperWang S, Thipparapu NK, Wang Y, et al., 2020,
Widely-Tunable bismuth-doped fiber laser for the 1305-1375nm wavelength range
We present a tunable CW Bi-doped fiber laser from 1305-1375nm by utilizing a fiber-pigtailed tunable-filter in a ring cavity. A maximum output power of 150mW at 13305nm with a slope efficiency of 35% is demonstrated.
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Conference paperWang Y, Thipparapu NK, Richardson DJ, et al., 2020,
Broadband bismuth-doped fiber amplifier with a record 115-nm bandwidth in the O and E bands
We report a bismuth-doped fiber amplifier providing >20dB gain from 1345nm-1460nm with 31dB maximum gain and 4.8dB NF at 1420nm for a -23dBm signal. The gain coefficient and temperature-dependent-gain coefficient are 0.042dB/mW and -0.015dB/?, respectively.
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Conference paperWang S, Wang Y, Thipparapu NK, et al., 2020,
All-fiber wavelength-tunable Bi-doped laser employing a fiber Bragg grating operating in the 1300nm band
We present a Bi-doped fiber laser (BDFL) at 1340nm with >170mW output power and 35% slope efficiency. A wavelength-tunable version of the BDFL facilitated by an FBG is demonstrated from 1315-1340nm with >120mW output power.
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Conference paperHong Y, Bottrill KRH, Taengnoi N, et al., 2020,
First investigation on double- And single-sideband formats in BDFA-enabled O-band transmission
We experimentally compare 50-Gb/s single- and double-sideband formats in an O-band BDFA-amplified transmission system over different distances. The results show that single-sideband transmission is beneficial for distances beyond ~50km at more dispersive O-band wavelengths.
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Conference paperGorlitz F, Wysoczanski R, Kumar S, et al., 2020,
Towards easier, faster super-resolved microscopy
, Conference on Single Molecule Spectroscopy and Superresolution Imaging XIII, Publisher: SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 0277-786X -
Conference paperTawy G, Wang J, Damzen MJ, 2020,
Thermal and population induced lensing in Alexandrite lasers
, Conference on Laser Resonators, Microresonators, and Beam Control XXII, Publisher: SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 0277-786X- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 1
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Conference paperTawy G, Damzen MJ, 2020,
Narrow linewidth tunable and dual wavelength compact Alexandrite laser
, Conference on Solid State Lasers XXIX - Technology and Devices, Publisher: SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 0277-786X -
Conference paperTawy G, Damzen MJ, 2020,
Ultra-compact >100kHz Q-switched Alexandrite lasers
, Conference on Solid State Lasers XXIX - Technology and Devices, Publisher: SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 0277-786X -
Conference paperZhang G, Toulemonde M, Riemer K, et al., 2020,
Effects of Mechanical Index on Repeated Sparse Activation of Nanodroplets In Vivo
, IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IEEE IUS), Publisher: IEEE, ISSN: 1948-5719 -
Conference paperHarput S, Toulemonde M, Ramalli A, et al., 2020,
Quantitative Microvessel Analysis with 3-D Super-Resolution Ultrasound and Velocity Mapping
, IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IEEE IUS), Publisher: IEEE, ISSN: 1948-5719- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 5
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Conference paperGarcia E, Guo W, Kumar S, et al., 2020,
FLIM, FRET and high content analysis
, Symposium on Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences XX held at SPIE BiOS Conference, Publisher: SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 0277-786X -
Journal articleChandran A, Runcorn T, Murray R, et al., 2019,
Nanosecond pulsed 620 nm source by frequency-doubling a phosphosilicate Raman fiber amplifier
, Optics Letters, Vol: 44, Pages: 6025-6028, ISSN: 0146-9592We demonstrate a nanosecond pulsed source at 620 nm with watt-level average power by frequency-doubling a 1240 nm phosphosilicate Raman fiber amplifier. A gain-switched laser diode operating at 1064 nm is amplified in an ytterbium fiber master oscillator power amplifier system and then converted to 1240 nm using a phosphosilicate Raman fiber amplifier with a conversion efficiency of up to 66%. The Raman fiber amplifier is seeded with a continuous-wave 1240 nm laser diode to obtain narrow-linewidth radiation, which is subsequently frequency-doubled in a periodically poled lithium tantalate crystal. A maximum average power of 1.5 W is generated at 620 nm, corresponding to a pulse energy of 300 nJ at a repetition rate of 5 MHz. The source has excellent beam quality (M2≤1.16) and an optical efficiency (1064 nm to 620 nm) of 20%, demonstrating an effective architecture for generating red pulsed light for biomedical imaging applications.
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Conference paperZhang G, Harput S, Toulemonde M, et al., 2019,
Acoustic wave sparsely-activated localization microscopy (AWSALM): in vivo fast ultrasound super-resolution imaging using nanodroplets
, IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 1930-1933, ISSN: 1948-5719Current localization-based super-resolution ultrasound imaging requires a low concentration of flowing microbubbles to visualize microvasculature beyond the diffraction limit and acquisition is slow. Nanodroplets offer a promising solution as they can be sparsely activated and deactivated on-demand. In this study, acoustic wave sparsely-activated localization microscopy (AWSALM) using activation and deactivation of nanodroplets, an acoustic counterpart of photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM) which is less dependent on agent concentration and the presence of flow, is demonstrated for super-resolution imaging in deep tissues in vivo. An in vivo super-resolution image of a rabbit kidney is obtained in 1.1 seconds using AWSALM, where micro-vessels with apparent sizes far below the half-wavelength of 220 μm were visualized. This preliminary result demonstrates the feasibility of applying AWSALM for in vivo super-resolution imaging.
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Journal articleWang Y, Thipparapu NK, Wang S, et al., 2019,
Study on the temperature dependent characteristics of O-band bismuth-doped fiber amplifier.
, Opt Lett, Vol: 44, Pages: 5650-5653We report the temperature dependent performance of an O-band bismuth (Bi)-doped fiber amplifier (BDFA) in the temperature range from -60 to +80°C. At room temperature, maximum gains of 27 and 40 dB with noise figures (NFs) of 4.3 and 4.8 dB are measured for -23 dBm signal power in the single and double pass BDFA, respectively. An increment in gain and reduction in NF is observed as the ambient temperature of the BDFA is reduced. In the double pass BDFA, the temperature dependent gain coefficient from -60 to +80°C is found to be around -0.02 and -0.03 dB/°C across the wavelength band of 1300-1360 nm for -10 and -23 dBm signal powers, respectively. We also study the gain and NF characteristics with pump power and signal power at different temperatures, and a maximum gain of 45 dB is obtained at -60°C for -30 dBm signal power.
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Journal articleDavis SPX, Kumar S, Alexandrov Y, et al., 2019,
Convolutional neural networks for reconstruction of undersampled optical projection tomography data applied to in vivo imaging of zebrafish.
, Journal of Biophotonics, Vol: 12, ISSN: 1864-063XOptical projection tomography (OPT) is a 3D mesoscopic imaging modality that can utilize absorption or fluorescence contrast. 3D images can be rapidly reconstructed from tomographic data sets sampled with sufficient numbers of projection angles using the Radon transform, as is typically implemented with optically cleared samples of the mm-to-cm scale. For in vivo imaging, considerations of phototoxicity and the need to maintain animals under anesthesia typically preclude the acquisition of OPT data at a sufficient number of angles to avoid artifacts in the reconstructed images. For sparse samples, this can be addressed with iterative algorithms to reconstruct 3D images from undersampled OPT data, but the data processing times present a significant challenge for studies imaging multiple animals. We show here that convolutional neural networks (CNN) can be used in place of iterative algorithms to remove artifacts - reducing processing time for an undersampled in vivo zebrafish dataset from 77 to 15 minutes. We also show that using CNN produces reconstructions of equivalent quality to CS with 40% fewer projections. We further show that diverse training data classes, for example ex vivo mouse tissue data, can be used for CNN-based reconstructions of OPT data of other species including live zebrafish.
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