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Journal articlePissarenko A, Yang W, Quan H, et al., 2019,
Tensile behavior and structural characterization of pig dermis
, ACTA BIOMATERIALIA, Vol: 86, Pages: 77-95, ISSN: 1742-7061- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 46
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Journal articlePerez-Callejo G, Liedahl DA, Schneider MB, et al., 2019,
The use of geometric effects in diagnosing ion density in ICF-related dot spectroscopy experiments
, High Energy Density Physics, Vol: 30, Pages: 45-51, ISSN: 1574-1818We describe a method to calculate the ion density of High Energy Density (HED) cylindrical plasmas used in dot spectroscopy experiments. This method requires only spectroscopic measurements of the Heα region obtained from two views (Face-on and Side-on). We make use of the fact that the geometry of the plasma affects the observed flux of optically thick lines. The ion density can be derived from the aspect ratio (height-to-radius) of the cylinder and the optical depth of the Heα-y line (1s2p 3P1 → 1s2 1S0). The aspect ratio and the optical depth of the y line are obtained from the spectra using ratios measured from the two directions of emission of the optically thick Heα-w line (1s2p 1P1 → 1s2 1S0) and the ratio of the optically thick to thin lines. The method can be applied to mid-Z elements at ion densities of 1019– and temperatures of a the order of keV, which is a relevant regime for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) experiments.
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Journal articleNguyen T-T, Pearce AP, Carpanen D, et al., 2019,
Experimental platforms to study blast injury
, Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, Vol: 165, Pages: 33-37, ISSN: 2052-0468Injuries sustained due to attacks from explosive weapons are multiple in number, complex in nature, and not well characterised. Blast may cause damage to the human body by the direct effect of overpressure, penetration by highly energised fragments, and blunt trauma by violent displacements of the body. The ability to reproduce the injuries of such insults in a well-controlled fashion is essential in order to understand fully the unique mechanism by which they occur, and design better treatment and protection strategies to alleviate the resulting poor long-term outcomes. This paper reports a range of experimental platforms that have been developed for different blast injury models, their working mechanism, and main applications. These platforms include the shock tube, split-Hopkinson bars, the gas gun, drop towers and bespoke underbody blast simulators.
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Journal articleTheocharous SP, Bland SN, Yanuka D, et al., 2019,
Use of synchrotron-based radiography to diagnose pulsed power driven wire explosion experiments
, Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol: 90, ISSN: 0034-6748We describe the first use of synchrotron radiation to probe pulsed power driven high energy density physics experiments. Multi-frame x-ray radiography with interframe spacing of 704 ns and temporal resolution of <100 ps was used to diagnose the electrical explosion of different wire configurations in water including single copper and tungsten wires, parallel copper wire pairs, and copper x-pinches. Such experiments are of great interest to a variety of areas including equation of state studies and high pressure materials research, but the optical diagnostics that are usually employed in these experiments are unable to probe the areas behind the shock wave generated in the water, as well as the internal structure of the exploding material. The x-ray radiography presented here, performed at beamline ID19 at European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), was able to image both sides of the shock to a resolution of up to 8 μm, and phase contrast imaging allowed fine details of the wire structure during the current driven explosion and the shock waves to be clearly observed. These results demonstrate the feasibility of pulsed power operated in conjunction with synchrotron facilities, as well as an effective technique in the study of shock waves and wire explosion dynamics.
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Journal articleRutherford ME, Derrick JG, Chapman DJ, et al., 2019,
Insights into local shockwave behavior and thermodynamics in granular materials from tomography-initialized mesoscale simulations
, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol: 125, ISSN: 0021-8979Interpreting and tailoring the dynamic mechanical response of granular systems relies upon understanding how the initial arrangement of grains influences the compaction kinetics and thermodynamics. In this article, the influence of initial granular arrangement on the dynamic compaction response of a bimodal powder system (soda-lime distributed throughout a porous, fused silica matrix) was investigated through continuum-level and mesoscale simulations incorporating real, as-tested microstructures measured with X-ray tomography. By accounting for heterogeneities in the real powder composition, continuum-level simulations were brought into significantly better agreement with previously reported experimental data. Mesoscale simulations reproduced much of the previously unexplained experimental data scatter, gave further evidence of low-impedance mixture components dominating shock velocity dispersion, and crucially predicted the unexpectedly high velocities observed experimentally during the early stages of compaction. Moreover, only when the real microstructure was accounted for did simulations predict that small fractions of the fused silica matrix material would be driven into the β-quartz region of phase space. These results suggest that using real microstructures in mesoscale simulations is a critical step in understanding the full range of shock states achieved during dynamic granular compaction and interpreting solid phase distributions found in real planetary bodies.
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Journal articleShelkovenko TA, Pikuz SA, Tilikin IN, et al., 2018,
Evolution of X-pinch loads for pulsed power generators with current from 50 to 5000 kA
, Matter and Radiation at Extremes, Vol: 3, Pages: 267-277, ISSN: 2468-080XA review of X-pinches of various configurations and of different materials as an X-ray source for various applications is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of different designs of X-pinches as a load for generators with a wide range of output parameters and as a source of X-ray radiation for X-ray point-projection imaging were analyzed.
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Journal articleMcBride RD, Stygar WA, Cuneo ME, et al., 2018,
A primer on pulsed power and linear transformer drivers for high energy density physics applications
, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol: 46, Pages: 3928-3967, ISSN: 0093-3813The objectives of this tutorial are as follows: 1) to help students and researchers develop a basic understanding of how pulsed-power systems are used to create high-energy-density (HED) matter; 2) to develop a basic understanding of a new, compact, and efficient pulsed-power technology called linear transformer drivers (LTDs); 3) to understand why LTDs are an attractive technology for driving HED physics (HEDP) experiments; 4) to contrast LTDs with the more traditional Marx-generator/pulse-forming-line approach to driving HEDP experiments; and 5) to briefly review the history of LTD technology as well as some of the LTD-driven HEDP research presently underway at universities and research laboratories across the globe. This invited tutorial is part of the Mini-Course on Charged Particle Beams and High-Powered Pulsed Sources, held in conjunction with the 44th International Conference on Plasma Science in May of 2017.
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Journal articleYanuka D, Rososhek A, Theocharous S, et al., 2018,
Multi frame synchrotron radiography of pulsed power driven underwater single wire explosions
, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol: 124, ISSN: 0021-8979We present the first use of synchrotron-based phase contrast radiography to study pulsed-power driven high energy density physics experiments. Underwater electrical wire explosions have become of interest to the wider physics community due to their ability to study material properties at extreme conditions and efficiently couple stored electrical energy into intense shock waves in water. The latter can be shaped to provide convergent implosions, resulting in very high pressures (1-10 Mbar) produced on relatively small pulsed power facilities (100s of kA-MA). Multiple experiments have explored single-wire explosions in water, hoping to understand the underlying physics and better optimize this energy transfer process; however, diagnostics can be limited. Optical imaging diagnostics are usually obscured by the shock wave itself; and until now, diode-based X-ray radiography has been of relatively low resolution and rather a broad x-ray energy spectrum. Utilising phase contrast imaging capabilities of the ID19 beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, we were able to image both the exploding wire and the shock wave. Probing radiation of 20-50 keV radiographed 200 μm tungsten and copper wires, in ∼2-cm diameter water cylinders with resolutions of 8 μm and 32 μm. The wires were exploded by a ∼30-kA, 500-ns compact pulser, and 128 radiographs, each with a 100-ps X-ray pulse exposure, spaced at 704 ns apart were taken in each experiment. Abel inversion was used to obtain the density profile of the wires, and the results are compared to two dimensional hydrodynamic and one dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations.
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Journal articleMagnus D, Khan MA, Proud WG, 2018,
Epidemiology of civilian blast injuries inflicted by terrorist bombings from 1970-2016
, DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY, Vol: 14, Pages: 469-476, ISSN: 2096-3459- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 22
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Conference paperNguyen TT, Carpanen D, Tear G, et al., 2018,
Fragment Penetrating Injury to the tibia
, Personal Armour Systems Symposia 2018 -
Journal articleZhang X, Wang G, Luo B, et al., 2018,
Refractive index and polarizability of polystyrene under shock compression
, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, Vol: 53, Pages: 12628-12640, ISSN: 0022-2461 -
Conference paperButler BJ, Williams A, Tucker AW, et al., 2018,
Comparative quasi-static mechanical characterization of fresh and stored porcine trachea specimens
, 12th International Conference of the European-Association-for-the-Promotion-of-Research-into-the-Dynamic-Behaviour-of-Materials-and-its-Applications (DYMAT-Association), Publisher: SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, Pages: 55-60, ISSN: 1951-6355- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 2
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Journal articleShelkovenko TA, Pikuz SA, Tilikin IN, et al., 2018,
X-pinch X-ray emission on a portable low-current, fast rise-time generator
, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol: 124, ISSN: 0021-8979We report on experiments exploring X-ray emission from an X-pinch driven by a small Marx-waterline generator supplying 50 kA with a risetime of 50 ns and a peak voltage of ∼250 kV. Both standard crossed wire loads and hybrid loads utilizing conical metal electrodes with a single short wire in between them were studied, and in both cases reliable modes of operation were obtained for X-ray radiography. Soft (few keV) and Hard (>5 keV) X-ray emission characteristics were observed. With standard X-pinches, soft radiation emanated from a small hot spot about 3 μm in size, along with hard radiation from a ∼200 μm region close to this hot spot. With hybrid X-pinches, the hot spot was <7 μm in size. There was a clear correlation between the soft and hard X-ray emission—pinches that produced intense soft X-ray emission from a small hot spot also produced the most intense, localized hard X-ray emission.
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Journal articleWood JC, Chapman DJ, Poder K, et al., 2018,
Ultrafast imaging of laser driven shock waves using Betatron x-rays from a laser Wakefield accelerator
, Scientific Reports, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2045-2322Betatron radiation from laser wakefield accelerators is an ultrashort pulsedsource of hard, synchrotron-like x-ray radiation. It emanates from a centimetrescale plasma accelerator producing GeV level electron beams. In recent yearsbetatron radiation has been developed as a unique source capable of producinghigh resolution x-ray images in compact geometries. However, until now, theshort pulse nature of this radiation has not been exploited. This reportdetails the first experiment to utilise betatron radiation to image a rapidlyevolving phenomenon by using it to radiograph a laser driven shock wave in asilicon target. The spatial resolution of the image is comparable to what hasbeen achieved in similar experiments at conventional synchrotron light sources.The intrinsic temporal resolution of betatron radiation is below 100 fs,indicating that significantly faster processes could be probed in futurewithout compromising spatial resolution. Quantitative measurements of the shockvelocity and material density were made from the radiographs recorded duringshock compression and were consistent with the established shock response ofsilicon, as determined with traditional velocimetry approaches. This suggeststhat future compact betatron imaging beamlines could be useful in the imagingand diagnosis of high-energy-density physics experiments.
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Conference paperSory DR, Amin HD, Rankin SM, et al., 2018,
Osteogenic Differentiation of Periosteum-Derived Stromal Cells in Blast-Associated Traumatic Loading
, 20th Biennial Conference of the Topical-Group of the American-Physical-Society (APS) on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (SCCM), Publisher: AMER INST PHYSICS, ISSN: 0094-243X -
Conference paperTear GR, Chapman DJ, Proud WG, et al., 2018,
The use of PDV to understand damage in rocket motor propellants
, 20th Biennial Conference of the Topical-Group of the American-Physical-Society (APS) on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (SCCM), Publisher: AIP Publishing, ISSN: 1551-7616Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) has been fielded on small scale fragment impact experiments on double base propellant. A 130 mm block of propellant was impacted with a 20 mm diameter cylinder at 1003 ± 10 m s-1 and four PDV probes recorded rear surface motion at different radial distances between 10 mm and 60 mm from impact centre. The PDV was fielded alongside high speed video diagnostics using a dichroic mirror which reflected visible light whilst transmitting the 1550 nm wavelength which the PDV operated at. The rear surface velocity was compared to 2D numerical simulations of the experiment and found to be in good agreement. Additional material moving at up to 2 km s-1 was detected at break out.
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Conference paperNguyen T-TN, Tear GR, Masouros SD, et al., 2018,
Fragment Penetrating Injury to Long Bones
, 20th Biennial Conference of the Topical-Group of the American-Physical-Society (APS) on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (SCCM), Publisher: AMER INST PHYSICS, ISSN: 0094-243X -
Conference paperSmith LC, Chapman DJ, Hooper PA, et al., 2018,
On the Dynamic Response of Additively Manufactured 316L
, 20th Biennial Conference of the Topical-Group of the American-Physical-Society (APS) on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (SCCM), Publisher: AMER INST PHYSICS, ISSN: 0094-243X -
Conference paperBrown KA, Butler BJ, Sory D, et al., 2018,
Challenges in the Characterization of Failure and Resilience of Biological Materials
, 20th Biennial Conference of the Topical-Group of the American-Physical-Society (APS) on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (SCCM), Publisher: AMER INST PHYSICS, ISSN: 0094-243X -
Conference paperOta TA, Chapman DJ, Richley JC, et al., 2018,
Initial Results From a Simultaneous Pyrometry and Reflectivity Diagnostic
, 20th Biennial Conference of the Topical-Group of the American-Physical-Society (APS) on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (SCCM), Publisher: AMER INST PHYSICS, ISSN: 0094-243X -
Journal articlede Grouchy PWL, Kusse BR, Banasek J, et al., 2018,
Observations of the magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability and shock dynamics in gas-puff Z-pinch experiments
, PHYSICS OF PLASMAS, Vol: 25, ISSN: 1070-664X -
Conference paperTear G, Cohen A, Magnus D, et al., 2018,
Damage characterisation for cement and concrete using microwave induced damage
, International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, Publisher: MDPI, ISSN: 2504-3900Damage leading to failure in concrete and related materials is a complex behavior. Whilst many numerical approaches are available for simulating the degradation of material strength, it is difficult to discriminate between these models experimentally in the high strain rate ballistic impact regime. An experimental method has been developed to determine when local material failure has occurred, and whether the failure can be classed as fracture or granular flow. This method is tested on Kolsky bar and ballistic impact experiments. Comparison with numerical simulations is presented.
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Journal articleEscauriza EM, Olbinado MP, Rutherford ME, et al., 2018,
Ultra-high-speed indirect x-ray imaging system with versatile spatiotemporal sampling capabilities
, APPLIED OPTICS, Vol: 57, Pages: 5004-5010, ISSN: 1559-128X -
Journal articleWhite S, Irwin R, Warwick R, et al., 2018,
Production of photoionized plasmas in the laboratory using X-ray line radiation
, Physical Review E, Vol: 97, ISSN: 1539-3755In this paper we report the experimental implementation of a theoretically proposed technique for creating a photoionized plasma in the laboratory using x-ray line radiation. Using a Sn laser plasma to irradiate an Ar gas target, the photoionization parameter, ξ=4πF/Ne, reached values of order 50ergcms−1, where F is the radiation flux in ergcm−2s−1. The significance of this is that this technique allows us to mimic effective spectral radiation temperatures in excess of 1 keV. We show that our plasma starts to be collisionally dominated before the peak of the x-ray drive. However, the technique is extendable to higher-energy laser systems to create plasmas with parameters relevant to benchmarking codes used to model astrophysical objects.
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Journal articleMillett JCF, Higgins DL, Chapman DJ, et al., 2018,
The Effects of Prior Cold Work on the Shock Response of Copper
, Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Vol: 4, Pages: 211-221, ISSN: 2199-7446 -
Journal articleNguyen TN, Sory DR, Rankin SM, et al., 2018,
Platform development for primary blast injury studies
, Trauma (United Kingdom), ISSN: 1460-4086© 2018, The Author(s) 2018. Explosion-related injuries are currently the most commonly occurring wounds in modern conflicts. They are observed in both military and civilian theatres, with complex injury pathophysiologies. Primary blast injuries are the most frequently encountered critical injuries experienced by victims close to the explosion. They are caused by large and rapid pressure changes of the blast waves which produce a wide range of loading patterns resulting in varied injuries. Well-characterised experimental loading devices which can reproduce the real mechanical characteristics of blast loadings on biological specimens in in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models are essential in determining the injury mechanisms. This paper discusses the performance and application of platforms, including shock tubes, mechanical testing machines, drop-weight rigs, and split-Hopkinson pressure bar, with regards to the replication of primary blast.
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Journal articleGurovich V, Virozub A, Rososhek A, et al., 2018,
Quasi-isentropic compression using compressed water flow generated by underwater electrical explosion of a wire array
, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol: 123, ISSN: 0021-8979A major experimental research area in material equation-of-state today involves the use of off-Hugoniot measurements rather than shock experiments that give only Hugoniot data. There is a wide range of applications using quasi-isentropic compression of matter including the direct measurement of the complete isentrope of materials in a single experiment and minimizing the heating of flyer plates for high-velocity shock measurements. We propose a novel approach to generating quasi-isentropic compression of matter. Using analytical modeling and hydrodynamic simulations, we show that a working fluid composed of compressed water, generated by an underwater electrical explosion of a planar wire array, might be used to efficiently drive the quasi-isentropic compression of a copper target to pressures ∼2 × 10 11 Pa without any complex target designs.
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Journal articleRose SJ, Santos JJ, Bailly-Grandvaux M, et al., 2018,
Laser-driven strong magnetostatic fields with applications to charged beam transport and magnetized high energy-density physics
, Physics of Plasmas, Vol: 25, ISSN: 1070-664XPowerful laser-plasma processes are explored to generate discharge currents of a few 100 kA in coil targets,yielding magnetostatic fields (B-fields) in excess of 0.5 kT. The quasi-static currents are provided from hotelectron ejection from the laser-irradiated surface. According to our model, which describes the evolution ofthe discharge current, the major control parameter is the laser irradianceIlasλ2las. The space-time evolutionof the B-fields is experimentally characterized by high-frequency bandwidth B-dot probes and by proton-deflectometry measurements. The magnetic pulses, of ns-scale, are long enough to magnetize secondary targetsthrough resistive diffusion. We applied it in experiments of laser-generated relativistic electron transportthrough solid dielectric targets, yielding an unprecedented 5-fold enhancement of the energy-density flux at60μm depth, compared to unmagnetized transport conditions. These studies pave the ground for magnetizedhigh-energy density physics investigations, related to laser-generated secondary sources of radiation and/orhigh-energy particles and their transport, to high-gain fusion energy schemes and to laboratory astrophysics.
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Journal articleHill EG, Perez-Callejo G, Rose SJ, 2018,
ALICE: A non-LTE plasma atomic physics, kinetics and lineshape code
, High Energy Density Physics, Vol: 26, Pages: 56-67, ISSN: 1574-1818All three parts of an atomic physics, atomic kinetics and lineshape code, ALICE, are described. Examples of the code being used to model the emissivity and opacity of plasmas are discussed and interesting features of the code which build on the existing corpus of models are shown throughout.
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Conference paperDerrick J, Rutherford M, Davison T, et al., 2018,
Interrogating Heterogeneous Compaction of Analogue Materials at the Mesoscale Through Numerical Modeling and Experiments
, 20th Biennial Conference of the APS Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, Publisher: AIP Publishing, ISSN: 1551-7616
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