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• Book chapter
  Parkin IP, Kafizas A, 2013,

  Exothermic Metathesis Reactions

  , Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II Second Edition from Elements to Applications, Pages: 471-490

  The development of solid-state metathesis (SSM) routes over the last two decades has revolutionized the way in which several industrially important refractory ceramics, intermetallics, and semiconductors are made. In this chapter, the development of SSM routes in synthesizing a range of materials including metal borides and aluminides, carbides and silicides, nitrides, phosphides, arsenides and antimonides, oxides and sulfides, selenides and tellurides is covered. In addition, an overview of the new directions in metathesis is presented, including carbon nanotube and nanocrystal formation. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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  • Citations: 10
• Journal article
  Kafizas A, Noor N, Carmalt CJ, Parkin IPet al., 2013,

  TiO₂-based transparent conducting oxides; the search for optimum electrical conductivity using a combinatorial approach

  , JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C, Vol: 1, Pages: 6335-6346, ISSN: 2050-7526
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  • Citations: 32
• Journal article
  Uppal MA, Kafizas A, Ewing MB, Parkin IPet al., 2013,

  The room temperature formation of gold nanoparticles from the reaction of cyclohexanone and auric acid; a transition from dendritic particles to compact shapes and nanoplates

  , JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, Vol: 1, Pages: 7351-7359, ISSN: 2050-7488
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  • Citations: 34
• Journal article
  Kafizas A, Parry SA, Chadwick AV, Carmalt CJ, Parkin IPet al., 2013,

  An EXAFS study on the photo-assisted growth of silver nanoparticles on titanium dioxide thin-films and the identification of their photochromic states

  , PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, Vol: 15, Pages: 8254-8263, ISSN: 1463-9076
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  • Citations: 17
• Journal article
  Ponja S, Sathasivam S, Chadwick N, Kafizas A, Bawaked SM, Obaid AY, Al-Thabaiti S, Basahel SN, Parkin IP, Carmalt CJet al., 2013,

  Aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition of hydrophobic TiO₂-SnO₂ composite film with novel microstructure and enhanced photocatalytic activity

  , JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, Vol: 1, Pages: 6271-6278, ISSN: 2050-7488
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  • Citations: 55
• Journal article
  Kafizas A, Carmalt CJ, Parkin IP, 2012,

  Does a Photocatalytic Synergy in an Anatase-Rutile TiO2 Composite Thin-Film Exist?

  , Chemistry - A European Journal, Vol: 18, Pages: 13048-13048, ISSN: 1521-3765

  It has often been suggested that anatase-rutile mixtures/composites synergistically enhance photocatalysis. However, in the case of dense thin-films containing an intimate mix of both anatase and rutile phases, such an effect has not been observed. In synthesising combinatorial films with graded film thickness and phase, and applying established photocatalytic mapping methods, we were able to assess how dense thin-films of intimately mixed anatase-rutile mixtures affect photocatalytic performance. We found that no photocatalytic synergy between anatase-rutile composites (29≤rutile %≤83) within such dense thin-film systems exists. In fact, an increased presence of rutile caused the photocatalytic activity to fall. This was explained by the unfavourable energetics in the multiple electron transfers required between several neighbouring rutile and anatase sites for the photo-generated electron to reach the material’s surface; encouraging the trapping of electrons within the bulk and increasing the likelihood of charge recombination. The decrease in photocatalytic activity was found to vary linearly with rutile component.

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• Journal article
  Cabrera RQ, Latimer ER, Kafizas A, Blackman CS, Carmalt CJ, Parkin IPet al., 2012,

  Photocatalytic activity of needle-like TiO2/WO3−x thin films prepared by chemical vapour deposition

  , Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, Vol: 239, Pages: 60-60, ISSN: 1010-6030

  The enhanced photocatalyticactivity of needle-like TiO2/WO3−x (0 < x ≤ 0.3) composite thinfilms is demonstrated in the degradation of stearic acid, a model system for the organic pollutants typically present on window surfaces. The films were synthesised by atmospheric pressure chemicalvapourdeposition (APCVD) from reaction of tungsten and titanium chlorides with ethanol and ethyl acetate as oxygen sources, respectively, and characterised by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, SEM and AFM. The increase in activity of films is explained in terms of an effective vectorial charge separation at the interface of the two oxide semiconductors. The interaction of water with the surface of the TiO2/WO3−x composite film is also discussed after water droplet contact angle measurements.

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• Journal article
  Crick CR, Bear JC, Kafizas A, Parkin IPet al., 2012,

  Superhydrophobic Photocatalytic Surfaces through Direct Incorporation of Titania Nanoparticles into a Polymer Matrix by Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition

  , Vol: 24, Pages: 3505–3508-3505–3508, ISSN: 1521-4095
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• Journal article
  Dunnill CW, Kafizas A, Parkin IP, 2012,

  CVD Production of Doped Titanium Dioxide Thin Films

  , Chemical Vapor Deposition, Vol: 18, Pages: 89-89, ISSN: 0948-1907
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• Journal article
  Kafizas A, Parkin IP, 2012,

  ChemInform Abstract: Inorganic Thin‐Film Combinatorial Studies for Rapidly Optimizing Functional Properties

  , ChemInform, Vol: 43, ISSN: 0931-7597

  <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Review: 217 refs.</jats:p>

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• Journal article
  Kafizas A, Parkin IP, 2012,

  Inorganic thin-film combinatorial studies for rapidly optimising functional properties

  , Chemical Society Reviews, Vol: 41, Pages: 738-738
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• Journal article
  Kafizas A, Parkin IP, 2011,

  Combinatorial atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (cAPCVD); a route to functional property optimization.

  , Journal of the American Chemical Society, ISSN: 1520-5126

  ABSTRACT: We demonstrate how combinatorial atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (cAPCVD) can be used as a synthetic tool for rapidly optimizing the functional properties of thin-films; by analyzing the self-cleaning properties of tungsten doped anatase as an example. By introducing reagents at separate points inside the reactor, a tungsten/ titanium compositional gradient was formed and a diverse range of film growth conditions were obtained. By partially mixing the metal sources, a combinatorial film with a compositional profile that varied primarily in the lateral plane was synthesized. A combinatorial thin-film of anatase TiO2 doped with an array of tungsten levels as a solid solution ranging from 0.38 - 13.8 W: Ti atom % was formed on a single glass substrate. The compositional-functional relationships were understood through comprehensively analyzing combinatorial phase space; with 200 positions investigated by high-throughput methods in this study. Physical and functional properties, and their compositional dependencies, were inter-correlated. It was found that increases in photocatalytic activity and conductivity were most highly dependent on film crystallinity within the 0.38 - 13.8 atom % W: Ti doping regime. However, enhancements in photo-induced surface wetting were primarily dependent on increases in preferred growth in the (211) crystal plane.

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• Journal article
  Kafizas A, Dunnill CW, Parkin IP, 2011,

  The relationship between photocatalytic activity and photochromic state of nanoparticulate silver surface loaded titanium dioxide thin-films.

  , Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol: 13, Pages: 13827-13827, ISSN: 1463-9084

  Anatase titania thin-films were prepared by a modified spray-pyrolysis method. Glass substrates were coated at room temperature with an aerosol-spray of a titania sol-gel solution and then annealed at 500 °C to form rough, transparent, crystalline thin-films of anatase TiO(2). Silver nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of these films by a photo-assisted deposition method; films were dip-coated in methanolic solutions of silver nitrate salt and then photo-irradiated for 5 h with UVC light. The AgNO(3) concentration was adjusted to create an array of films with varying silver loadings. The films displayed photochromism; changing colour to orange-brown in UV-light to colourless under white light. The rates of photochromic change, when subjected to four different lighting conditions (UVC, UVA, white light and dark), were analysed by UV-visible spectroscopy. By assessing the photocatalytic activity to these light sources it was found that the initial photochromic state of the material had a profound effect on the films photocatalytic ability. This effect was more pronounced in the more concentrated silver loaded films; where significant enhancements in photoactivity occurred when reactions were initiated from the photo-reduced state. The mode of improved photocatalysis was attributed to the photo-generated electron trapping by silver nanoparticles, which stabilised photo-generated holes and drove photo-oxidation processes. We believe this is the first study in which the relationship between the photochromic state of a thin-film and its subsequent photocatalytic activity is reported.

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• Journal article
  Knapp CE, Kafizas A, Parkin IP, Carmalt CJet al., 2011,

  The use of combinatorial aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition for the formation of gallium-indium-oxide thin films

  , Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol: 21, Pages: 12644-12644, ISSN: 0959-9428
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• Journal article
  Dunnill CW, Page K, Aiken ZA, Noimark S, Hyett G, Kafizas A, Pratten J, Wilson M, Parkin IPet al., 2011,

  Nanoparticulate silver coated-titania thin films-Photo-oxidative destruction of stearic acid under different light sources and antimicrobial effects under hospital lighting conditions

  , JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY A-CHEMISTRY, Vol: 220, Pages: 113-123, ISSN: 1010-6030
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  • Citations: 64
• Journal article
  Kundu S, Kafizas A, Hyett G, Mills A, Darr JA, Parkin IPet al., 2011,

  An investigation into the effect of thickness of titanium dioxide and gold–silver nanoparticle titanium dioxide composite thin-films on photocatalytic activity and photo-induced oxygen production in a sacrificial system

  , Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol: 21, Pages: 6854-6854, ISSN: 0959-9428
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• Journal article
  Dunnill CW, Ansari Z, Kafizas A, Perni S, Morgan DJ, Wilson M, Parkin IPet al., 2011,

  Visible light photocatalysts—N-doped TiO2 by sol–gel, enhanced with surface bound silver nanoparticle islands

  , Journal of Materials Chemistry, Pages: 11854-11861, ISSN: 0959-9428
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• Journal article
  Kafizas A, Crick C, Parkin IP, 2010,

  The combinatorial atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (cAPCVD) of a gradating substitutional/interstitial N-doped anatase TiO2 thin-film; UVA and visible light photocatalytic activities.

  , Vol: 216, Pages: 156-166-156-166, ISSN: 1010-6030
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• Journal article
  Perni S, Piccirillo C, Kafizas A, Uppal MA, Pratten J, Wilson M, Parkin IPet al., 2010,

  Antibacterial Activity of Light-Activated Silicone Containing Methylene Blue and Gold Nanoparticles of Different Sizes

  , Journal of Cluster Science, Vol: 21, Pages: 427-427, ISSN: 1040-7278

  Methylene Blue and methylene blue-gold nanoparticle mixtures were encapsulated in a silicone polymer using a swell-encapsulation-shrink technique. The antibacterial properties of the materials, when tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and exposed to laser light (660 nm), were sig- nificantly affected by both the presence and size of Au nanoparticles. Bacterial inactivation data were analysed using the Weibull inactivation model. For both E. coli and S. epidermidis the value of the parameter, indicating the time required to achieve the first log10 reduction in the viable count, decreased when Au nanopar- ticles of ca 2 nm diameter were present. Larger Au nanoparticles (diameters of 5 and 20 nm) in combination with methylene blue were also embedded in silicone. The values of these materials increased with nanoparticle diameter, indicating a reduction in antibacterial activity. In all cases E. coli had higher values than S. epidermidis.

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• Journal article
  Kafizas A, Mills A, Parkin IP, 2010,

  A comprehensive aerosol spray method for the rapid photocatalytic grid area analysis of semiconductor photocatalyst thin films.

  , Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol: 663, Pages: 69-69, ISSN: 1873-4324

  Indicator inks, previously shown to be capable of rapidly assessing photocatalytic activity via a novel photo-reductive mechanism, were simply applied via an aerosol spray onto commercially available pieces of Activ self-cleaning glass. Ink layers could be applied with high evenness of spread, with as little deviation as 5% upon UV-visible spectroscopic assessment of 25 equally distributed positions over a 10cmx10cm glass cut. The inks were comprised of either a resazurin (Rz) or dichloroindophenol (DCIP) redox dye with a glycerol sacrificial electron donor in an aqueous hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) polymer media. The photo-reduction reaction under UVA light of a single spot was monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy and digital images attained from a flat-bed scanner in tandem for both inks. The photo-reduction of Rz ink underwent a two-step kinetic process, whereby the blue redox dye was initially reduced to a pink intermediate resorufin (Rf) and subsequently reduced to a bleached form of the dye. In contrast, a simple one-step kinetic process was observed for the reduction of the light blue redox dye DCIP to its bleached intermediates. Changes in red-green-blue colour extracted from digital images of the inks were inversely proportional to the changes seen at corresponding wavelengths via UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and wholly indicative of the reaction kinetics. The photocatalytic activity areas of cuts of Activ glass, 10cmx10cm in size, were assessed using both Rz and DCIP indicator inks evenly sprayed over the films; firstly using UVA lamp light to activate the underlying Activ film (1.75mWcm(-2)) and secondly under solar conditions (2.06+/-0.14mWcm(-2)). The photo-reduction reactions were monitored solely by flat-bed digital scanning. Red-green-blue values of a generated 14x14 grid (196 positions) that covered the entire area of each film image were extracted using a custom-built program entitled RGB Extractor(C). A homogenous degradation over the 196 positi

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