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  • Conference paper
    Guiraud P, Moore AH, Vos RR, Naylor PA, Brookes Met al., 2022,

    MACHINE LEARNING FOR PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN THE MBSTOI BINAURAL INTELLIGIBILITY METRIC

    , 17th International Workshop on Acoustic Signal Enhancement (IWAENC), Publisher: IEEE, ISSN: 2639-4316
  • Conference paper
    Sharma D, Gong R, Fosburgh J, Kruchinin SY, Naylor PA, Milanovic Let al., 2022,

    SPATIAL PROCESSING FRONT-END FOR DISTANT ASR EXPLOITING SELF-ATTENTION CHANNEL COMBINATOR

    , 47th IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 7997-8001, ISSN: 1520-6149
  • Conference paper
    D'Olne E, Moore A, Naylor P, 2021,

    Model-based beamforming for wearable microphone arrays

    , European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 1105-1109

    Beamforming techniques for hearing aid applications are often evaluated using behind-the-ear (BTE) devices. However, the growing number of wearable devices with microphones has made it possible to consider new geometries for microphone array beamforming. In this paper, we examine the effect of array location and geometry on the performance of binaural minimum power distortionless response (BMPDR) beamformers. In addition to the classical adaptive BMPDR, we evaluate the benefit of a recently-proposed method that estimates the sample covariance matrix using a compact model. Simulation results show that using a chest-mounted array reduces noise by an additional 1.3~dB compared to BTE hearing aids. The compact model method is found to yield higher predicted intelligibility than adaptive BMPDR beamforming, regardless of the array geometry.

  • Conference paper
    Hogg AOT, Neo VW, Weiss S, Evers C, Naylor PAet al., 2021,

    A Polynomial Eigenvalue Decomposition Music Approach for Broadband Sound Source Localization

    , 2021 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA), Publisher: IEEE
  • Conference paper
    Neo VW, Evers C, Naylor PA, 2021,

    Polynomial Matrix Eigenvalue Decomposition-Based Source Separation Using Informed Spherical Microphone Arrays

    , 2021 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA), Publisher: IEEE
  • Conference paper
    Jones DT, Sharma D, Kruchinin SY, Naylor Pet al., 2021,

    Spatial Coding for Microphone Arrays using IPNLMS-Based RTF Estimation

    , 2021 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA)
  • Conference paper
    Hogg AOT, Evers C, Naylor PA, 2021,

    Multichannel Overlapping Speaker Segmentation Using Multiple Hypothesis Tracking Of Acoustic And Spatial Features

    , ICASSP 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Publisher: IEEE
  • Conference paper
    Neo VW, Evers C, Naylor PA, 2021,

    Polynomial matrix eigenvalue decomposition of spherical harmonics for speech enhancement

    , IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 786-790

    Speech enhancement algorithms using polynomial matrix eigen value decomposition (PEVD) have been shown to be effective for noisy and reverberant speech. However, these algorithms do not scale well in complexity with the number of channels used in the processing. For a spherical microphone array sampling an order-limited sound field, the spherical harmonics provide a compact representation of the microphone signals in the form of eigen beams. We propose a PEVD algorithm that uses only the lower dimension eigen beams for speech enhancement at a significantly lower computation cost. The proposed algorithm is shown to significantly reduce complexity while maintaining full performance. Informal listening examples have also indicated that the processing does not introduce any noticeable artefacts.

  • Conference paper
    Moore A, Vos R, Naylor P, Brookes Det al., 2021,

    Processing pipelines for efficient, physically-accurate simulation of microphone array signals in dynamic sound scenes

    , ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Publisher: IEEE, ISSN: 0736-7791

    Multichannel acoustic signal processing is predicated on the fact that the inter channel relationships between the received signals can be exploited to infer information about the acoustic scene. Recently there has been increasing interest in algorithms which are applicable in dynamic scenes, where the source(s) and/or microphone array may be moving. Simulating such scenes has particular challenges which are exacerbated when real-time, listener-in-the-loop evaluation of algorithms is required. This paper considers candidate pipelines for simulating the array response to a set of point/image sources in terms of their accuracy, scalability and continuity. Anew approach, in which the filter kernels are obtained using principal component analysis from time-aligned impulse responses, is proposed. When the number of filter kernels is≤40the new approach achieves more accurate simulation than competing methods.

  • Journal article
    Hogg A, Evers C, Moore A, Naylor Pet al., 2021,

    Overlapping speaker segmentation using multiple hypothesis tracking of fundamental frequency

    , IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, Vol: 29, Pages: 1479-1490, ISSN: 2329-9290

    This paper demonstrates how the harmonic structure of voiced speech can be exploited to segment multiple overlapping speakers in a speaker diarization task. We explore how a change in the speaker can be inferred from a change in pitch. We show that voiced harmonics can be useful in detecting when more than one speaker is talking, such as during overlapping speaker activity. A novel system is proposed to track multiple harmonics simultaneously, allowing for the determination of onsets and end-points of a speaker’s utterance in the presence of an additional active speaker. This system is bench-marked against a segmentation system from the literature that employs a bidirectional long short term memory network (BLSTM) approach and requires training. Experimental results highlight that the proposed approach outperforms the BLSTM baseline approach by 12.9% in terms of HIT rate for speaker segmentation. We also show that the estimated pitch tracks of our system can be used as features to the BLSTM to achieve further improvements of 1.21% in terms of coverage and 2.45% in terms of purity

  • Journal article
    Yiallourides C, Naylor PA, 2021,

    Time-frequency analysis and parameterisation of knee sounds fornon-invasive setection of osteoarthritis

    , IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol: 68, Pages: 1250-1261, ISSN: 0018-9294

    Objective: In this work the potential of non-invasive detection of kneeosteoarthritis is investigated using the sounds generated by the knee jointduring walking. Methods: The information contained in the time-frequency domainof these signals and its compressed representations is exploited and theirdiscriminant properties are studied. Their efficacy for the task of normal vsabnormal signal classification is evaluated using a comprehensive experimentalframework. Based on this, the impact of the feature extraction parameters onthe classification performance is investigated using Classification andRegression Trees (CART), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Support VectorMachine (SVM) classifiers. Results: It is shown that classification issuccessful with an area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curveof 0.92. Conclusion: The analysis indicates improvements in classificationperformance when using non-uniform frequency scaling and identifies specificfrequency bands that contain discriminative features. Significance: Contrary toother studies that focus on sit-to-stand movements and knee flexion/extension,this study used knee sounds obtained during walking. The analysis of suchsignals leads to non-invasive detection of knee osteoarthritis with highaccuracy and could potentially extend the range of available tools for theassessment of the disease as a more practical and cost effective method withoutrequiring clinical setups.

  • Journal article
    Hafezi S, Moore A, Naylor P, 2021,

    Narrowband multi-source Direction-of-Arrival estimation in the spherical harmonic domain

    , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol: 149, ISSN: 0001-4966

    A conventional approach to wideband multi-source (MS) direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is to perform single source (SS) DOA estimation in time-frequency (TF) bins for which a SS assumption is valid. Such methods use the W-disjoint orthogonality (WDO) assumption due to the speech sparseness. As the number of sources increases, the chance of violating the WDO assumption increases. As shown in the challenging scenarios with multiple simultaneously active sources over a short period of time masking each other, it is possible for a strongly masked source (due to inconsistency of activity or quietness) to be rarely dominant in a TF bin. SS-based DOA estimators fail in the detection or accurate localization of masked sources in such scenarios. Two analytical approaches are proposed for narrowband DOA estimation based on the MS assumption in a bin in the spherical harmonic domain. In the first approach, eigenvalue decomposition is used to decompose a MS scenario into multiple SS scenarios, and a SS-based analytical DOA estimation is performed on each. The second approach analytically estimates two DOAs per bin assuming the presence of two active sources per bin. The evaluation validates the improvement to double accuracy and robustness to sensor noise compared to the baseline methods.

  • Conference paper
    Sharma D, Berger L, Quillen C, Naylor PAet al., 2021,

    Non-intrusive estimation of speech signal parameters using a frame-based machine learning approach

    , 2020 28th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 446-450

    We present a novel, non-intrusive method that jointly estimates acoustic signal properties associated with the perceptual speech quality, level of reverberation and noise in a speech signal. We explore various machine learning frameworks, consisting of popular feature extraction front-ends and two types of regression models and show the trade-off in performance that must be considered with each combination. We show that a short-time framework consisting of an 80-dimension log-Mel filter bank feature front-end employing spectral augmentation, followed by a 3 layer LSTM recurrent neural network model achieves a mean absolute error of 3.3 dB for C50, 2.3 dB for segmental SNR and 0.3 for PESQ estimation on the Libri Augmented (LA) database. The internal VAD for this system achieves an F1 score of 0.93 on this data. The proposed system also achieves a 2.4 dB mean absolute error for C50 estimation on the ACE test set. Furthermore, we show how each type of acoustic parameter correlates with ASR performance in terms of ground truth labels and additionally show that the estimated C50, SNR and PESQ from our proposed method have a high correlation (greater than 0.92) with WER on the LA test set.

  • Conference paper
    Felsheim RC, Brendel A, Naylor PA, Kellermann Wet al., 2021,

    Head Orientation Estimation from Multiple Microphone Arrays

    , 28th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 491-495, ISSN: 2076-1465
  • Journal article
    Neo VW, Evers C, Naylor PA, 2021,

    Enhancement of Noisy Reverberant Speech Using Polynomial Matrix Eigenvalue Decomposition

    , IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, Vol: 29, Pages: 3255-3266, ISSN: 2329-9290
  • Conference paper
    McKnight SW, Hogg A, Naylor P, 2020,

    Analysis of phonetic dependence of segmentation errors in speaker diarization

    , European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Publisher: IEEE, ISSN: 2076-1465

    Evaluation of speaker segmentation and diarization normally makes use of forgiveness collars around ground truth speaker segment boundaries such that estimated speaker segment boundaries with such collars are considered completely correct. This paper shows that the popular recent approach of removing forgiveness collars from speaker diarization evaluation tools can unfairly penalize speaker diarization systems that correctly estimate speaker segment boundaries. The uncertainty in identifying the start and/or end of a particular phoneme means that the ground truth segmentation is not perfectly accurate, and even trained human listeners are unable to identify phoneme boundaries with full consistency. This research analyses the phoneme dependence of this uncertainty, and shows that it depends on (i) whether the phoneme being detected is at the start or end of an utterance and (ii) what the phoneme is, so that the use of a uniform forgiveness collar is inadequate. This analysis is expected to point the way towards more indicative and repeatable assessment of the performance of speaker diarization systems.

  • Conference paper
    Neo VW, Evers C, Naylor PA, 2021,

    Speech dereverberation performance of a polynomial-EVD subspace approach

    , European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Publisher: IEEE, ISSN: 2076-1465

    The degradation of speech arising from additive background noise and reverberation affects the performance of important speech applications such as telecommunications, hearing aids, voice-controlled systems and robot audition. In this work, we focus on dereverberation. It is shown that the parameterized polynomial matrix eigenvalue decomposition (PEVD)-based speech enhancement algorithm exploits the lack of correlation between speech and the late reflections to enhance the speech component associated with the direct path and early reflections. The algorithm's performance is evaluated using simulations involving measured acoustic impulse responses and noise from the ACE corpus. The simulations and informal listening examples have indicated that the PEVD-based algorithm performs dereverberation over a range of SNRs without introducing any noticeable processing artefacts.

  • Journal article
    Xue W, Moore A, Brookes D, Naylor Pet al., 2020,

    Speech enhancement based on modulation-domain parametric multichannel Kalman filtering

    , IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, Vol: 29, Pages: 393-405, ISSN: 1558-7916

    Recently we presented a modulation-domain multichannel Kalman filtering (MKF) algorithm for speech enhancement, which jointly exploits the inter-frame modulation-domain temporal evolution of speech and the inter-channel spatial correlation to estimate the clean speech signal. The goal of speech enhancement is to suppress noise while keeping the speech undistorted, and a key problem is to achieve the best trade-off between speech distortion and noise reduction. In this paper, we extend the MKF by presenting a modulation-domain parametric MKF (PMKF) which includes a parameter that enables flexible control of the speech enhancement behaviour in each time-frequency (TF) bin. Based on the decomposition of the MKF cost function, a new cost function for PMKF is proposed, which uses the controlling parameter to weight the noise reduction and speech distortion terms. An optimal PMKF gain is derived using a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) criterion. We analyse the performance of the proposed MKF, and show its relationship to the speech distortion weighted multichannel Wiener filter (SDW-MWF). To evaluate the impact of the controlling parameter on speech enhancement performance, we further propose PMKF speech enhancement systems in which the controlling parameter is adaptively chosen in each TF bin. Experiments on a publicly available head-related impulse response (HRIR) database in different noisy and reverberant conditions demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

  • Conference paper
    Martínez-Colón A, Viciana-Abad R, Perez-Lorenzo JM, Evers C, Naylor PAet al., 2020,

    Evaluation of a multi-speaker system for socially assistive HRI in real scenarios

    , Workshop of Physical Agents, Publisher: Springer International Publishing, Pages: 151-166, ISSN: 2194-5357

    In the field of social human-robot interaction, and in particular for social assistive robotics, the capacity of recognizing the speaker’s discourse in very diverse conditions and where more than one interlocutor may be present, plays an essential role. The use of a mics. array that can be mounted in a robot supported by a voice enhancement module has been evaluated, with the goal of improving the performance of current automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems in multi-speaker conditions. An evaluation has been made of the improvement in terms of intelligibility scores that can be achieved in the operation of two off-the-shelf ASR solutions in situations that contemplate the typical scenarios where a robot with these characteristics can be found. The results have identified the conditions in which a low computational cost demand algorithm can be beneficial to improve intelligibility scores in real environments.

  • Journal article
    Papayiannis C, Evers C, Naylor P, 2020,

    End-to-end classification of reverberant rooms using DNNs

    , IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, Vol: 28, Pages: 3010-3017, ISSN: 1558-7916

    Reverberation is present in our workplaces, ourhomes, concert halls and theatres. This paper investigates howdeep learning can use the effect of reverberation on speechto classify a recording in terms of the room in which it wasrecorded. Existing approaches in the literature rely on domainexpertise to manually select acoustic parameters as inputs toclassifiers. Estimation of these parameters from reverberantspeech is adversely affected by estimation errors, impacting theclassification accuracy. In order to overcome the limitations ofpreviously proposed methods, this paper shows how DNNs canperform the classification by operating directly on reverberantspeech spectra and a CRNN with an attention-mechanism isproposed for the task. The relationship is investigated betweenthe reverberant speech representations learned by the DNNs andacoustic parameters. For evaluation, AIRs are used from theACE-challenge dataset that were measured in 7 real rooms. Theclassification accuracy of the CRNN classifier in the experimentsis 78% when using 5 hours of training data and 90% when using10 hours.

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