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Many Tribology Group publications are Open Access thanks to funding from the EPSRC.

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  • Journal article
    Korsunsky AM, Liu J, Golshan M, Dini D, Zhang SY, Vorster WJet al., 2006,

    Measurement of residual elastic strains in a titanium alloy using high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction

    , EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS, Vol: 46, Pages: 519-529, ISSN: 0014-4851
  • Conference paper
    Dini D, Regino GM, Dunne FPE, Korsunsky AMet al., 2006,

    Polycrystal Deformation: Modelling And Diffraction Measurements For The Development Of Microscopic Energy-Based Fatigue Prediction Criteria

    , Mesomechanics 2006 (8th Mesomechanics Conference)
  • Journal article
    Spikes H, 2006,

    Origins of the friction and wear properties of antiwear additives

    , Lubrication Science, Vol: 18, Pages: 223-230, ISSN: 0954-0075

    Experimental techniques have been developed to measure the friction, antiwear film-forming and wear properties of lubricants in rolling-sliding contact. Friction measurements show that zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) and also some other phosphorus-based additives increase friction in mixed lubrication. Film thickness measurements show that this increase in friction correlates with the thickness of antiwear film. They also reveal some of the drivers of antiwear film formation and removal. A novel wear tester is described which enables the mild wear resulting from ZDDP-containing oils to be monitored. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Journal article
    Nikas GK, Sayles RS, 2006,

    Computational model of tandem rectangular elastomeric seals for reciprocating motion

    , TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Vol: 39, Pages: 622-634, ISSN: 0301-679X
  • Conference paper
    Hills DA, Churchman CM, Dini D, 2006,

    Fretting fatigue: The equivalence of critical plane and critical asymptotic solutions

    , 15th U.S. National Congress on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
  • Journal article
    Nikas GK, Sayles RS, 2006,

    Modelling and optimization of composite rectangular reciprocating seals

    , PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART J-JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY, Vol: 220, Pages: 395-412, ISSN: 1350-6501
  • Journal article
    de Vicente J, Stokes JR, Spikes HA, 2006,

    Soft lubrication of model hydrocolloids

    , FOOD HYDROCOLLOIDS, Vol: 20, Pages: 483-491, ISSN: 0268-005X
  • Conference paper
    De Vicente J, Stokes J, Spikes H, 2006,

    Soft-EHL - The tribology of tyres and tongues

    Thick hydrodynamic lubricant films can be formed in soft-EHL contacts, even by low viscosity lubricants such as aqueous solutions, and this has practical relevance in both engineering and biological applications. Work to measure the friction of simple Newtonian liquids in soft-EHL contacts over a wide range of entrainment speeds and viscosities is presented. A new technique is described for separating the rolling and sliding components of friction. To study the boundary lubrication regime, solutions of a surfactant Tween 80 (ethoxylated-60-sorbitan monostearate) are examined. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the 15th International Colloquium Tribology - Automotive and Industrial Lubrication (Ostfildern, Germany 1/17-19/2006).
  • Conference paper
    Fan JY, Muller M, Spikes H, 2006,

    Reduction of wear using functionalised PAMA viscosity modifiers

    The wear performance of dispersant polyalkylmethacrylates (d-PAMA) was studied under pure sliding and mixed sliding/rolling conditions. Reference base oil and blends of functionalized PAMA and non-functionalized PAMA were tested using Bi-direction Mini Traction Machine and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. Significant reductions in wear could be produced by appropriate concentrations of some functionalized PAMA. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the 15th International Colloquium Tribology - Automotive and Industrial Lubrication (Ostfildern, Germany 1/17-19/2006).
  • Conference paper
    Spikes HA, 2006,

    Sixty years of EHL

    The birth of EHL took place in 1945 and is graphically described by Cameron. Sixty years have elapsed since then, during which period EHL has progressed from infancy to maturity. A discussion presented at the 15th International Colloquium Tribology-Automotive and Industrial Lubrication (Ostfildern, Germany 1/17-19/2006), covers the development of EHL research; numerical solutions of the line contact EHL problem; and optical interference image from point contact.
  • Conference paper
    Miklozic KT, Forbus R, Spikes HA, 2006,

    Friction performance of combined antiwear and friction modifier systems

    A study on the friction and tribo-film properties when molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) solution lubricates surfaces covered with previously-formed zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP) film was carried out. For the MoDTC oil solution, a remarkable friction reduction of coefficient of friction was observed in the boundary lubrication regime. Some alteration of the previously-formed ZDDP film could be seen. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the 15th International Colloquium Tribology-Automotive and Industrial Lubrication (Ostfildern, Germany 1/17-19/2006).
  • Conference paper
    Fujita H, Spikes HA, 2006,

    The study of antiwear film formation kinetics

    Despite the demand for a progressive decrease in phosphorus concentration in engine oils to reduce impact on the de-NOx catalyst and diesel particulate filter, ZnDTP have not yet been replaced completely by other antiwear additives. A study on the influence of ZnDTP type and concentration of dispersant on the antiwear film formation process was carried out. ZnDTP type strongly affected the formation process. Dispersant inhibited the antiwear film from being generated on rubbed surface and this effect increased with dispersant concentration. Film formation models and formula were discussed, which stimulate the film formation process. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the 15th International Colloquium Tribology-Automotive and Industrial Lubrication (Ostfildern, Germany 1/17-19/2006).
  • Conference paper
    Van Beek A, Van Ostayen RAJ, Spikes HA, 2006,

    Viscoelastic behavior of soft layered EHL curved slider bearings

    The design of a water lubricated shaftless propeller bearing arrangement is presented. Because the bearing arrangement has to function in an aqueous environment, a polymer layer is applied at one of the bearing surfaces to obtain good start-stop conditions in the boundary lubrication regime and to obtain EHL at higher surface velocities. To properly design the bearing arrangement, consisting of multiple curved bearing pads sliding on the soft polymer layer, it is essential to be able to predict the effect of the viscoelastic material behavior on the formation of the thin lubricant film. The numerical model applied covers the hydrodynamic pressure distribution in a thin lubricant film and the elastic deformation of one of the slide surfaces. Both problems are coupled by the pressure distribution over the thin film. The pressure distribution depends on the film thickness profile and thus on deformation. The elastic deformation depends on the pressure. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the 15th International Colloquium Tribology - Automotive and Industrial Lubrication (Ostfildern, Germany 1/17-19/2006).
  • Conference paper
    Hills DA, Churchman CM, Dini D, 2006,

    The application of asymptotic solutions to Nucleation Prediction in Fretting Fatigue

    , Fatigue 2006
  • Conference paper
    Nowell D, Dini D, 2006,

    Explaining the size effect in fretting fatigue: short crack arrest and bounded asymptotic approaches

    , Fatigue 2006
  • Journal article
    Korsunsky AM, Vorster WJJ, Zhang SY, Dini D, Latham D, Golshan M, Liu J, Kyriakoglou Y, Walsh MJet al., 2006,

    The principle of strain reconstruction tomography: Determination of quench strain distribution from diffraction measurements

    , ACTA MATERIALIA, Vol: 54, Pages: 2101-2108, ISSN: 1359-6454
  • Journal article
    Medina S, Olver AV, Shollock BA, 2006,

    Rolling contact damage accumulation in two contrasting copper alloys

    , WEAR, Vol: 260, Pages: 794-802, ISSN: 0043-1648
  • Journal article
    Cambiella A, Benito JM, Pazos C, Coca J, Ratoi M, Spikes HAet al., 2006,

    The effect of emulsifier concentration on the lubricating properties of oil-in-water emulsions

    , TRIBOLOGY LETTERS, Vol: 22, Pages: 53-65, ISSN: 1023-8883
  • Journal article
    de Vicente J, Stokes JR, Spikes HA, 2006,

    Rolling and sliding friction in compliant, lubricated contact

    , PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART J-JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY, Vol: 220, Pages: 55-63, ISSN: 1350-6501
  • Conference paper
    Spikes HA, Fan J, 2006,

    Design of polymeric lubricant additives to reduce friction and wear

    , 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society, Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
  • Journal article
    Dini V, Romanelli M, Piaggesi A, Stefani A, Mosca Fet al., 2006,

    Cutaneous tissue engineering and lower extremity wounds (part 2).

    , Int J Low Extrem Wounds, Vol: 5, Pages: 27-34, ISSN: 1534-7346

    In a previous article, this group described the principles involved in the development of bioengineered skin equivalents that held out much promise. This article has examined some of the uses of such products in treating venous ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and skin diseases leaving skin wounds. Data encouraging the use of such products in certain indications are available. The costs of using such products are also appreciated.
  • Journal article
    Choo JW, Olver AV, Spikes HA, Dumont MEL, Ioannides Eet al., 2006,

    The influence of longitudinal roughness in thin-film, mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication

    , TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS, Vol: 49, Pages: 248-259, ISSN: 1040-2004
  • Journal article
    Kadiric A, Sayles RS, Ioannides E, 2006,

    Thermo-mechanical effects in layered rough surface contacts

    , Proceedings of STLE/ASME International Joint Tribology Conference, IJTC 2006, Vol: 2006

    A recently developed thermo-mechanical model was used to study the temperature distribution in a sliding contact of a cylinder and a coated real rough surface. The model conducts a full thermo-mechanical analysis of the contact including the interactions between the thermal and elastic displacements and full heat division. Following a brief description of the numerical model, results are presented to illustrate the thermo-mechanical effects of various contact parameters, coating properties and surface roughness structure Copyright © 2006 by ASME.
  • Journal article
    Cann PM, 2006,

    The "leaves on the line" problem - A study of film formation and lubricity under simulated railtrack conditions

    , Proceedings of STLE/ASME International Joint Tribology Conference, IJTC 2006, Vol: 2006

    The problem of leaf residue and loss of adhesion in the wheel/rail track contact has been studied in ball-on-disc test device. The friction properties of sycamore leaf samples were measured for a range of speeds and imposed slip at a maximum contact pressure of 1.0 GPa. At the end of the test the leaf lubricant films were examined under a low-power microscope and the organic content analysed by Infra-Red (IR) Reflection-Absorption Microspectroscopy. The test samples included water-saturated leaves and the supernatant soaking water to measure the effect of water-soluble leaf components. The results were compared to pure water. During the initial film formation the leaf samples rapidly formed a slurry composed of small black particles, this dried to a thick adherent black film as the test proceeded. This suggested that the black film was due to a chemical reaction between the water-soluble leaf component and steel rather than as the result of charring of the organic material. Friction coefficients of the leaf slurry were in the range μ=0.03-0.06 (50% slip) compared to values of μ=0.15-0.2 for pure water. Friction was also reduced in tests with the leaf-soaking water, suggesting that water-soluble leaf components (identified as pectin) play a role in the low adhesion mechanism. IR analysis showed that the black residue films contained pectin (pectate) and cellulose derived from the leaf samples. Pectin appears to play an important role in the lubrication process. In the presence of metal ions pectin will gel and thus could form a thin but highly viscous layer on the track surface. This gel will also flocculate cellulose to create the black biomass, which provides the lubricating film. Copyright © 2006 by ASME.
  • Conference paper
    Fowell MT, Olver AV, Pegg IG, Spikes HAet al., 2006,

    Two mechanisms of hydrodynamic lubrication in textured bearings

    There is currently great interest in the use of textured bearings, where many tiny micropockets are incorporated in one of the bearing surfaces. Such texturing has been found to enhance load support and to reduce hydrodynamic friction in low load conditions, when the two surfaces have very low or zero convergence ratio, i.e. are essentially parallel. It is not immediately clear from hydrodynamic lubrication theory how a bearing with parallel surfaces and internal pockets can entrain any lubricant to form a hydrodynamic film and thus support load. However in a recent technical note the authors have shown that the occurrence of cavitation within micropockets results in suction of lubricant into the bearing, because the pressure inside the pockets is less than the surrounding, atmospheric pressure [1]. For parallel or very low convergence ratio bearings, this supply process replaces fluid entrainment as the main mechanism by which lubricant is drawn into the contact. In previous work this suction mechanism was demonstrated using a simple analytical approach for a 1D parallel bearing having a single pocket. The current paper extends this analytical method to convergent bearings having a single pocket and then applies a numerical solution of the first order Reynolds equation to solve for flow in multi-pocketed bearings. This enables the contribution of fluid suction on the load support of low convergence ratio bearings to be investigated. Copyright © 2006 by ASME.
  • Conference paper
    Dini D, Hills DA, 2006,

    On the nature of singularities and asymptotic fields in contact mechanics

    , IJTC2006, STLE/ASME International Joint Tribology Conference
  • Journal article
    Müller M, Topolovec-Miklozic K, Dardin A, Spikes HAet al., 2006,

    The design of boundary film-forming PMA viscosity modifiers

    , TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS, Vol: 49, Pages: 225-232, ISSN: 1040-2004
  • Conference paper
    Nowell D, Dini D, Hills DA, 2006,

    Recent developments in the understanding of fretting fatigue

    , 15th European Conference on Fracture, Publisher: PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, Pages: 207-222, ISSN: 0013-7944
  • Journal article
    Dini D, Hills DA, 2006,

    When does a notch behave like a crack?

    , PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART C-JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, Vol: 220, Pages: 27-43, ISSN: 0954-4062
  • Journal article
    Kondo S, Sayles RS, Lowe MJS, 2006,

    A combined optical-ultrasonic method of establishing the compressibility of high-pressure oil and grease films entrapped in a ball on flat contact

    , JOURNAL OF TRIBOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME, Vol: 128, Pages: 155-167, ISSN: 0742-4787
  • Journal article
    Olver AV, Fowell MT, Spikes HA, Pegg IGet al., 2006,

    'Inlet suction', a load support mechanism in non-convergent, pocketed, hydrodynamic bearings

    , Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, Vol: 220, Pages: 105-108, ISSN: 1350-6501
  • Journal article
    Baly H, Poll G, Cann PM, Lubrecht AAet al., 2006,

    Correlation between model test devices and full bearing tests under grease lubricated conditions

    , IUTAM SYMPOSIUM ON ELASTOHYDRODYNAMICS AND MICRO-ELASTOHYDRODYNAMICS, Vol: 134, Pages: 229-+, ISSN: 0925-0042
  • Conference paper
    Korsunsky AM, Zhang SY, Dini D, Vorster WJJ, Liu Jet al., 2006,

    Oxford HEXameter: Laboratory high energy X-ray diffractometer for bulk residual stress analysis

    , 7th European Conference on Residual Stresses (ERCS 7), Publisher: TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD, Pages: 743-748, ISSN: 0255-5476
  • Conference paper
    Dini D, Kim K, Nowell D, Korsunsky AMet al., 2006,

    Multi-layer coatings for the enhancement of fretting fatigue performance

    , 16th AeroMat Advanced Aerospace Materials & Processes Conference and Exposition, AeroMat 2005, Orlando, Florida, 6 - 9 June 2005, USA, Publisher: ASM
  • Journal article
    Reddyhoff T, Dwyer-Joyce R, Harper P, 2006,

    Ultrasonic measurement of film thickness in mechanical seals

    , Sealing Technology, Pages: 7-11, ISSN: 1350-4789

    Measurement of the interface film thickness of mechanical seals has been of interest to researchers and industry for many years. This feature describes work to measure the liquid film using a novel ultrasonic approach with a view to developing a condition monitoring tool. Initial tests were based on a laboratory simulation, to compare the method with optical interference and capacitance measurements. Tests were then carried out on a seal test rig. Film thickness was successfully recorded as speed and load was varied. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Journal article
    Lee-Prudhoe I, Venner CH, Cann PM, Spikes Het al., 2006,

    Experimental and theoretical approaches to thin film lubrication problems

    , IUTAM SYMPOSIUM ON ELASTOHYDRODYNAMICS AND MICRO-ELASTOHYDRODYNAMICS, Vol: 134, Pages: 241-+, ISSN: 0925-0042
  • Conference paper
    Dini D, Korsunsky AM, Dunne FPE, 2006,

    Diffraction post-processor for polycrystalline plasticity modelling

    , 7th European Conference on Residual Stresses (ECRS 7), Publisher: TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD, Pages: 427-432, ISSN: 0255-5476
  • Conference paper
    Dwyer-Joyce RS, Reddyhoff T, 2006,

    Ultrasonic measurement of EHL oil films in a mixed regime contact

    , San Antonio, TX, United states, STLE/ASME International Joint Tribology Conference, IJTC 2006, October 23, 2006 - October 25, 2006, Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers

    In applications, such as gears and rolling bearings, where concentrated contact occurs, extreme loading can result in damaging asperity contact. To study this, an adapted elastohydrodynamic rig was used to measure the film using the reflection of an ultrasonic pulse. Ultrasonic reflection depends on the stiffness of the contact interface. The stiffness of an oil film depends on its thickness. A single contact was operated dry, full film lubricated, and in the mixed regime, by changing the sliding speed. The reflection then depends on the stiffness of both the liquid contact (oil film) and the solid (asperity) contact, acting as two springs in series. When dry, the solid stiffness dominates. As an oil film starts to form, a high stiffness thin liquid film forms. As the speed is increased the stiffness of this layer reduces, as its thickness increases, until it becomes thicker than the roughness and the stiffness then originates from liquid contact alone. By comparing dry, wet and sliding conditions the contributions of solid and liquid stiffness can be separated. Copyright 2006 by ASME.
  • Journal article
    Cann PM, Lubrecht AA, 2005,

    Bearing performance limits with grease lubrication

    , Proceedings of the World Tribology Congress III - WTC 2005, Pages: 35-36

    The effect of bearing design and operating in controlling lubricant supply to the contact zone was studied. Grease lubricated contacts are liable to starvation and as a result the film thickness is reduced, this can result in surface damage or premanufacture bearing failure. A starvation parameter capable of predicting the operating limits for a particular bearing/grease system was developed. Increasing bearing size, line contract geometries, and high load resulted in reduced lubricant replenishment of the contact. A limited amount of lubricant was available to the contact and efficient replenishment mechanisms were required to maintain an adequate film thickness level. Efficient relubrication was the key to higher speed operation and extended bearing life. This is an abstract presented at the World Tribology Congress III (Washington, DC 9/12-16/2005).
  • Conference paper
    Glovnea RP, Spikes HA, 2005,

    EHD contacts in low-amplitude oscilatory motion

    , Pages: 455-456

    In some practical applications such as spline couplings or constant velocity joints, the machine components are subjected to a low amplitude lateral motion, very often oscillatory, so that conditions for a full elastohydrodynamic film to form are not completely realized. The questions that arise are what mechanism of lubricating takes place in such contacts and what is the influence of working parameters and lubricant properties on such mechanism? In the present study, a EHD contact formed between a flat and a ball is subjected to oscillatory-motion of amplitude ranging between one half to one contact diameter. High speed ultra-thin film interferometry is used to monitor the gap between the two solid surfaces. The influence of parameters such as load, frequency and amplitude of motion are investigated. Copyright © 2005 by ASME.
  • Conference paper
    Olver AV, Glovnea R, Choo JW, Spikes HAet al., 2005,

    Elastohydrodynamic lubrication of multiple periodic ridges

    , Pages: 519-520

    The lubrication of rolling contacts in which one surface has a roughness consisting of periodic transverse or longitudinal ridges has been widely investigated, both theoretically and experimentally. Results of these investigations now permit a substantially complete picture to emerge in which it is possible to characterize the state of lubrication by evaluating and comparing the (minimum) film thickness near the crests of the roughness to the corresponding thickness in the valleys. Crest and valley film thickness were studied over a wide range of non-dimensional speed. Two lubricants were used, both Group I mineral oils with viscosities of 22 and 453 cp and alpha values of 19.8 and 20.4/GPa. The elastostatic and asperity values agreed well with the corresponding measurements but both crest and valley measured film thicknesses exceeded the predictions of equation 4 for higher speeds. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the World Tribology Congress III (Washington, DC 9/12-16/2005).
  • Conference paper
    Hartinger M, Gosman D, Ioannides S, Spikes Het al., 2005,

    CFD modelling of elastohydrodynamic lubrication

    , Pages: 531-532

    The finite volume method was evaluated to model fluid behavior in rolling-element bearing systems. The effect of cavitation was modeled with a barotropic cavitation model. Two cases with a cylinder on a flat plate, one under rolling and one under sliding conditions, were studied. These solutions were compared to the Reynolds-EHL approach. Towards higher loads, stability problems were encountered and strategies for dealing with these were presented. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the World Tribology Congress III (Washington, DC 9/12-16/2005).
  • Journal article
    Dini D, Nowell D, Korsunsky AM, 2005,

    Size and scale effects in fretting fatigue thresholds

    , 11th International Conference on Fracture 2005, ICF11, Vol: 4, Pages: 2522-2527

    Components subject to fretting experience a peculiar combination of loading conditions, where contact and classical fatigue interact intricately to produce failure. As a consequence, the prediction of fretting fatigue limit curves poses a challenge, in part due to the large number of parameters governing the phenomenon. This poses an obstacle to formulating efficient predictive approaches. We demonstrate that these difficulties can be overcome successfully by means of a combination of experimental and computational approaches. Our analysis relies on various experimental data from Hertzian and 'flat and rounded' contact pad specimens and different calculation procedures developed previously, which resulted in fretting threshold curves for specific loading conditions. The derivation of such thresholds is however rather lengthy, so that for the purposes of formulating design rules a more efficient 'master curve' approach is proposed. This paper presents comprehensive results on the application of an efficient and concise functional description of the fretting fatigue threshold curves based on the use of a 'multi-scaling power law'. The predictions encompass all of the results obtained for different loading conditions by the stress-based approach and by short crack arrest methodology.
  • Journal article
    de Vicente J, Stokes JR, Spikes HA, 2005,

    The frictional properties of newtonian fluids in rolling-sliding soft-EHL contact

    , TRIBOLOGY LETTERS, Vol: 20, Pages: 273-286, ISSN: 1023-8883
  • Journal article
    Reddyhoff T, Kasolang S, Dwyer-Joyce RS, Drinkwater BWet al., 2005,

    The phase shift of an ultrasonic pulse at an oil layer and determination of film thickness

    , Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J (Journal of Engineering Tribology), Vol: 219, Pages: 387-400, ISSN: 1350-6501

    An ultrasonic pulse incident on a lubricating oil film in a machine element is partially reflected and partially transmitted. The proportion of the wave amplitude reflected, termed the reflection coefficient, depends on the film thickness and the acoustic properties of the oil. When the appropriate ultrasonic frequency is used, the magnitude of the reflection coefficient can be used to determine the oil film thickness. However, the reflected wave has both a real component and an imaginary component, and both the amplitude and the phase are functions of the film thickness. The phase of the reflected wave is shifted from that of the incident wave when it is reflected. In the present study, this phase shift is explored as the film changes and is evaluated as an alternative means to measure oil film thickness. A quasi-static theoretical model of the reflection response from an oil film has been, developed. This model relates the phase shift to the wave frequency and the film properties. Measurements of reflection coefficient from a static model oil film and also from a rotating journal bearing have been recorded. These have been used to determine the oil film thickness using both amplitude and phase shift methods. In both cases, the results agree closely with independent assessments of the oil film thickness. The model of ultrasonic reflection is further extended to incorporate mass and damping terms. Experiments show that both the mass and the internal damping of the oil films tested in this work have a negligible effect on ultrasonic reflection. A potentially very useful application for the simultaneous measurement of reflection coefficient amplitude and phase is that the data can be used to negate the need for a reference. The theoretical relationship between phase and amplitude is fitted to the data. An extrapolation is performed to determine the values of amplitude and phase for an infinitely thick layer. This is equivalent to the reference signal determined by mea
  • Journal article
    Ciavarella M, Dini D, 2005,

    A refined CLNA model in fretting fatigue using asymptotic characterization of the contact stress fields

    , FATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS & STRUCTURES, Vol: 28, Pages: 1099-1112, ISSN: 8756-758X
  • Journal article
    Sackfield A, Dini D, Hills DA, 2005,

    The tilted shallow wedge problem

    , EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS A-SOLIDS, Vol: 24, Pages: 919-928, ISSN: 0997-7538
  • Journal article
    Fujita H, Spikes HA, 2005,

    Study of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate antiwear film formation and removal processes, part II: Kinetic model

    , TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS, Vol: 48, Pages: 567-575, ISSN: 1040-2004
  • Journal article
    Fujita H, Glovnea RP, Spikes HA, 2005,

    Study of zinc dialkydithiophosphate antiwear film formation and removal processes, part I: Experimental

    , TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS, Vol: 48, Pages: 558-566, ISSN: 1040-2004
  • Journal article
    Cann PM, Spikes HA, 2005,

    Measurement of pressure distribution in EHL - Development of method and application to dry static contacts

    , TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS, Vol: 48, Pages: 474-483, ISSN: 1040-2004

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