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Many Tribology Group publications are Open Access thanks to funding from the EPSRC.

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  • Conference paper
    Mitsui H, Spikes HA, Suita Y, 1997,

    Boundary film formation by low molecular weight polymers

    , Amsterdam, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 487-500
  • Journal article
    Smeeth M, Spikes HA, 1997,

    Central and minimum elastohydrodynamic film thickness at high contact pressure

    , Transactions of the ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol: 119, Pages: 291-296, ISSN: 0742-4787
  • Book chapter
    Guangteng G, Spikes HA, 1997,

    Experimental study of film thickness in the mixed lubrication regime

    , Proceedings of the Leeds-Lyons symposium on elastohydrodynamics '96 Leeds September 1996, Editors: Dowson, Amsterdam, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 159-166, ISBN: 9780444828095
  • Conference paper
    Cann PME, Chevalier F, Lubrecht AA, 1997,

    Track depletion and replenishment in a grease lubricated point contract: A quantitative analysis

    , 23rd Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology:Elstohydrodynamics - '96: Fundamentals and applications in lubrication and traction, Pages: 405-414, ISSN: 0167-8922
  • Book chapter
    Sugimura J, Spikes HA, 1997,

    Technique for measuring EHD film thickness in non-steady state contact conditions

    , Elastohydrodynamics - '96 Fundamentals and Applications in Lubrication and Traction Proceedings of the Leeds-Lyon Symposium September 1996 University of Leeds, Editors: Dowson, Amsterdam, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 91-100, ISBN: 9780444828095
  • Journal article
    Baker RF, Olver AV, 1997,

    Direct observations of the fretting wear of steel

    , Wear, Vol: 204, Pages: 425-433, ISSN: 0043-1648
  • Book chapter
    Anghel V, Cann PME, Spikes HA, 1997,

    Direct measurement of boundary lubricating films

    , Elastohydrodynamics '96 Proceedings of the Leeds-Lyons Symposium on Elastohydrodynamics '96 Leeds September 1996, Editors: Dowson, Amsterdam, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 459-466, ISBN: 9780444416773
  • Journal article
    Spikes HA, 1997,

    Mixed lubrication: an overview

    , Lubrication Science, Vol: 9, Pages: 221-253, ISSN: 0954-0075
  • Conference paper
    Spikes H, 1997,

    Advances in the study of thin lubricant films

    , 1st World Tribology Congress - New Directions in Tribology, Publisher: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PUBLISHING LTD, Pages: 355-369
  • Journal article
    Ratoi Salagean M, Spikes HA, Rieffe HL, 1997,

    Optimizing film formation by oil-in-water emulsions

    , Tribology Transactions, Vol: 40, Pages: 569-578, ISSN: 0569-8197
  • Book chapter
    Sayles RS, Lee-Prudhoe I, Bouvet C, 1997,

    Some aspects of the contact mechanics and lubrication of low modulus materials in rough interfaces

    , Elastohydrodynamics '96, Editors: Dowson, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 209-217, ISBN: 9780444828095
  • Book chapter
    Rutlin HC, Sayles RS, Starkey MS, 1997,

    An optical ehd study using a reciprocating Hertzian contact rig designed to simulate the kinematics of constant velocity joints

    , Elastohydrodynamics '96, Editors: Dowson, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 297-303, ISBN: 9780444828095
  • Journal article
    Guangteng G, Spikes HA, 1997,

    The control of friction by molecular fractionation of base fluid mixtures at metal surfaces

    , Tribology Transactions, Vol: 40, Pages: 461-469, ISSN: 0569-8197
  • Journal article
    Cann PME, 1996,

    Understanding grease lubrication

    , Tribology Series, Vol: 31, Pages: 573-581, ISSN: 0167-8922

    Grease lubrication remains a scientifically neglected area of tribology as, in contrast, to fluid film lubrication there has been little progress hi our understanding hi recent years. At present we know little of the mechanisms of film formation, and loss, and the nature of the separating film formed. There is no satisfactory model for greases and thus it is impossible to predict performance, or service life, from simple bulk Theological properties. The aim of this paper is to clarify the mechanisms of film formation by greases in rolling elastohydrodynamic (EHD) contacts. Thus existing lubrication models are reviewed and compared to experimental findings and, hi the light of this, more recent work being carried out hi the Tribology Section is reported. These studies have concentrated on fundamental aspects of grease behaviour in a model bearing contact and have sought to explain the lubrication mechanisms and nature of the film formed. The different film formation mechanisms observed in this work are discussed. Evidence of both hydrodynamic and boundary layer formation is presented and the implications of the different mechanisms of load carrying considered. © 1996 Eisevier Science E.V. All rights reserved.
  • Journal article
    Olver AV, Cann PM, Loric JC, 1996,

    An investigation into the properties of a thin solid coating using an optical method

    , Tribology Series, Vol: 31, Pages: 471-478, ISSN: 0167-8922

    The elastic modulus of a thin (3 μm) solid coating has been determined by pressing a coated wire against a diamond flat and measuring the contact width optically. The technique neither involves the use of ultra-low loads, nor of costly equipment, and provides results which are accurate enough to be useful in contact stress analysis. © 1996 Elsevier Science E.V. All rights reserved.
  • Journal article
    Smeeth M, Spikes HA, Gunsel S, 1996,

    The formation of viscous surface films by polymer solutions: Boundary or elastohydrodynamic lubrication?

    , Tribology Transactions, Vol: 39, Pages: 720-725, ISSN: 0569-8197
  • Conference paper
    Smeeth M, Gunsel S, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Friction and wear reduction by boundary film-forming viscosity index improvers

    , SAE Technical Paper 962037, Publisher: Society of Automotive Engineers, ISSN: 0148-7191
  • Journal article
    Guangteng G, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Boundary film formation by lubricant base fluids

    , Tribology Transactions, Vol: 39, Pages: 448-454, ISSN: 0569-8197
  • Conference paper
    RatoiSalagean M, Spikes H, Rieffe H, 1996,

    Optimizing film formation by oil-in-water emulsion

    , Society-of-Tribologists-and-Lubrication-Engineers 51st Annual Meeting, Publisher: SOC TRIBOLOGISTS & LUBRICATION ENGINEERS, Pages: 213-226
  • Journal article
    Caporiccio G, Cann PME, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Additives for fluorosilicone oils at high temperature

    , Wear, Vol: 193, Pages: 261-268, ISSN: 0043-1648
  • Journal article
    Guangteng G, Spikes HA, 1996,

    The role of surface tension and disjoining pressure in starved and parched lubrication

    , Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J-Journal of Engineering Tribology, Vol: 210, Pages: 113-124, ISSN: 1350-6501
  • Conference paper
    Spikes HA, Cann PME, 1996,

    The thickness and rheology of boundary lubricating layers

    , Proceedings of the International Tribology Conference Yokohama October 1995, Publisher: JST, Pages: 1089-1094
  • Journal article
    Zhu YY, Kelsall G, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Triboelectrochemistry on a nanometre scale

    , Tribology Letters, Vol: 2, Pages: 287-312, ISSN: 1023-8883
  • Conference paper
    Tripaldi G, Vettor A, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Friction behaviour of ZDDP films in the mixed boundary/EHD regime

    , SAE Technical Paper 962036, Publisher: Society of Automotive Engineers, ISSN: 0148-7191
  • Journal article
    Guangteng G, Smeeth M, Cann PME, Spikes HAet al., 1996,

    Measurement and modelling of the boundary film properties of polymeric lubricant additives

    , Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J-Journal of Engineering Tribology, Vol: 210, Pages: 1-15, ISSN: 1350-6501
  • Journal article
    Smeeth M, Gunsel S, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Boundary film formation by viscosity index improvers

    , Tribology Transactions, Vol: 39, Pages: 726-734, ISSN: 0569-8197
  • Book chapter
    Palios S, Cann PME, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Behaviour of PTFE suspensions in rolling/sliding contacts

    , The Third Body Concepts: Interpretation of Tribological Phenomena Proceedings of the 22nd Leeds/Lyon Symposium on Tribology, Lyon France September 5th-8th 1995, Publisher: Elsevier, ISBN: 9780444825025
  • Journal article
    Spikes HA, 1996,

    Direct observation of boundary layers

    , Langmuir, Vol: 12, Pages: 4567-4573, ISSN: 0743-7463
  • Conference paper
    Sayles RS, 1996,

    Rough and dirty machine element contacts: some tribological aspects and engineering implications

    , Proceedings of the international tribology conference Yokohama 1995, Publisher: Japanese Society of Tribologists, Pages: 43-48
  • Journal article
    Smeeth M, Spikes HA, Gunsel S, 1996,

    Performance of viscosity index improvers in lubricated contacts

    , Langmuir, Vol: 12, Pages: 4594-4598, ISSN: 0743-7463
  • Conference paper
    Bovington C, Anghel V, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Predicting sequence VI and VIA fuel economy from laboratory bench tests

    , SAE Paper 961142, Publisher: Society of Automotive Engineers
  • Journal article
    Cann PME, 1996,

    Starvation and reflow in grease-lubricated elastohydrodynamic contact

    , Tribology Transactions, Vol: 39, Pages: 698-704, ISSN: 0569-8197
  • Journal article
    Wei DP, Korcek S, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Comparison of the lubricity of gasoline and diesel fuels

    , SAE Transactions, Vol: 105, Pages: 1650-1658, ISSN: 0096-736X
  • Journal article
    Guangteng G, Smeeth M, Cann PME, Spikes HAet al., 1996,

    Measurement and modelling of the boundary film properties of polymeric lubricant additives

    , Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J-Journal of Engineering Tribology, Vol: 210, Pages: 1-15, ISSN: 1350-6501
  • Conference paper
    Bovington C, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Prediction of the influence of lubricant formulation on fuel economy, from laboratory bench tests

    , Proceedings of the International Tribology Conference Yokohama, October 1995, Publisher: JST, Pages: 817-822
  • Conference paper
    Spikes HA, Cann PME, 1996,

    The thickness and rheology of boundary lubricating layers

    , Proceedings of the International Tribology Conference Yokohama October 1995, Publisher: JST, Pages: 1089-1094
  • Journal article
    Caporiccio G, Cann PME, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Additives for fluorosilicone oils at high temperature

    , Wear, Vol: 193, Pages: 261-268, ISSN: 0043-1648
  • Conference paper
    Smeeth M, Spikes HA, 1996,

    The influence of slide/roll ratio on the film thickness in EHD contact operating in the mixed lubrication regime

    , The Third Body Concept: Interpretation of Tribological Phenomena Proceedings of the 22nd Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology, Lyon France September 5th-8th 1995, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 695-703
  • Conference paper
    Cann PME, Hamer JC, Sayles RS, Spikes HA, Ioannides Eet al., 1996,

    Direct observation of particle entry and deformation in rolling EHD contact

    , The third body concept: interpretation of tribological phenomena, proceedings of the 22nd Leeds-Lyon symposium on tribology, Lyon, France September 5-8th, 1995, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 127-134
  • Book chapter
    Spikes HA, 1996,

    The rheology of very thin lubricant films

    , Solid-state interactions:proceedings of the first Royal Society-Unilever Indo-UK forum in Materials Science and Engineering, Editors: Adams, Biswas, Briscoe, Publisher: Imperial College Press and Royal Society-Unilever, Pages: 334-351, ISBN: 9781860940101
  • Journal article
    Enthoven J, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Infrared and visual study of the mechanisms of scuffing

    , Tribology Transactions, Vol: 39, Pages: 441-447, ISSN: 0569-8197
  • Conference paper
    Wei DP, Korcek S, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Comparison of the lubricity of gasoline and diesel fuels

    , Gasoline Performance and Deposit Control Additives San Antonio October 1996, Publisher: Society of Automotive Engineers, Pages: 51-60
  • Conference paper
    Cann PME, Hamer JC, Sayles RS, Spikes HA, Ioannides Eet al., 1996,

    Direct observation of particle entry and deformation in rolling EHD contact

    , The third body concept: interpretation of tribological phenomena, proceedings of the 22nd Leeds-Lyon symposium on tribology, Lyon, France September 5-8th, 1995, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 127-134
  • Journal article
    Cann PME, Hutchinson J, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Development of a space layer imaging method (SLIM) for mapping elastohydrodynamic contacts

    , Tribology Transactions, Vol: 39, Pages: 915-921, ISSN: 0569-8197
  • Journal article
    Sayles RS, 1996,

    Basic principles of rough surface contact analysis using numerical methods

    , Tribology International, Vol: 29, Pages: 639-650, ISSN: 0301-679X
  • Journal article
    Guangteng G, Spikes HA, 1996,

    Fractionation of lubricants at solid surfaces

    , Wear, Vol: 200, Pages: 336-345, ISSN: 0043-1648
  • Journal article
    Marginson HJ, Sayles RS, Olver AV, 1995,

    Limitations of thin film microtransducers in highly loaded contacts

    , TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Vol: 28, Pages: 517-521, ISSN: 0301-679X
  • Journal article
    Bovington C, Caprotti R, Meyer K, Spikes HAet al., 1995,

    Development of laboratory tests to predict the lubricity properties of diesel fuels and their application to the development of highly refined diesel fuels

    , Tribotest, Vol: 2, Pages: 93-112, ISSN: 1354-4063

    In the last few years there has been an increasing requirement for the provision of environmentally benign diesel fuels. However, the introduction of such fuels into service has been associated with high levels of field failure of rotary distribution fuel pumps due to wear. This is because the refining processes necessary to produce ecologically acceptable fuels result in greatly reduced levels of sulphur compounds, aromatics, and polar material, many of which are potential lubricity agents. This paper describes the development of bench test methods to evaluate diesel fuel lubricity and thus enable the identification of appropriate ‘solutions’. It has been found that the key to obtaining good correlation between field experience and bench tests is (1) to reproduce the thermal conditions present in operating pump contacts and (2) to ensure that the same mechanisms of wear operate in the bench test as in the pump environment. The physical and chemical processes involved in the lubrication of fuel pumps and the influence of temperature on these processes are outlined. As a result of the work described in this paper, effective additive solutions have been discovered for controlling the failure of diesel fuel pumps in the field and a provisional ISO (ISO/TC 22 / SC 7 M595: ‘Diesel engines ‐ diesel fuel ‐ performance requirement and test method for assessing fuel lubricity’) and CEC test method for assessing diesel fuel lubricity has also been developed. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
  • Journal article
    Cann PM, Spikes HA, 1995,

    Visualisation of starved grease and fluid lubricant films

    , Tribology Series, Vol: 30, Pages: 161-166, ISSN: 0167-8922

    Most grease lubricated applications operate under starved conditions as there is usually no mechanism to continually resupply the contact with bulk grease. Consequently the grease is rapidly pushed to the side of the track where it is thought to act as a reservoir supplying oil to the contact (3). Recent work (5) has shown that grease lubricant films measured under such conditions in a rolling contact have two Theologically distinct components; a solid surface film of deposited thickener particles, which is augmented by a hydrodynamically generated film from base oil either in the track or supplied from the grease reservoir. The resulting film thickness represents a balance between increasing bulk starvation, deposition of shear degraded grease thickener within the track and oil replenishment from the grease reservoir. All these effects are time, speed and temperature dependent. It is impossible therefore to predict film thickness from simple rheological properties or from classical elastohydrodynamic theory using the base oil viscosity. These effects have been studied in a series of papers in which grease film thickness has been measured with time and rolling speed for the fully starved condition in a model rolling contact (4)(5)(6). The current paper provides visual evidence for some of the proposed mechanisms by direct observation of the changes in the grease track using spacer layer imaging. © 1995 Elsevier Science B.V.
  • Journal article
    Glovnea RP, Spikes HA, 1995,

    Mapping shear stress in elastohydrodynamic contacts

    , Tribology Transactions, Vol: 38, Pages: 932-940, ISSN: 1040-2004

    A new method has been, devised for investigating the rheological properties of lubricant films in two-dimensional EHD contacts. A lubricated, sliding contact is produced between a sapphire flat and a steel ball. Thermal infrared, emission microscopy is then employed to obtain 2-D maps of the variation of temperature rise due to friction across the contact. These maps are then used in conjunction with moving heal source theory to produce maps of energy dissipation and thus shear strength of the lubricant, film across the contact. A series of mixtures of two lubricants, one giving high traction and one with low traction, have been studied using this technique to investigate the influence of lubricant, blending on shear stress and traction. © 1995 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

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