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APPENDICES

Citing four or more authors

If the work has four or more authors/editors the abbreviation ‘et al’ should be used after the first author’s
name.

In fact, recent evidence suggests that students retain 15% less information delivered verbally by the lecturer
during PowerPoint presentations versus a more traditional lecture presentation (Savoy et al., 2009).

Citing works by the same author written in the same year

If you cite a new work which has the same author and was written in the same year as an earlier citation, you
must use a lower case letter after the date to differentiate between the two.

Freire specifically argued that the problem with lectures is that the teacher feels that they need to complete
the ‘act of knowing’ before they are in a position to deliver the lecture (Freire, 1974a; Freire, 1974b).

Citing from chapters written by different authors

Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from such a book, the author
who wrote the chapter should be cited in the text, not the editor of the book.

Secondary referencing

Secondary references are when an author refers to another author’s work and the primary source is not
available. When citing such work the author of the primary source and the author of the work it was cited in
should be used.

The student furthermore can gain a sense of control over his/her learning (Bernstein, 1977 cited in Reay &
Arnot, 2004).

Or

The student furthermore can gain a sense of control over his/her learning (Bernstein, 1977) as cited by Reay
and Arnot (2004).

You are advised that secondary referencing should be avoided wherever possible and you should always try to
find the original work.

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