Publications
339 results found
Harbige LS, Crawford MA, Jones R, et al., 1986, Dietary intervention studies on the phosphoglyceride fatty acids and electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes in multiple sclerosis, Progress in Lipid Research, Vol: 25, Pages: 243-248, ISSN: 0163-7827
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- Citations: 5
Williams G, Crawford MA, 1986, Lessons from the fatty acid component in structural lipids from marine and land mammals, Progress in Lipid Research, Vol: 25, Pages: 421-423, ISSN: 0163-7827
Budowski P, Crawford MA, 1986, Effect of dietary linoleic and α-linolenic acids on the fatty acid composition of brain lipids in the young chick, Progress in Lipid Research, Vol: 25, Pages: 615-618, ISSN: 0163-7827
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- Citations: 14
Drury PJ, Crawford MA, Ayeni O, et al., 1986, Comparison of the fatty acids in human milk from Hungary and Thailand, Progress in Lipid Research, Vol: 25, Pages: 235-238, ISSN: 0163-7827
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- Citations: 7
Drury PJ, Crawford MA, Ayeni O, et al., 1986, Fatty acids in human milk and steroidal contraceptives in Hungary and Thailand, Progress in Lipid Research, Vol: 25, Pages: 229-233, ISSN: 0163-7827
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- Citations: 2
Crawford MA, Williams G, Hassam AG, 1986, Do developmental periods of high demand outstrip the rate of desaturation? a reduction in milk arachidonic acid with successive, short birth intervals, Progress in Lipid Research, Vol: 25, Pages: 413-415, ISSN: 0163-7827
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- Citations: 4
Kuhn DC, Crawford M, 1986, Placental essential fatty acid transport and prostaglandin synthesis., Prog Lipid Res, Vol: 25, Pages: 345-353, ISSN: 0163-7827
The studies reported here demonstrate two important aspects of placenta EFA transport and metabolism. (1) A mechanism exists within the placenta for the selective incorporation of 20:4 omega 6 into phosphoglycerides and the export of those phosphoglycerides to the fetal circulation. This mechanism allows the selective sequestering of 20:4 omega 6 in the fetoplacental unit and may provide the fetus with important performed structural membrane components. (2) Placental PG synthesis is directed mostly to the maternal circulation and stimulated placental PG synthesis is directed totally to the maternal circulation. This mechanism may protect the fetus from fluctuations in maternal and placental PG synthesis and may direct stimulated placental PG synthesis to a target organ, the myometrium. The perfused human placental model provides a valuable method for the study of a variety of biochemical phenomena in a whole human organ and its use may further elucidate the role of this tissue in the maintenance of pregnancy, the transport of EFA to the developing fetus and the involvement of placental PG synthesis in fetal development and parturition.
Cunnane SC, Ainley CC, Keeling PW, et al., 1986, Diminished phospholipid incorporation of essential fatty acids in peripheral blood leucocytes from patients with Crohn's disease: correlation with zinc depletion., J Am Coll Nutr, Vol: 5, Pages: 451-458, ISSN: 0731-5724
Peripheral blood leucocytes from patients with Crohn's disease have been shown to have lower zinc content than those from a normal population. Since zinc influences essential fatty acid metabolism, incorporation of 14C-linoleic and 3H-arachidonic acids was studied in peripheral blood leucocytes from controls and patients with Crohn's disease. The zinc content of the leucocytes was also measured. After incubation for 2 h, content of 3H-arachidonic acid, but not 14C-linoleic acid, was greater in Crohn's disease leucocytes than in controls. In the Crohn's disease leucocytes, incorporation of both labelled fatty acids into the phosphatidylcholine fraction was significantly lower than in controls, whereas the amount of both fatty acids remaining in the leucocytes as free fatty acids was increased by 70%. In Crohn's disease, leucocyte zinc level was positively associated with the percentage of 3H-arachidonic acid incorporation into phosphatidylcholine. We conclude that peripheral blood leucocytes from patients with Crohn's disease have abnormal essential fatty acid metabolism and that 3H-arachidonic acid incorporation into the phosphatidylcholine fraction of leucocyte lipids in Crohn's disease varies as the zinc content of the leucocytes.
Crawford MA, Doyle W, Drury P, 1985, Relationship between maternal and infant nutrition. The special role of fat in energy transfer., Trop Geogr Med, Vol: 37, Pages: S5-16, ISSN: 0041-3232
Conception does not take place unless there is a certain guaranteed energy reserve in the mother as fat stores. In the well nourished pregnant mother, energy reserves are built up in advance of the fetal growth thurst and part of these are transferred to the fetus to buffer the risks associated with birth and the perinatal period. A significant proportion of the maternal energy reserves act as a guarantee for lactation which imposes the highest dietary energy demand of the life cycle. Again, in the well nourished mother there will be a transfer of energy to the infant which will again buffer the weaning period when the infant changes from the energy dense milk to foods with low energy densities. Malnutrition and undernutrition is not simply the result of poor infant feeding or the events that occur at the time. It is more likely that the case of mortality and morbidity from malnutrition includes a failure during the reproductive process to provide the necessary reserves for fetal energy stores and for the perinatal and weaning periods. That is infant malnutrition stems from the relationship between maternal and infant nutrition. This analysis leads to the proposal that preventive measures need to include maternal nutrition and to increase the level of fat consumption. In developing countries the energy density of the carbohydrate rich diets may be too low to meet the energy demands for early growth and development. This problem will not be solved by simply supplying more of the same kind of food but may require an increase in the energy density of the food. One way by which this can be done is by increasing the fat intake which dramatically increases the energy intake without expanding the volume of food eaten.
Budowski P, Crawford MA, 1985, a-Linolenic acid as a regulator of the metabolism of arachidonic acid: dietary implications of the ratio, n-6:n-3 fatty acids., Proc Nutr Soc, Vol: 44, Pages: 221-229, ISSN: 0029-6651
Cunnane SC, Meadows NJ, Keeling PWN, et al., 1985, Lipid incorporation of linoleic and arachidonic acids by peripheral blood leucocytes in human pregnancy at term, Nutrition Research, Vol: 5, Pages: 373-379, ISSN: 0271-5317
Peripheral blood leucocytes from pregnant women at term and from non-pregnant controls were incubated for 1h in the presence of 14C-linoleic acid and 3H-arachidonic acid. After 2h, a higher percentage of both 14C-linoleic acid and 3H-arachidonic acid were incorporated from the medium into the leucocytes from pregnant women than controls. In leucocytes from pregnant women, significantly more 14C-linoleic acid and 3H-arachidonic acid remained as the intracellular free fatty acid and less of both fatty acids were incorporated into phosphatidylcholine. These changes may be important for the transfer of essential fatty acids to the fetus. © 1985 Pergamon Press Ltd.
Crawford MA, 1985, Nutritional control of heart disease and cancer: are different diets necessary., Nutr Health, Vol: 4, Pages: 7-15, ISSN: 0260-1060
Man evolved as a wild animal and his nutritional biology was adapted to wild plants and animals. That diets have been modified by trade is illustrated from the author's experience in Uganda where dramatic differences occur in the diets in the North and South of the country. Internationally, the incidence and pattern both of cardiovascular disease and cancer caries with the ecology of the regions. What is seen in miniature in Uganda is to be seen enlarged upon a world scale. In the course of agriculture we have changed the balance of nutrients offered by wild plants and animals. In particular we have substituted storage fat for structural fat whilst also changing our diet in the direction of a high refined carbohydrate food structure.
Kuhn DC, Crawford MA, Stevens P, 1985, Transport and metabolism of essential fatty acids by the human placenta., Contrib Gynecol Obstet, Vol: 13, Pages: 139-140, ISSN: 0304-4246
Hewson DC, Phillips MA, Simpson KE, et al., 1984, Food intake in multiple sclerosis., Hum Nutr Appl Nutr, Vol: 38, Pages: 355-367, ISSN: 0263-8495
The usual dietary intake of 142 people with multiple sclerosis (MS), from different areas of Great Britain, has been assessed using the 7-day weighed intake method. This sample represents those subjects who said they had not altered their diets since diagnosis, ie, one-third of those who originally joined the management programme. Despite the low energy intakes of the subjects, intakes of other nutrients were similar to values of the general British population. The relationship of disability to energy and nutrient intake was studied. The relevance of dietary fatty acid intakes in MS is discussed with reference to epidemiological data and regional variations. The possibility that people with MS have specific requirements is considered and the need for nutritional guidance in MS is stressed.
Cunnane SC, Keeling PW, Thompson RP, et al., 1984, Linoleic acid and arachidonic acid metabolism in human peripheral blood leucocytes: comparison with the rat., Br J Nutr, Vol: 51, Pages: 209-217, ISSN: 0007-1145
Peripheral blood leucocytes from human male volunteers and from male rats were incubated in vitro in the presence of 14C-labelled linoleic acid [( 14C]LA) or 3H-labelled arachidonic acid [( 3H]AA). The time-course of [14C]LA and [3H]AA incorporation into human leucocyte total lipids was maximal at 80-90% of the initial dose within 20-30 min of dosing the cells. Compared with mixed leucocytes, isolated polymorphonuclear leucocytes were only marginally different in the differential incorporation of [14C]LA and [3H]AA into total lipids. In human leucocytes, [14C]LA was incorporated initially into triglycerides but predominantly into phosphatidylcholine thereafter. In the rat, [14C]LA remained as the free acid (63%), with lesser amounts entering the phospholipids (9%), monoglycerides-diglycerides (12%) and triglycerides (less than 1%). Utilization of [14C]LA by the delta 6-desaturase was only a minor route of its metabolism in both human and rat leucocytes. 3H-labelled prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha accounted for up to 30% of the radioactivity released into the incubation medium from human leucocytes incubated with [3H]AA for 60 min. Stimulation of phagocytosis in the human leucocytes with latex beads or with unopsonized zymosan did not alter the differential incorporation of [14C]LA or [3H]AA into the leucocyte lipid fractions.
Crawford MA, 1983, Background to essential fatty acids and their prostanoid derivatives., Br Med Bull, Vol: 39, Pages: 210-213, ISSN: 0007-1420
Crawford MA, 1983, The role of lipids in early development, pregnancy, oral contraception and lactation, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol: 3, ISSN: 0144-3615
Dietary lipids can provide an energy reserve for periods of high demand. They contain essential fatty acids which are needed for growth and development; these essential fatty acids act as precursors for long chain derivatives which are used in cell membranes and for the synthesis of prostaglandins, hormone-like substances involved in cell regulation, reproduction, immunity and blood flow. © 1983 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.
Doyle W, Crawford MA, Laurance BM, et al., 1982, Dietary survey during pregnancy in a low socio-economic group., Hum Nutr Appl Nutr, Vol: 36, Pages: 95-106, ISSN: 0263-8495
Maternal food intakes were assessed by 7-d weighed diet records during the three trimesters of pregnancy in 75 mothers in a low socio-economic groups. Mean (+/- s.e.) energy intakes in the first, second and third trimesters were 1613 +/- 45.7, 1723 +/- 45.4, 1772 +/- 50.2 kcal respectively. Mean (+/- s.e.) energy intakes of nine mothers with babies less than 2500 g at birth were 1446 +/- 95.1 kcal, compared with 1723 +/- 39.9, P less than 0.001. Intake of almost all nutrients was lower in mothers of babies less than 2500 g, but only the difference in fat (62.1 +/- 5.0 vs 72.6 +/- 1.75, P less than 0.025) and pyridoxine (0.92 +/- 0.06 vs 1.47 +/- 0.14, P less than 0.005) intakes reached statistical significance.
Doyle W, Crawford MA, Laurance BM, 1981, Evaluation of yogurt as a weaning food., Health Visit, Vol: 54, Pages: 424-425, ISSN: 0017-9140
Stevens P, Williams G, Crawford MA, et al., 1981, Contrasts in dietary fats from neolithic to modern times, Progress in Lipid Research, Vol: 20, ISSN: 0163-7827
In the context of diet and heart disease there is a controversy on: (i) the extent to which dietary fats changed during this century; (ii) the nees to incrase the intake of polysaturated fatty acids. The difficulty lies in the ineviatabl uncertainty on the composition of food lipids in the early part od this century. The foods are no longer availble for analysis. To resolved the lack of "intermediate data" on a changing food structure we have analyzed the fatty acid composition of plant and animal products obtained from wild environments where the composition id likely to be identical and representative of the natural food products used by homo sapiens throughout evolution. Such analyses give a clear starting point with which to compare contemporary food structures without attempting to be specific about "transitional" states and the time at which these were modified by agriculture and technology. The data demonstrates that the food structure was low in fat but the fat in both animal and plant products was rich in essential fatty acids. The analysis is supported by data on remaining hunting and gathering comminuties in East Africa. This study would indicate that the recommendations to reduce total fat and increase essential fatty acids in the diet is not a recommendation for a "change in diet" but more of a "correction" towards the original human fod structure. © 1982.
Harding J, Hassam AG, Crawford MA, 1981, Metabolic efficiency of linoleic gammalinolenic dihogammalinolenic and arachidonic acid, Progress in Lipid Research, Vol: 20, ISSN: 0163-7827
The conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid is limited by the rate of the Δ6 desaturation. Studies on the oxidation and the biological efficiency of the pathway: LA Linoleic 18:2ω6 γ-LN γ-Linolenic 18:3ω6 DHLA dihomogammalinolenic 20:3ω6 AA arachidonic 20:4ω6 have shown that the efficiency of incorporation into phosphoglycerides and suppression of 20:3ω9 increases from LA to AA whereas the rate of oxidation decreases. The conversion rate of LA to AA appears to be faster in the rat compared to the guineapig, rabbit and patas monkey. It is possible that these differentials are important in modulating prostaglandin synthesis via a "metabolic pool" and in defining essential fatty acid potency of different foods (e.g. cow's milk compared to human milk). © 1982.
Crawford MA, Stevens P, 1981, A study on essential fatty acids and multiple sclerosis., Prog Lipid Res, Vol: 20, Pages: 255-258, ISSN: 0163-7827
Crawford MA, Hassam AG, Stevens PA, 1981, Essential fatty acid requirements in pregnancy and lactation with special reference to brain development., Prog Lipid Res, Vol: 20, Pages: 31-40, ISSN: 0163-7827
Willis AL, Hassam AG, Crawford MA, et al., 1981, Relationships between prostaglandins, prostacyclin and EFA precursors in rabbits maintained on EFA-deficient diets., Prog Lipid Res, Vol: 20, Pages: 161-167, ISSN: 0163-7827
Crawford MA, Stevens P, Williams G, et al., 1981, Dietary fats and heart disease., Prog Lipid Res, Vol: 20, Pages: 589-593, ISSN: 0163-7827
Farthing MJ, Jarrett EB, Williams G, et al., 1980, Essential fatty acid deficiency after prolonged treatment with elemental diet., Lancet, Vol: 2, Pages: 1088-1089, ISSN: 0140-6736
Crawford M, 1980, Essential fatty acids and prostaglandins., Nature, Vol: 287, Pages: 388-389, ISSN: 0028-0836
Crawford MA, Frankel T, 1980, Models for the human brain., Proc Nutr Soc, Vol: 39, Pages: 233-240, ISSN: 0029-6651
Crawford MA, 1980, The role of essential fatty acids and prostaglandins., Postgrad Med J, Vol: 56, Pages: 557-562, ISSN: 0032-5473
The FAO/WHO Rome Report recommended an increase in the consumption of fat in countries where malnutrition is endemic; for maintenance, 3% of the dietary energy as essential fatty acids (EFA) may be adequate; in pregnancy and lactation an additional 1.5 to 2.4% energy as EFA is needed. For population at high risk for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD) the recommendations were to decrease saturated fat in particular and increase EFA intake in the diet, reduce sugar, alcohol and cholesterol. These recommendations were similar to those of the Royal College of Physicians but the report went further by saying that EFA loss through industrial hydrogenation should be minimized and associated nutrients such as vitamin E and carotene should be restored if lost in processing. In terms of production, they asked for an increase in edible plant oils in developing countries and requested that intensive animal feeding and breeding should be corrected to avoid the excess accumulation of saturated fats. In addition, the Rome Report requested meaningful labelling of amounts and quality of fat in foods containing added fats. The basic aims of the Report were to state the position of lipid nutrition. The issue of the nutrient correction in terms of CHD cannot properly be discussed without taking into account the essential components which are needed for the integrity and development of the vascular system.
Holman RT, Crawford M, Mead JF, et al., 1980, Golden Jubilee International Congress on Essential Fatty Acids and Prostaglandins, Lipids, Vol: 15, ISSN: 0024-4201
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