In this section
@article{Oka:2026:1538-4357/ae4e1f,
author = {Oka, M and Russell, AJB and Harada, Y and Zenitani, S and Phan, TD and Øieroset, M and Schwartz, SJ and Anan, T and Rajhans, A and Tanabe, H and Ono, Y},
doi = {1538-4357/ae4e1f},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
pages = {267--267},
title = {Universality of the Scaling Law for Particle Energization in Collisionless Plasmas},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae4e1f},
volume = {1000},
year = {2026}
}
TY - JOUR
AB - <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p> Particles are energized—heated and accelerated to nonthermal energies—in laboratory, space, solar, and astrophysical plasmas. In collisionless plasmas, ion and electron temperatures are often unequal and cannot be fully understood within the framework of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). In this context, a relation, Δ <jats:italic>ε</jats:italic> <jats:sub>s</jats:sub> = <jats:italic>q</jats:italic> <jats:sub>s</jats:sub> <jats:italic>VBL</jats:italic> <jats:sub>s</jats:sub> , for each species can be useful, where Δ <jats:italic>ε</jats:italic> <jats:sub>s</jats:sub> is the energy gain for species s, measured in the plasma rest frame, relative to the upstream region of shocks and magnetic reconnection; <jats:italic>q</jats:italic> <jats:sub>s</jats:sub> is the charge; <jats:italic>V</jats:italic> is the plasma bulk flow speed; <jats:italic>B</jats:italic> is the magnetic field strength; and <jats:italic>L</jats:italic> <jats:sub>s</jats:sub> is a characteristic length scale of energization. From this relation, we recently derived semiempirical scalings for ion and electron temperature increases across shocks and magnetic reconnection in Earth’s plasma environment. However, it remains unclear how broadly these scalings apply. Here we show that the same scalings exp
AU - Oka,M
AU - Russell,AJB
AU - Harada,Y
AU - Zenitani,S
AU - Phan,TD
AU - Øieroset,M
AU - Schwartz,SJ
AU - Anan,T
AU - Rajhans,A
AU - Tanabe,H
AU - Ono,Y
DO - 1538-4357/ae4e1f
EP - 267
PY - 2026///
SN - 0004-637X
SP - 267
TI - Universality of the Scaling Law for Particle Energization in Collisionless Plasmas
T2 - The Astrophysical Journal
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae4e1f
UR - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae4e1f
VL - 1000
ER -