Publications

Ionic liquid (IL) nanotechnology holds significant promise for designing nanoscale materials with tunable viscosity, polarity, and thermal stability for advanced therapeutic applications. However, the field currently lacks comprehensive guidelines for integrating ILs into complex therapeutic formulations. Herein, we propose the key design considerations for engineering immunoglobulin G (IgG) conjugated to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the presence of choline-based ILs. By judicious IL cation and anion selection, we fine-tune the supramolecular assemblies and leverage the unique physicochemical properties of ILs to impart AuNPs with advantageous characteristics including enhanced structural, thermal, and thermodynamic stabilities, highly tunable morphologies, and markedly reduced aggregation propensities. Through systematic circular dichroism measurements, the thermodynamic parameters of the complex formulations were determined, offering insight into the IgG conformational changes and design parameters for systems of enhanced IgG conjugation to AuNP surfaces. In demonstrating the power of our design approach, the complex formulation of IgG-choline chloride-AuNPs, also including trehalose, histidine, and arginine, was delivered via focused ultrasound and microbubbles across the blood–brain barrier and showed a 7.6-fold increase in delivery in vivo compared to the traditional formulation. We demonstrate that IgG-IL-AuNPs can be easily and precisely manipulated at the nanometer scale, enabling the formation of versatile structural configurations. Holistically, we believe the rational design approach developed will advance the engineering of tailored IL-nanocarriers for targeted therapeutic delivery and broaden the scope of IL applications in biomedicine.

Journal article

OToole N, Allen ME, Contini C, Elani Yet al., 2025,

Microfluidic generation of bacterial biohybrids for magnetic guidance and content release

, Chemical Communications, ISSN: 1359-7345

Bacterial biohybrids use bacterial and synthetic components for biotechnological applications. Here, we outline an adaptable and high-throughput microfluidic platform to create microscale biocontained bacterial biohybrids enclosed in a hydrogel with magnetotactic and biosensing properties. The biohybrids are capable of magnetically driven motility, biochemical sensing and controlled cargo release. This approach enables the scalable fabrication of biocontained multifunctional biohybrids for potential industrial and biomedical applications.

Journal article

Sigl M, Egger M, Knez D, Myakala SN, Marshall CMJ, Kaye J, Salehi-Reyhani A, Amenitsch H, Cherevan A, Eder D, Trimmel G, Haque SA, Rath Tet al., 2025,

Phase formation and photocatalytic properties of chalcostibite and tetrahedrite thin films derived from copper and antimony xanthates

, MATERIALS ADVANCES, Vol: 6, Pages: 3985-3997

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Journal article

Gispert I, Elani Y, 2025,

Synthetic cell preservation strategies enable their storage and activation at the point of use

, CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS, Vol: 61, Pages: 8359-8362, ISSN: 1359-7345

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Journal article

Seddon JM, 2025,

Inverse Bicontinuous and Discontinuous Phases of Lipids, and Membrane Curvature

, CELLS, Vol: 14

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Journal article

Sleath H, Mognetti BM, Elani Y, Di Michele Let al., 2025,

Haptotactic Motion of Multivalent Vesicles Along Ligand-Density Gradients

, LANGMUIR, Vol: 41, Pages: 11474-11485, ISSN: 0743-7463

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Journal article

Fletcher M, Elani Y, 2025,

On-the-Fly Microfluidic Control of Giant Vesicle Compositions Validated by DNA Surface Charge Sensors

, ACS NANO, Vol: 19, Pages: 13768-13778, ISSN: 1936-0851

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Citations: 2

Journal article

Allen ME, Hindley JW, Law RV, Ces O, Elani Yet al., 2025,

Microfluidic production of spatially structured biomimetic microgels as compartmentalized artificial cells

, Small Science, Vol: 5, ISSN: 2688-4046

Artificial cells serve as promising micro-robotic platforms that replicate cellular features. One ubiquitous characteristic of living cells is compartmentalization of content in distinct and well-defined locations. Herein, a microfluidic strategy to mimic compartmentalization is developed through the production of micron-scale two and three compartment biomimetic microgels, where hydrogel compartment number, composition, size, and shape can be controlled. Our lab-on-chip system enables the incorporation of various synthetic organelles into spatially separated compartments within the microgels. This design concept allows for the introduction of a variety of individually triggered bioinspired behaviors, including protein capture, enzyme-mediated content release, and stimuli-triggered motility, each isolated in a distinct compartment enabling the use of the microgels as compartmentalized artificial cells. With this approach, the division of content and function seen in biological cells can be mirrored, which will underpin the generation of increasingly sophisticated and functional soft matter microdevices using bottom-up synthetic biology principles.

Journal article

Allen ME, Sun Y, Chan CL, PaezPerez M, Ces O, Elani Y, Contini Cet al., 2025,

Thermally driven dynamic behaviors in polymeric vesicles

, Small, ISSN: 1613-6810

Stimuli-responsive polymeric vesicles offer a versatile platform for mimicking dynamic cell-like behaviors for synthetic cell applications. In this study, thermally responsive polymeric droplets derived from poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(butylene oxide) (PEO-PBO) polymersomes, aiming to create synthetic cell models that mimic key biological functions are developed. Upon heating, the nanoscale vesicles undergo fusion, transforming into sponge-like microscale droplets enriched with membrane features. By modulating the temperature, these droplets display dynamic properties such as contractility, temperature-induced fusion, and cargo trapping, including small molecules and bacteria, thereby demonstrating their ability to dynamically interface with biological entities. The findings demonstrate the potential of our sponge-like droplets in synthetic cell applications, contributing to the understanding of PEO-PBO polymersomes’ unique characteristics, expanding the capabilities of synthetic cell structures, and representing an exciting possibility for advancing soft matter engineering to cell-like behaviors.

Journal article

Seddon JM, Watts A, 2025,

EBSA at 40-an updated history

, EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL, Vol: 54, Pages: 1-20, ISSN: 0175-7571

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Book chapter

Seddon JM, Tyler AII, 2025,

Non-Lamellar Phases of Membrane Lipids

, Membrane Shape and Biological Function, Pages: 42-60

This chapter describes the self-assembly of membrane lipids into non-lamellar phases, whose structures are based upon curved fluid monolayers or bilayers. Such membrane curvature arises from a mismatch in the lateral packing between the lipid polar headgroups and the hydrocarbon chains. The relationship between lateral pressure profiles and membrane curvature elasticity is discussed, as well as the role of curvature and packing frustration in stabilizing curved membrane phases. Non-lamellar structures appear to play a role in a wide range of biological processes. For example, they are believed to be intimately involved in the mechanism of fat digestion in the gut. In any event, the localized dynamic shape changes that occur during biological processes such as membrane fusion and fission are geometrically and topologically closely related to the local structures of certain non-lamellar phases. Thus studies of the latter in model systems may yield valuable insights into the molecular rearrangements that occur during these complex dynamic biological processes. Non-lamellar phases also have a large number of existing or potential biomedical applications, such as in membrane protein crystallization, and drug/gene delivery to living cells. Self-assembled lipid nanoparticles with incorporated mRNA has led to the recent development of the highly-successful Covid-19 vaccine.

Abstract
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Journal article

Li Z, Saurabh S, Hollowell P, Kalonia CK, Waigh TA, Li P, Webster JRP, Seddon JM, Bresme F, Lu JRet al., 2024,

pH-dependent conformational plasticity of monoclonal antibodies at the SiO2/water interface: insights from neutron reflectivity and molecular dynamics

, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, Vol: 16, Pages: 70231-70241, ISSN: 1944-8244

Investigating the molecular conformations of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) adsorbed at the solid/liquid interface is crucial for understanding mAb solution stability and advancing the development of mAb-based biosensors. This study examines the pH-dependent conformational plasticity of a human IgG1k mAb, COE-3, at the SiO2/water interface under varying pH conditions (pH 5.5 and 9). By integrating neutron reflectivity (NR) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we reveal that the mAb irreversibly deposits onto the interface at pH 5.5, with surface density saturation reached at 20 ppm bulk concentration. At pH 5.5, the adsorbed mAb adopts a stable “flat-on” orientation, while at pH 9, it assumes a more flexible conformation and a “tilted” orientation. This pH-dependent orientation shift is reversible and influenced by the distinct surface charge properties of the Fab and Fc fragments, with the Fc fragment more prone to desorption at higher pH. The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) analysis further shows that COE-3 maintains structural stability upon adsorption across both pH levels, showing minimal unfolding or denaturation. These findings highlight how pH-dependent electrostatic interactions between mAb fragments and the SiO2 interface drive conformational adjustments in the intact mAb, offering insights into adsorption-induced aggregation and suggesting pH modulation as a mechanism for controlling biosensor efficiency.

Abstract
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Journal article

Rafat AA, Barbara PV, Ullah A, Kontturi E, Law RV, Hallett JPet al., 2024,

Efficient extraction of carboxylated nanocellulose from ionoSolv pulps with alkaline H2O2 assisted oxidation

, CELLULOSE, ISSN: 0969-0239

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Journal article

Cheng Y, Hay CD, Mahuttanatan SM, Hindley JW, Ces O, Elani Yet al., 2024,

Microfluidic technologies for lipid vesicle generation

, LAB ON A CHIP, Vol: 24, Pages: 4679-4716, ISSN: 1473-0197

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Journal article

Monck C, Elani Y, Ceroni F, 2024,

Genetically programmed synthetic cells for thermo-responsive protein synthesis and cargo release

, Nature Chemical Biology, Vol: 20, Pages: 1380-1386, ISSN: 1552-4450

Synthetic cells containing genetic programs and protein expression machinery are increasingly recognized as powerful counterparts to engineered living cells in the context of biotechnology, therapeutics and cellular modelling. So far, genetic regulation of synthetic cell activity has been largely confined to chemical stimuli; to unlock their potential in applied settings, engineering stimuli-responsive synthetic cells under genetic regulation is imperative. Here we report the development of temperature-sensitive synthetic cells that control protein production by exploiting heat-responsive mRNA elements. This is achieved by combining RNA thermometer technology, cell-free protein expression and vesicle-based synthetic cell design to create cell-sized capsules able to initiate synthesis of both soluble proteins and membrane proteins at defined temperatures. We show that the latter allows for temperature-controlled cargo release phenomena with potential implications for biomedicine. Platforms like the one presented here can pave the way for customizable, genetically programmed synthetic cells under thermal control to be used in biotechnology.

Journal article

Ceroni F, Elani Y, 2024,

Genetically engineered synthetic cells activate cargo release upon temperature shift

, Nature Chemical Biology, Vol: 20, Pages: 1258-1259, ISSN: 1552-4450

Journal article

Pilkington CP, Gispert I, Chui SY, Seddon JM, Elani Yet al., 2024,

Engineering a nanoscale liposome-in-liposome for in situ biochemical synthesis and multi-stage release

, Nature Chemistry, Vol: 16, Pages: 1612-1620, ISSN: 1755-4330

Soft-matter nanoscale assemblies such as liposomes and lipid nanoparticles have the potential to deliver and release multiple cargos in an externally stimulated and site-specific manner. Such assemblies are currently structurally simplistic, comprising spherical capsules or lipid clusters. Given that form and function are intertwined, this lack of architectural complexity restricts the development of more sophisticated properties. To address this, we have devised an engineering strategy combining microfluidics and conjugation chemistry to synthesize nanosized liposomes with two discrete compartments, one within another, which we term concentrisomes. We can control the composition of each bilayer and tune both particle size and the dimensions between inner and outer membranes. We can specify the identity of encapsulated cargo within each compartment, and the biophysical features of inner and outer bilayers, allowing us to imbue each bilayer with different stimuli-responsive properties. We use these particles for multi-stage release of two payloads at defined time points, and as attolitre reactors for triggered in situ biochemical synthesis.

Journal article

Ioannou IA, Monck C, Ceroni F, Brooks NJ, Kuimova MK, Elani Yet al., 2024,

Nucleated synthetic cells with genetically driven intercompartment communication

, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Vol: 121, ISSN: 0027-8424

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Citations: 4

Journal article

Huang J, Elani Y, Friddin M, 2024,

A handheld laser-cut device for the size-controlled assembly and electrical characterisation of lipid bilayers

, Sensors & Diagnostics, Vol: 3, Pages: 1461-1466, ISSN: 2635-0998

We report the rapid fabrication of a handheld laser cut platform that can support the assembly, functionalisation, size-control and electrical characterisation of lipid bilayers. We achieve this by building a modular DIY platform that can support the lowering of a Ag/AgCl electrode through a phase transfer column consisting of an upper oil phase containing lipids, and a lower aqueous phase containing buffer.

Journal article

Allen ME, Kamilova E, Monck C, Ceroni F, Hu Y, Yetisen AK, Elani Yet al., 2024,

Engineered bacteria as living biosensors in dermal tattoos

, Advanced Science, Vol: 11, ISSN: 2198-3844

Dermal tattoo biosensors are promising platforms for real-time monitoring of biomarkers, with skin used as a diagnostic interface. Traditional tattoo sensors have utilized small molecules as biosensing elements. However, the rise of synthetic biology has enabled the potential employment of engineered bacteria as living analytical tools. Exploiting engineered bacterial sensors will allow for potentially more sensitive detection across a broad biomarker range, with advanced processing and sense/response functionalities using genetic circuits. Here, the interfacing of bacterial biosensors as living analytics in tattoos is shown. Engineered bacteria are encapsulated into micron-scale hydrogel beads prepared through scalable microfluidics. These biosensors can sense both biochemical cues (model biomarkers) and biophysical cues (temperature changes, using RNA thermometers), with fluorescent readouts. By tattooing beads into skin models and confirming sensor activity post-tattooing, our study establishes a foundation for integrating bacteria as living biosensing entities in tattoos.

Journal article

Saurabh S, Lei L, Li Z, Seddon JM, Lu JR, Kalonia C, Bresme Fet al., 2024,

Adsorption of monoclonal antibody fragments at the water-oil interface: a coarse-grained molecular dynamics study

, APL Bioengineering, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2473-2877

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can undergo structural changes due to interaction with oil-water interfaces during storage. Such changes can lead to aggregation, resulting in a loss of therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, understanding the microscopic mechanism controlling mAb adsorption is crucial to developing strategies that can minimize the impact of interfaces on the therapeutic properties of mAbs. In this study, we used MARTINI coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the adsorption of the Fab and Fc domains of the monoclonal antibody COE3 at the oil-water interface. Our aim was to determine the regions on the protein surface that drive mAb adsorption. We also investigate the role of protein concentration on protein orientation and protrusion to the oil phase. While our structural analyses compare favorably with recent neutron reflectivity measurements, we observe some differences. Unlike the monolayer at the interface predicted by neutron reflectivity experiments, our simulations indicate the presence of a secondary diffused layer near the interface. We also find that under certain conditions, protein-oil interaction can lead to a considerable distortion in the protein structure, resulting in enhanced adsorption behavior.

Journal article

Ioannou IA, Brooks NJ, Kuimova MK, Elani Yet al., 2024,

Visualizing actin packing and the effects of actin attachment on lipid membrane viscosity using molecular rotors

, JACS Au, Vol: 4, Pages: 2041-2049, ISSN: 2691-3704

The actin cytoskeleton and its elaborate interplay with the plasma membrane participate in and control numerous biological processes in eukaryotic cells. Malfunction of actin networks and changes in their dynamics are related to various diseases, from actin myopathies to uncontrolled cell growth and tumorigenesis. Importantly, the biophysical and mechanical properties of actin and its assemblies are deeply intertwined with the biological functions of the cytoskeleton. Novel tools to study actin and its associated biophysical features are, therefore, of prime importance. Here we develop a new approach which exploits fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and environmentally sensitive fluorophores termed molecular rotors, acting as quantitative microviscosity sensors, to monitor dynamic viscoelastic properties of both actin structures and lipid membranes. In order to reproduce a minimal actin cortex in synthetic cell models, we encapsulated and attached actin networks to the lipid bilayer of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Using a cyanine-based molecular rotor, DiSC2(3), we show that different types of actin bundles are characterized by distinct packing, which can be spatially resolved using FLIM. Similarly, we show that a lipid bilayer-localized molecular rotor can monitor the effects of attaching cross-linked actin networks to the lipid membrane, revealing an increase in membrane viscosity upon actin attachment. Our approach bypasses constraints associated with existing methods for actin imaging, many of which lack the capability for direct visualization of biophysical properties. It can therefore contribute to a deeper understanding of the role that actin plays in fundamental biological processes and help elucidate the underlying biophysics of actin-related diseases.

Journal article

Zhu KK, Contamina IG, Ces O, Barter LMC, Hindley JW, Elani Yet al., 2024,

Magnetic modulation of biochemical synthesis in synthetic cells

, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol: 146, Pages: 13176-13182, ISSN: 0002-7863

Synthetic cells can be constructed from diverse molecular components, without the design constraints associated with modifying 'living' biological systems. This can be exploited to generate cells with abiotic components, creating functionalities absent in biology. One example is magnetic responsiveness, the activation and modulation of encapsulated biochemical processes using a magnetic field, which is absent from existing synthetic cell designs. This is a critical oversight, as magnetic fields are uniquely bio-orthogonal, noninvasive, and highly penetrative. Here, we address this by producing artificial magneto-responsive organelles by coupling thermoresponsive membranes with hyperthermic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and embedding them in synthetic cells. Combining these systems enables synthetic cell microreactors to be built using a nested vesicle architecture, which can respond to alternating magnetic fields through in situ enzymatic catalysis. We also demonstrate the modulation of biochemical reactions by using different magnetic field strengths and the potential to tune the system using different lipid compositions. This platform could unlock a wide range of applications for synthetic cells as programmable micromachines in biomedicine and biotechnology.

Journal article

Peng Z, Iwabuchi S, Izumi K, Takiguchi S, Yamaji M, Fujita S, Suzuki H, Kambara F, Fukasawa G, Cooney A, Di Michele L, Elani Y, Matsuura T, Kawano Ret al., 2024,

Lipid vesicle-based molecular robots

, Lab on a Chip: miniaturisation for chemistry, physics, biology, materials science and bioengineering, Vol: 24, Pages: 996-1029, ISSN: 1473-0189

A molecular robot, which is a system comprised of one or more molecular machines and computers, can execute sophisticated tasks in many fields that span from nanomedicine to green nanotechnology. The core parts of molecular robots are fairly consistent from system to system and always include (i) a body to encapsulate molecular machines, (ii) sensors to capture signals, (iii) computers to make decisions, and (iv) actuators to perform tasks. This review aims to provide an overview of approaches and considerations to develop molecular robots. We first introduce the basic technologies required for constructing the core parts of molecular robots, describe the recent progress towards achieving higher functionality, and subsequently discuss the current challenges and outlook. We also highlight the applications of molecular robots in sensing biomarkers, signal communications with living cells, and conversion of energy. Although molecular robots are still in their infancy, they will unquestionably initiate massive change in biomedical and environmental technology in the not too distant future.

Journal article

Saurabh S, Zhang Q, Seddon JM, Lu JR, Kalonia C, Bresme Fet al., 2024,

Unraveling the microscopic mechanism of molecular ion interaction with monoclonal antibodies: impact on protein aggregation

, Molecular Pharmaceutics, Vol: 21, Pages: 1285-1299, ISSN: 1543-8384

Understanding and predicting protein aggregation represents one of the major challenges in accelerating the pharmaceutical development of protein therapeutics. In addition to maintaining the solution pH, buffers influence both monoclonal antibody (mAb) aggregation in solution and the aggregation mechanisms since the latter depend on the protein charge. Molecular-level insight is necessary to understand the relationship between the buffer-mAb interaction and mAb aggregation. Here, we use all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interaction of phosphate (Phos) and citrate (Cit) buffer ions with the Fab and Fc domains of mAb COE3. We demonstrate that Phos and Cit ions feature binding mechanisms, with the protein that are very different from those reported previously for histidine (His). These differences are reflected in distinctive ion-protein binding modes and adsorption/desorption kinetics of the buffer molecules from the mAb surface and result in dissimilar effects of these buffer species on mAb aggregation. While His shows significant affinity toward hydrophobic amino acids on the protein surface, Phos and Cit ions preferentially bind to charged amino acids. We also show that Phos and Cit anions provide bridging contacts between basic amino acids in neighboring proteins. The implications of such contacts and their connection to mAb aggregation in therapeutic formulations are discussed.

Journal article

Saurabh S, Zhang Q, Li Z, Seddon JM, Kalonia C, Lu JR, Bresme Fet al., 2024,

Mechanistic insights into the adsorption of monoclonal antibodies at the water/vapor interface

, Molecular Pharmaceutics, Vol: 21, Pages: 704-717, ISSN: 1543-8384

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are active components of therapeutic formulations that interact with the water-vapor interface during manufacturing, storage, and administration. Surface adsorption has been demonstrated to mediate antibody aggregation, which leads to a loss of therapeutic efficacy. Controlling mAb adsorption at interfaces requires a deep understanding of the microscopic processes that lead to adsorption and identification of the protein regions that drive mAb surface activity. Here, we report all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the adsorption behavior of a full IgG1-type antibody at the water/vapor interface. We demonstrate that small local changes in the protein structure play a crucial role in promoting adsorption. Also, interfacial adsorption triggers structural changes in the antibody, potentially contributing to the further enhancement of surface activity. Moreover, we identify key amino acid sequences that determine the adsorption of antibodies at the water-air interface and outline strategies to control the surface activity of these important therapeutic proteins.

Journal article

Neville GM, Dobre A-M, Smith GJ, Micciulla S, Brooks NJ, Arnold T, Welton T, Edler KJet al., 2024,

Interactions of Choline and Geranate (CAGE) and Choline Octanoate (CAOT) Deep Eutectic Solvents with Lipid Bilayers

, ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Vol: 34, ISSN: 1616-301X

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Citations: 3

Design of an intracellular aptamer-based fluorescent biosensor to track burden in <i>Escherichia coli</i>

Giant unilamellar vesicles as a model system for studying ion transport

The effect of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) on the phase behaviour of fully-hydrated dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine membranes

Design principles for engineering ionic liquid-gold nanoparticles for therapeutic delivery to the brain

Microfluidic generation of bacterial biohybrids for magnetic guidance and content release

Phase formation and photocatalytic properties of chalcostibite and tetrahedrite thin films derived from copper and antimony xanthates

Synthetic cell preservation strategies enable their storage and activation at the point of use

Inverse Bicontinuous and Discontinuous Phases of Lipids, and Membrane Curvature

Haptotactic Motion of Multivalent Vesicles Along Ligand-Density Gradients

On-the-Fly Microfluidic Control of Giant Vesicle Compositions Validated by DNA Surface Charge Sensors

Microfluidic production of spatially structured biomimetic microgels as compartmentalized artificial cells

Thermally driven dynamic behaviors in polymeric vesicles

EBSA at 40-an updated history

Non-Lamellar Phases of Membrane Lipids

pH-dependent conformational plasticity of monoclonal antibodies at the SiO2/water interface: insights from neutron reflectivity and molecular dynamics

Efficient extraction of carboxylated nanocellulose from ionoSolv pulps with alkaline H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> assisted oxidation

Microfluidic technologies for lipid vesicle generation

Genetically programmed synthetic cells for thermo-responsive protein synthesis and cargo release

Genetically engineered synthetic cells activate cargo release upon temperature shift

Engineering a nanoscale liposome-in-liposome for in situ biochemical synthesis and multi-stage release

Nucleated synthetic cells with genetically driven intercompartment communication

A handheld laser-cut device for the size-controlled assembly and electrical characterisation of lipid bilayers

Engineered bacteria as living biosensors in dermal tattoos

Adsorption of monoclonal antibody fragments at the water-oil interface: a coarse-grained molecular dynamics study

Visualizing actin packing and the effects of actin attachment on lipid membrane viscosity using molecular rotors

Magnetic modulation of biochemical synthesis in synthetic cells

Lipid vesicle-based molecular robots

Unraveling the microscopic mechanism of molecular ion interaction with monoclonal antibodies: impact on protein aggregation

Mechanistic insights into the adsorption of monoclonal antibodies at the water/vapor interface

Interactions of Choline and Geranate (CAGE) and Choline Octanoate (CAOT) Deep Eutectic Solvents with Lipid Bilayers

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