In this section
@article{Feng:2026:10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104666,
author = {Feng, Z and Stanwix, PL and Trusler, JPM},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104666},
journal = {International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control},
title = {Ammonium salts formation in impure CO2 transport streams},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104666},
volume = {153},
year = {2026}
}
TY - JOUR
AB - An experimental and modelling study is presented concerning the thermodynamics and kinetics of ammonium salts formation in an impure carbon dioxide stream. Thermodynamic modelling is used to determine the conditions at which ammonium carbamate and ammonium bicarbonate are stable in terms of temperature, pressure and the mole fractions of both ammonia and water in the CO<inf>2</inf> stream. The conditions investigated are gas, liquid and supercritical states at temperatures between (273 and 313) K with pressures up to 10 MPa. The calculations show that ammonium carbamate may form in dry gaseous CO<inf>2</inf> when the ammonia mole fraction exceeds 10 ppm. If water is also present at 50 ppm, then ammonium bicarbonate is more stable in a wide range of conditions and may form at the lowest temperature even with 1 ppm of ammonia present. These salts ate predicted to exhibit even greater stability in cryogenic liquid CO<inf>2</inf>. Batch reactor experiments show that ammonium carbamate forms very rapidly and, in our study, both ex situ FTIR and in situ Raman spectroscopy were used to identify the salts formed. In the presence of water impurity, ammonium bicarbonate was found to form either directly from the gas phase or via hydrolysis of ammonium carbamate.
AU - Feng,Z
AU - Stanwix,PL
AU - Trusler,JPM
DO - 10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104666
PY - 2026///
SN - 1750-5836
TI - Ammonium salts formation in impure CO2 transport streams
T2 - International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104666
VL - 153
ER -