BibTex format
@article{Ediriweera:2026:10.1371/journal.pmed.1005201,
author = {Ediriweera, DS and Kasturiratne, A and Pathmeswaran, A and Stienstra, Y and Martín, G and Iwamura, T and Murray, KA and de, Silva HJ and Diggle, PJ and Lalloo, DG},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1005201},
journal = {PLOS Medicine},
pages = {e1005201--e1005201},
title = {Estimates of global burden of snakebite: A literature review and geostatistical modelling study},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1005201},
volume = {23},
year = {2026}
}
RIS format (EndNote, RefMan)
TY - JOUR
AB - <jats:sec id="sec001"> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>Snake envenoming (SE) remains an important public health problem, disproportionately affecting impoverished rural communities in tropical and subtropical regions. Although previous attempts have been made to quantify the global burden of SE, accurate, up-to-date data remain scarce. Here we present a comprehensive re-evaluation of the global burden of snakebite, 17 years after our initial estimate.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="sec002"> <jats:title>Methods and findings</jats:title> <jats:p> A new literature review was conducted on snakebites, SE and mortality published in any language, up to March 31, 2025, to update the knowledge accumulated since our first global burden estimate. Based on country- and region-level aggregated data, and hospital and community-based survey data, we modelled SE and mortality burden in relation to geographic location. Explanatory variables were selected to reflect the underlying social and natural environmental conditions. <jats:italic>Low</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>high</jats:italic> estimates of the global snakebite burden were calculated using geostatistical models that produced individual-country estimates, accounting for possible underreporting of data when appropriate. </jats:p> <jats:p> We estimate that at least 2.1 million envenomings and 274,000 deaths occur globally each year due to snakebites, and our <jats:italic>high</jats:italic> estimates suggest up to 7 million envenomings and 513,000 deaths annually. Low-incom
AU - Ediriweera,DS
AU - Kasturiratne,A
AU - Pathmeswaran,A
AU - Stienstra,Y
AU - Martín,G
AU - Iwamura,T
AU - Murray,KA
AU - de,Silva HJ
AU - Diggle,PJ
AU - Lalloo,DG
DO - 10.1371/journal.pmed.1005201
EP - 1005201
PY - 2026///
SP - 1005201
TI - Estimates of global burden of snakebite: A literature review and geostatistical modelling study
T2 - PLOS Medicine
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1005201
UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1005201
VL - 23
ER -