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  • Journal article
    Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Hill AT, 2008,

    C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of severity in community-acquired pneumonia

    , AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, Vol: 121, Pages: 219-225, ISSN: 0002-9343
  • Journal article
    Woodhead F, Wells AU, Desai SR, 2008,

    Pulmonary complications of connective tissue diseases

    , CLINICS IN CHEST MEDICINE, Vol: 29, Pages: 149-+, ISSN: 0272-5231
  • Journal article
    Björkstén B, Clayton T, Ellwood P, Stewart A, Strachan D, ISAAC Phase III Study Groupet al., 2008,

    Worldwide time trends for symptoms of rhinitis and conjunctivitis: Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood.

    , Pediatr Allergy Immunol, Vol: 19, Pages: 110-124

    In Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) time trends in the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms were analysed. Cross-sectional questionnaire surveys with identical protocols and questionnaires were completed a mean of 7 yr apart in two age groups comprising 498,083 children. In the 13- to 14-yr age group 106 centres in 56 countries participated, and in the 6- to 7-yr age group 66 centres in 37 countries participated. A slight worldwide increase in rhinoconjunctivitis prevalence was observed, but the variations were large among the centres and there was no consistent regional pattern. Prevalence increases in the older children exceeding 1% per year were recorded in 13 centres, including 3 of 9 centres in Africa, 2 of 15 in Asia-Pacific, 1 of 8 in India, 3 of 15 in Latin America, 3 of 9 in Eastern Europe and 1 of 34 in Western and Northern Europe. Decreasing rhinoconjunctivititis prevalence of similar magnitude was only seen in four centres. The changes were less pronounced in the 6- to 7-yr-old children and only in one centre did any change exceed 1% per year. The decrease in highest prevalence rates in ISAAC Phase I suggests that the prevalence has peaked in those regions. An increase was recorded in several centres, mostly in low and mid-income countries. The increases were more pronounced in the older age group, suggesting that environmental influences on the development of allergy may not be limited to early childhood.
  • Journal article
    Waterman RJ, Bidartondo MI, 2008,

    Deception above, deception below: linking pollination and mycorrhizal biology of orchids

    , Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol: 59, Pages: 1085-1096, ISSN: 0022-0957

    Several key characteristics of the species-rich orchid family are due to its symbiotic relationships with pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi. The majority of species are insect pollinated and show strong adaptations for outcrossing, such as pollination by food- and sexual-deception, and all orchids are reliant on mycorrhizal fungi for successful seedling establishment. Recent studies of orchid pollination biology have shed light on the barriers to reproductive isolation important to diversification in different groups of deceptive orchids. Molecular identification of orchid mycorrhizal fungi has revealed high fungal specificity in orchids that obtain organic nutrients from fungi as adults. Both pollinator and fungal specificity have been proposed as drivers of orchid diversification. Recent findings in orchid pollination and mycorrhizal biology are reviewed and it is shown that both associations are likely to affect orchid distribution and population structure. Integrating studies of these symbioses will shed light on the unparalleled diversification of the orchid family.
  • Conference paper
    Caramori G, Groneberg D, Ito K, Casolari P, Adcock IM, Papi Aet al., 2008,

    New drugs targeting Th2 lymphocytes in asthma.

    Asthma represents a profound worldwide public health problem. The most effective anti-asthmatic drugs currently available include inhaled beta2-agonists and glucocorticoids and control asthma in about 90-95% of patients. The current asthma therapies are not cures and symptoms return soon after treatment is stopped even after long term therapy. Although glucocorticoids are highly effective in controlling the inflammatory process in asthma, they appear to have little effect on the lower airway remodelling processes that appear to play a role in the pathophysiology of asthma at currently prescribed doses. The development of novel drugs may allow resolution of these changes. In addition, severe glucocorticoid-dependent and resistant asthma presents a great clinical burden and reducing the side-effects of glucocorticoids using novel steroid-sparing agents is needed. Furthermore, the mechanisms involved in the persistence of inflammation are poorly understood and the reasons why some patients have severe life threatening asthma and others have very mild disease are still unknown. Drug development for asthma has been directed at improving currently available drugs and findings new compounds that usually target the Th2-driven airway inflammatory response. Considering the apparently central role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of asthma, drugs targeting disease-inducing Th2 cells are promising therapeutic strategies. However, although animal models of asthma suggest that this is feasible, the translation of these types of studies for the treatment of human asthma remains poor due to the limitations of the models currently used. The myriad of new compounds that are in development directed to modulate Th2 cells recruitment and/or activation will clarify in the near future the relative importance of these cells and their mediators in the complex interactions with the other pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cells and mediators responsible of the different asthmatic phenoty
  • Journal article
    Mitchell KM, Churcher TS, Garner TWJ, Fisher MCet al., 2008,

    Persistence of the emerging pathogen <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> outside the amphibian host greatly increases the probability of host extinction

    , PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Vol: 275, Pages: 329-334, ISSN: 0962-8452
  • Journal article
    Kleiner A, Flohr C, Weiland S, Weinmayr G, Büchele G, Rzehak P, Björkstén B, Bråbäck L, Brunekreef B, Clausen M, Cookson W, Von Mutius E, Strachan D, Williams Het al., 2008,

    International variation in prevalence of flexural eczema and atopic sensitization. Results from phase two of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC Phase Two)

    , Allergo Journal, Vol: 17, Pages: 79-81, ISSN: 0941-8849

    Background: There is debate in the dermatology literature whether flexural eczema in childhood is really an atopic disease. After a systematic literature review, Flohr et al. concluded that the prevalence of atopy among subjects with flexural eczema varies greatly between study populations and is on average higher in hospital than in community settings. The association between flexural eczema in childhood and atopy in a wide range of study centers was investigated in phase two of the ISAAC study. Detailed results have already been published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Methods: ISAAC Phase Two is a multicenter cross-sectional study, and 27 centers from 18 countries worldwide contributed data to the presented analysis. The prevalence of symptoms of flexural eczema was determined by parental questionnaire in eight-to twelve-year-old children (approximately 1,000 per center). In addition, a skin examination for flexural eczema was carried out in 30,031 children and a skin prick test for atopy was performed, using six common allergens: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, cat, Alternaria tenuis, tree and grass pollen. Some centers tested additional allergens of local relevance. A skin prick test was rated as positive, if the reaction minus the negative control was ≥ 3 mm, and a child was defined as atopic, if it had at least one positive skin prick test. Results: The prevalence of flexural eczema from skin examination shows a high variability and ranges from 0.4% in Kintampo, Ghana, to 14.2% in Östersund, Sweden. The prevalence of atopic flexural eczema (flexural eczema in combination with a positive skin prick test) varies from 0% in Kintampo, Ghana, and Ramallah, West Bank, to 7.0% in Östersund, Sweden. Nonatopic flexural eczema was most common (6.9%) in Östersund, Sweden, and least common (0.4%) in Kintampo, Ghana, and Cartagena, Spain. The proportion of atopic children among children with eczema varies lar
  • Journal article
    Davies JC, Cunningham S, Alton EWFW, Innes JAet al., 2008,

    Lung clearance index in CF: a sensitive marker of lung disease severity

    , THORAX, Vol: 63, Pages: 96-97, ISSN: 0040-6376
  • Journal article
    Fisher M, 2008,

    Dr Elizabeth (Janie) Pryce-Miller, 7th November 1976 to 11th September 2007 Obituary

    , FUNGAL ECOLOGY, Vol: 1, Pages: 2-3, ISSN: 1754-5048
  • Journal article
    Riedel DJ, Talwani R, Gilliam BL, 2008,

    Double trouble.

    , Am J Med, Vol: 121, Pages: 110-112

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