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  • Journal article
    Lee K-Y, Bismarck A, 2012,

    Susceptibility of never-dried and freeze-dried bacterial cellulose towards esterification with organic acid

    , CELLULOSE, Vol: 19, Pages: 891-900, ISSN: 0969-0239
    • Cite
    • Citations: 55
  • Book chapter
    Shamsuddin S-R, Ho KKC, Lee K-Y, Hodgkinson JM, Bismarck Aet al., 2012,

    Carbon fibres: Properties, testing and analysis

    , Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites, 5 Volume Set, Editors: Nicolais, Borzacchiello, Lee, Publisher: Wiley, ISBN: 9780470128282

    Written by prominent international experts from industry and academia, the Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites, Second Edition presents over 260 new and revised articles addressing the new technological advances in properties, processing, ...
  • Patent
    Lee K-Y, Bharadia P, Bismarck A, 2012,

    Nanocellulose surface coated support material

    , US9193130
  • Journal article
    Ege D, Lee K, Bismarck A, Best S, Cameron Ret al., 2012,

    Evaluation of the degradation properties of carbonate substituted hydroxyapatite-poly(ε-caprolactone) composites

    , Key Engineering Materials, Vol: 493-494, Pages: 120-125, ISSN: 1013-9826

    The aim of this work is to produce and characterise carbonate substituted hydroxyapatite (CHA) reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) nanocomposites with a controlled degradation rate in order to match the rate of bone in-growth. The ideal degradation time for this purpose is estimated to be around 5-6 months however, in vivo, PCL degrades over a period of 2 to 3 years. It has been reported that NaOH surface treatment can accelerate the degradation of PCL [1-3]. In order to further modify the degradation rate of PCL, the effects of the incorporation of different volume fractions of CHA in samples surface treated with NaOH was investigated. CHA was produced by wet chemical synthesis. Samples comprising 8, 19, 25 wt% uncalcined CHA-PCL composites were produced by twin screw extrusion which were then injection moulded into cylinders. In order to accelerate the degradation rate of PCL, it was surface treated with 5 M NaOH for 3 days prior to PBS studies. The degradation profile was examined by % weight loss and % water uptake measurements. NaOH treatment was observed to erode the polymer surface and the polymer-filler interface. On subsequently degrading the pre-treated samples in PBS, it was observed that with increasing fraction of CHA, the degradation rate in PBS of the sample increased. Up to 8 wt % CHA filler there appeared to be little change in the degradation properties of the NaOH treated samples with the onset occurring after 60 days. However there was a marked acceleration of degradation for samples containing 19 wt% when degradation appeared to occur immediately. In conclusion, the addition of CHA significantly affects the behaviour of PCL. © (2012) Trans Tech Publications.
  • Journal article
    Lee K-Y, Quero F, Blaker JJ, Hill CAS, Eichhorn SJ, Bismarck Aet al., 2011,

    Surface only modification of bacterial cellulose nanofibres with organic acids

    , CELLULOSE, Vol: 18, Pages: 595-605, ISSN: 0969-0239
  • Book chapter
    Lee K-Y, Delille A, Bismarck A, 2011,

    Greener surface treatments of natural fiber reinforcements for use in the production of composite materials

    , Cellulose Fibers: Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites, Editors: Kalia, Kaith, Kaur, Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN: 9783642173707

    This handbook deals with cellulose fibers and nano-fibers and covers the latest advances in bio- and nano- polymer composite materials.
  • Journal article
    Blaker JJ, Lee K-Y, Bismarck A, 2011,

    Hierarchical Composites Made Entirely from Renewable Resources

    , JOURNAL OF BIOBASED MATERIALS AND BIOENERGY, Vol: 5, Pages: 1-16, ISSN: 1556-6560
  • Book chapter
    Lee K-Y, Bismarck A, 2011,

    Assessing the moisture uptake behaviour of natural fibres

    , Interface Engineering of Natural Fibre Composites for Maximum Performance, Editors: Zafeiropoulos, Publisher: Elsevier, ISBN: 9780857092281

    One of the major reasons for composite failure is a breakdown of the bond between the reinforcement fibres and the matrix. When this happens, the composite loses strength and fails.
  • Journal article
    Quero F, Nogi M, Lee K-Y, Vanden Poel G, Bismarck A, Mantalaris A, Yano H, Eichhorn SJet al., 2011,

    Cross-Linked Bacterial Cellulose Networks Using Glyoxalization

    , ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES, Vol: 3, Pages: 490-499, ISSN: 1944-8244
  • Journal article
    Lee K-Y, Wong LLC, Blaker JJ, Hodgkinson JM, Bismarck Aet al., 2011,

    Bio-based macroporous polymer nanocomposites made by mechanical frothing of acrylated epoxidised soybean oil

    , Green Chemistry, Vol: 13, Pages: 3117-3123, ISSN: 1463-9262
  • Journal article
    Blaker JJ, Lee K-Y, Mantalaris A, Bismarck Aet al., 2010,

    Ice-microsphere templating to produce highly porous nanocomposite PLA matrix scaffolds with pores selectively lined by bacterial cellulose nano-whiskers

    , COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Vol: 70, Pages: 1879-1888, ISSN: 0266-3538
  • Journal article
    Chrzanowski W, Abou Neel EA, Lee K-Y, Bismarck A, Young AM, Hart AD, Dalby MJ, Knowles JCet al., 2010,

    Tailoring Cell Behavior on Polymers by the Incorporation of Titanium Doped Phosphate Glass Filler

    , ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Vol: 12, Pages: B298-B308, ISSN: 1438-1656
  • Journal article
    Lee K-Y, Blaker JJ, Bismarck A, 2009,

    Surface functionalisation of bacterial cellulose as the route to produce green polylactide nanocomposites with improved properties

    , Composites Science and Technology, Vol: 69, Pages: 2724-2733, ISSN: 0266-3538

    The effect of surface functionalisation of bacterial cellulose nanofibrils (BC) and their use as reinforcement for polylactide (PLLA) nanocomposites was investigated. BC was functionalised with various organic acids via an esterification reaction. This rendered the otherwise hydrophilic BC hydrophobic and resulted in better compatibility (interfacial adhesion) between PLLA and BC. A direct wetting method, allowing the determination of the contact angle of polymer droplets on a single BC nanofibre, was developed to quantify the interfacial adhesion between PLLA and functionalised BC. It was found that the contact angle between PLLA droplets and functionalised BC decreased with increasing chain lengths of the organic acids used to hydrophobise BC. A novel method to compound BC with PLLA based on thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) to yield a dry form of pre-extrusion composite was also developed. The mechanical properties of the surface functionalised BC reinforced PLLA nanocomposites showed significant improvements when compared to neat PLLA and BC reinforced PLLA. The thermal degradation and viscoelastic behaviour of the nanocomposites were also improved over neat PLLA.
  • Journal article
    Blaker JJ, Lee K-Y, Li X, Menner A, Bismarck Aet al., 2009,

    Renewable nanocomposite polymer foams synthesized from Pickering emulsion templates

    , GREEN CHEMISTRY, Vol: 11, Pages: 1321-1326, ISSN: 1463-9262

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