Publications

2025

Guzmán V, Di Gravio C, Cooper E, Lound A, Smith N, O’Hara M, Atchison CA, Cooke G, Chadeau-Hyam M, Elliott P, Ward H. “I put a lot of emphasis on work because I want to keep my job”: A population-based interview study of Long COVID and employment changes in England. Health Expectations, 2025; 28:e70476 

Whitaker M, Elliott J, Gerard-Ursin I, Donnelly CA, Ward H, Elliott P, Chadeau-Hyam M. Characterising hard and soft forms of vaccine hesitancy from follow-up data in more than 1.1 million people. The Lancet  2025 (in press)

Cooper E, Lound A, Jones K, Bruton J, Day S, Atchison CJ, Eccles C, Piper A, Cooke GS, Chadeau-Hyam M, Elliott P, Ward H. Recognition, support and self-management in Long Covid: a population-based qualitative study Health Expectations 2025 Oct;28(5):e70428

O'Mahoney LL, Routen A, Gillies C, Jenkins SA, Almaqhawi A, Ayoubkhani D, Banerjee A, Brightling C, Calvert M, Cassambai S, Ekezie W, Funnell MP, Welford A, Peace A, Evans RA, Jeffers S, Kingsnorth AP, Pareek M, Seidu S, Wilkinson TJ, Willis A, Shafran R, Stephenson T, Sterne J, Ward H, Ward T, Khunti K. The risk of Long Covid symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies. Nat Commun. 2025 May 7;16(1):4249. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-59012-w.

Whitaker M, Rodrigues S, Cooke G, Virlon B, Donnelly CA, Ward H, Elliott P, Chadeau-Hyam M. How COVID-19 affected academic publishing: a three-year study of 17 million research papers. Int J Epidem 2025;54(3): dyaf058, https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaf058

Morales I, Nguyen VK, Abd El Aziz M, Sultani A, Bärnighausen T, Becher H, Ciesek S, Kampmann B, Lange B, Rupp J, Scheithauer S, Ward H, Karch A, Denkinger CM. Responsive population-based cohorts as platforms for characterising pathogen- and population-level infection dynamics for epidemic prevention, preparedness and response. Euro Surveill. 2025 Jun;30(25):2400255. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.25.2400255.

Mumford L, Hogg R, Taylor A, Lanyon P, Bythell M, McPhail S, Chilcot J, Powter G, Cooke GS, Ward H, Thomas H, McAdoo SP, Lightstone L, Lim SH, Pettigrew GJ, Pearce FA, Willicombe M. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody positivity on infection and hospitalisation rates in immunosuppressed populations during the omicron period: the MELODY study. The Lancet 2025;405:314–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02560-1

Atchison CJ, Gilby N, Pantelidou G, Clemens S, Pickering K, Chadeau-Hyam M, Ashby D, Barclay WS, Cooke G, Darzi A, Riley S, Donnelly C, Ward H, Elliott P. Strategies to increase response rate and reduce non-response bias in population health research: a series of randomised controlled trials during a large COVID-19 study JMIR Public Health Surveill 2025: 2025:11:e60022. doi: 10.2196/60022

2024

 Hampshire, A., Azor, A., Atchison, C., Trender, W., Hellyer, P. J., Giunchiglia, V., Husain, M., Cooke, G., Cooper, E., Lound, A., Donnelly, CA., Chadeau-Hyam, M., Ward, H., Elliott, P. (2024). Cognition and Memory after Covid-19 in a Large Community Sample.. N Engl J Med, 390(9), 806-818. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2311330

 Mills, C., Chadeau-Hyam, M., Elliott, P., Donnelly, C. A. (2024). The utility of wastewater surveillance for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. PNAS Nexus, 3(10), 438. doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae438

  Lipsitch M, Bassett MT, Brownstein JS, Elliott P, Eyre D, Grabowski MK, Hay JA, Johansson MA, Kissler SM, Larremore DB, Layden JE, Lessler J, Lynfield R, MacCannell D, Madoff LC, Metcalf CJE, Meyers LA, Ofori SK, Quinn C, Bento AI, Reich NG, Riley S, Rosenfeld R, Samore MH, Sampath R, Slayton RB, Swerdlow DL, Truelove S, Varma JK, Grad YH. (2024). Infectious disease surveillance needs for the United States: lessons from Covid-19. Front Public Health. Jul 15, 12, 1408193. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1408193

2023

Cooper, E., Lound, A., Atchison, C. J., Whitaker, M., Eccles, C., Cooke, G. S., Elliott P, Ward, H. (2023). Awareness and perceptions of Long COVID among people in the REACT programme: Early insights from a pilot interview study. PLoS One, 18(1), e0280943. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280943

Eales, O., Page, A. J., Tang, S. N., Walters, C. E., Wang, H., Haw, D.,, Trotter, A., Le Viet, L, Foster-Nyarko, E., Prosolek, S., Atchison, C., Ashby, D., Cooke, G., Barclay, W., Donnelly, C., O’Grady, J., Volz, E., Darzi, A., Ward, H., Elliott, P.,  Riley, S. The use of representative community samples to assess SARS-CoV-2 lineage competition: Alpha outcompetes Beta and wild-type in England from January to March 2021. Microbial Genomics. 2023, February, 9(2). doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000887

Atchison, C. J., Whitaker, M., Donnelly, C. A., Chadeau-Hyam, M., Riley, S., Darzi, A., Ashby, D., Barclay, W., Cooke, G.S., Elliott, P., Ward, H. Characteristics and predictors of persistent symptoms post-COVID-19 in children and young people: a large community cross-sectional study in England. Archives Dis Child, March 2023. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2022-325152

Elliott, P., Ward, H., Riley, S. Population Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 Infections via Random Sampling During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Public Health, 2023; 113(5), 514-516. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2023.307231

Routen, A., O'Mahoney, L., Aiyegbusi, O. L., Alder, Y., Banerjee, A., Buckland, L., Brightling, C., Calvert, M., Camaradou, J., Chaturvedi, N., Chong, A., Dalrymple, E., Eggo, R.M., Elliott, P., Evans, R.A., Gibson, A., Harons, S., Herrett, E., Houchen-Wolloff, L., Hughes, S.E., Jeyes, F., Matthews, K., McMullan, C., Morley, J., Shafran, R., Smith, N., Stanton, D., Stephenson, T., Sterne, J., Turner, G.M., Ward, H., Khunti, K. (2023). Patient and public involvement within epidemiological studies of long COVID in the UK. Nat Med, 29(4), 771-773. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02251-5

Elliott, P., Whitaker, M., Tang, D., Eales, O., Steyn, N., Bodinier, B., Wang, H., Elliott, J., Atchison, C., Ashby, D., Barclay, W., Taylor, G., Darzi, A., Cooke, G., Darzi, A., Cooke, G.S., Ward, H., Donnelly, C.A., Riley, S., Chadeau-Hyam, M. (2023). Design and Implementation of a National SARS-CoV-2 Monitoring Program in England: REACT-1 Study. Am J Public Health, 113(5), 545-554. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2023.307230

Eales, O., Haw, D., Wang, H., Atchison, C., Ashby, D., Cooke, G. S., Barclay, W., Ward, H., Darzi, A., Donnelly, C.A., Chadeau-Hyam, M., Elliott, P., Riley, S. (2023). Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalisation and infection fatality ratios over 23 months in England. PLoS Biol, 21(5), e3002118. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002118

Atchison CJ, Whitaker M, Donnelly CA, Chadeau-Hyam M, Riley S, Darzi A, Ashby D, Barclay W, Cooke GS, Elliott P, Ward H. Characteristics and predictors of persistent symptoms post-COVID-19 in children and young people: a large community cross-sectional study in England. Arch Dis Child. 2023 l;108(7):e12. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-325152. 

Whitaker, M, Davies B, Atchison C, Barclay W, Ashby D, Darzi A, Riley S, Cooke G, Donnelly CA, Chadeau-Hyam M, Elliott P, Ward H. SARS-CoV-2 rapid antibody test results and subsequent risk of hospitalisation and death in 361,801 people. Nat Commun 14, 4957 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40643-w.

Eales, I., de Oliveira, Martins, L., Page, A., Wang, H., Bodinier, B., Tang, D., Haw, D., Jonnerby, L.J.A., Atchison, C., Ashby, D., Barclay, W., Taylor, G., Coke, G., Ward, H., Darzi, A., Riley, S., Elliott, P., Donnelly, C., Chadeau, M. (2023). Dynamics and scale of the SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron epidemic in England. Nature Comm, 13. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32096-4

Ward, H., Atchison, C., Whitaker, M., Davies, B., Ashby, D., Darzi, A., Chadeau-Hyam, M, Riley, S, Donnelly, CA, Barclay W, Cooke, G, Elliott, P. (2023). Design and Implementation of a National Program to Monitor the Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies in England Using Self-Testing: The REACT-2 Study.. Am J Public Health, 113(11), 1201-1209. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2023.307381

Atchison, C. J., Davies, B., Cooper, E., Lound, A., Whitaker, M., Hampshire, A., Azor A, Donnelly, CA, Chadeau-Hyam, M, Cooke, G, Elliott, P. (2023). Long-term health impacts of COVID-19 among 242,712 adults in England. Nat Commun, 14(1), 6588. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41879-2

2022

Khan, M., Rosadas, C., Katsanovskaja, K., Weber, I. D., Shute, J., Ijaz, S., Marchesin F, McClure E, Elias S, Flower B, Gao H, Quinlan R, Short C, Rosa A, Roustan C, Moshe M, Taylor GP, Elliott P, Cooke GS, Cherepanov P, Parker E, McClure MO,  Tedder, R. S. (2022). Simple, sensitive, specific self-sampling assay secures SARS-CoV-2 antibody signals in sero-prevalence and post-vaccine studies. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 2022; 12(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05640-x. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05640-x 

Chadeau-Hyam, M., Wang, H., Eales, O., Haw, D., Bodinier, B., Whitaker, M.,  Walters CE, Ainslie KEC, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, Trotter AJ, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Cooke G, Ward H, Darzi A, Riley S, Donnelly CA, Elliott P, COVID-19 Genomics UK consortium. SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine effectiveness in England (REACT-1): a series of cross-sectional random community surveys. LANCET RESPIR MED. 2022. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00542-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00542-7

Ward, H., Whitaker, M., Flower, B., Tang, S. N., Atchison, C., Darzi, A., Donnelly CA, Cann A, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, Riley S, Barclay WS, Elliott P, Cooke, G. S. Population antibody responses following COVID-19 vaccination in 212,102 individuals. NAT COMMUN, 2022; 13(1): 907. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28527-x

Eales, O., Walters, C. E., Wang, H., Haw, D., Ainslie, K. E. C., Atchison, C. J., Page AJ, Prosolek S, Trotter AJ, Le Viet T, Alikhan N-F, Jackson LM, Ludden C, Ashby D, Donnelly CA, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Darzi A, Elliott P,  Riley, S. (n.d.). Characterising the persistence of RT-PCR positivity and incidence in a community survey of SARS-CoV-2. WELLCOME OPEN RESEARCH, 2022; 7, 102. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17723.1

Elliott, P., Bodinier, B., Eales, O., Wang, H., Haw, D., Elliott, J , Whitaker M, Jonnerby J, Tang D, Walters CE, Atchison C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, Trotter AJ, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Ward H, Darzi A, Cooke GS, Chadeau-Hyam M,  Donnelly, C. A. Rapid increase in Omicron infections in England during December 2021: REACT-1 study. SCIENCE, 2022; 375(6587), 1406-+. doi:10.1126/science.abn8347

Rosadas, C., Khan, M., Parker, E., Marchesin, F., Katsanovskaja, K., Sureda-Vives, M. Fernandez N, Randell P, Harvey R, Lilley A, Harris BHL, Zuhair M, Fertleman M, Ijaz S, Dicks S, Short C-E, Quinlan R, Taylor GP, Hu K, McKay P, Rose A, Roustan C, Zuckerman M, El Bouzidi K, Cooke G, Flower B, Moshe M, Elliott P, Spencer AJ, Lambe T, Giklbvert SC, Kingston H, Baillie JK, Openshaw PJM, Semple MG, Cherepanov P, McClure MO, Tedder, R. S. (2022). Detection and quantification of antibody to SARS CoV 2 receptor binding domain provides enhanced sensitivity, specificity and utility. J VIROL METHODS. 2022; 302. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114475 

Chadeau-Hyam, M., Wang, H., Eales, O., Haw, D., Bodinier, B., Whitaker, M., Walters CE, Ainslie KEC, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, Trotter AJ, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Cooke G, Ward H, Darzi A, Riley S, Donnelly CA,  Elliott P. COVID-19 Genomics UK consortium. SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine effectiveness in England (REACT-1): a series of cross-sectional random community surveys. LANCET RESPIR MED, 2022; 10(4): 355-366. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00542-7

Whitaker, M., Elliott, J., Chadeau-Hyam, M., Riley, S., Darzi, A., Cooke, G.,Ward, H, Elliott, P. Persistent COVID-19 symptoms in a community study of 606,434 people in England. NATURE COMMS. 2022; 13(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29521-z

Elliott, P., Eales, O., Steyn, N., Tang, D., Bodinier, B., Wang, H., Elliott J, Whitaker M, Atchison C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, Trotter AJ, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Ward H, Darzi A, Cooke GS, Donnelly CA, Chadeau-Hyam, M. (2022). Twin peaks: The Omicron SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 and BA.2 epidemics in England. SCIENCE, eabq4411. doi:10.1126/science.abq4411

Cann, A., Clarke, C., Brown, J., Thomson, T., Prendecki, M., Moshe, M., Badhan A, Simmons B, Klaber B, Elliott P, Darzi A, Riley S, Ashby D, Martin P, Gleeson S, Willicombe M, Kelleher P, Ward H, Barclay WS, Cooke, G. S. (2021). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody lateral flow assay for antibody prevalence studies following vaccination: a diagnostic accuracy study. WELLCOME OPEN RES, 6, 358. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17231.2

Chadeau-Hyam, M., Eales, O., Bodinier, B., Wang, H., Haw, D., Whitaker, M., Elliott J, Walters CE, Jonnerby J, Atchison C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Cooke G, Ward H, Darzi A, Donnelly CA, Elliott, P. (2022). Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in double and triple vaccinated adults and single dose vaccine effectiveness among children in Autumn 2021 in England: REACT-1 study. ECLINICALMEDICINE, 48, 101419. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101419

Wong, N. C. K., Meshkinfamfard, S., Turbé, V., Whitaker, M., Moshe, M., Bardanzellu, A., Dai T, Pignatelli E, Barclay W, Darzi A, Elliott P, Ward H, Tanaka RJ, Cooke GS, McKendry RA, Atchison CJ, Bharath, A. A. (2022). Machine learning to support visual auditing of home-based lateral flow immunoassay self-test results for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. COMMUN MED (LOND), 2, 78. doi:10.1038/s43856-022-00146-z

Eales, O., Page, A. J., Martins, L. D. O., Wang, H., Bodinier, B., Haw, D., Jonnerby J, Atchison C, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Cooke G, Ward H, Darzi , Riley S, Chadeau-Hyam M, Donnelly CA, Elliott, P. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 lineage dynamics in England from September to November 2021: high diversity of Delta sub-lineages and increased transmissibility of AY.4.2. BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 22(1), 17 pages. doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07628-4

Eales, O., Martins, L. D. O., Page, A. J., Wang, H., Bodinier, B., Tang, D., Haw D, Jonnerby J, Atchison C, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Cooke G, Ward H, Darzi A, Riley S, Elliott P, Donnelly CA, Chadeau-Hyam, M. (2022). Dynamics of competing SARS-CoV-2 variants during the Omicron epidemic in England. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, 13(1), 11 pages. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32096-4

Atchison, C. J., Moshe, M., Brown, J. C., Whitaker, M., Wong, N. C. K., Bharath, A. A., McKendry RA, Darzi A, Ashby D, Donnelly CA, Riley S, Elliott P, Barclay WS, Cooke S, Ward, H. (2022). Validity of Self-testing at Home With Rapid Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibody Detection by Lateral Flow Immunoassay. CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 9 pages. doi:10.1093/cid/ciac629

Elliott, P., Eales, O., Bodinier, B., Tang, D., Wang, H., Jonnerby, J., Haw D, Elliott J, Whitaker M, Walters CE, Atchison C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, Trotter AJ, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Ward H, Darzi A, Cooke GS, Chadeau-Hyam M . . . Donnelly, C. A. (2022). Dynamics of a national Omicron SARS-CoV-2 epidemic during January 2022 in England. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, 13(1), 10 pages. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32121-6

Eales, O., Ainslie, K. E. C., Walters, C. E., Wang, H., Atchison, C., Ashby, D.,  Donnelly CA, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Darzi A, Elliott P, Riley, S. (2022). Appropriately smoothing prevalence data to inform estimates of growth rate and reproduction number. EPIDEMICS, 40, 13 pages. doi:10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100604

Chadeau-Hyam, M., Tang, D., Eales, O., Bodinier, B., Wang, H., Jonnerby, J., Whitaker M, Elliott J, Haw D, Walters CE, Atchison C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Cooke G, Ward H, Darzi A, Donnelly CA , Elliott, P. (2022). Omicron SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in England during February 2022: A series of cross-sectional community surveys. LANCET REG HEALTH EUR, 21, 100462. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100462

Mosscrop, L., Watber, P., Elliott, P., Cooke, G., Barclay, W., Freemont, P. S., Rosadas, C., Taylor, G. P. (2022). Evaluation of the impact of pre-analytical conditions on sample stability for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. J Virol Methods, 309, doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114607

Whitaker, M., Elliott, J., Bodinier, B., Barclay, W., Ward, H., Cooke, G., Donnelly CA, Chadeau-Hyam M, Elliott, P. (2022). Variant-specific symptoms of COVID-19 in a study of 1,542,510 adults in England. Nat Commun, 13(1), 6856. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34244-2

Eales, O., Wang, H., Haw, D., Ainslie, K. E. C., Walters, C. E., Atchison, C., Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Darzi A, Ashby D, Donnelly CA, Elliott P, Riley, S. (2022). Trends in SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence during England's roadmap out of lockdown, January to July 2021.. PLoS Comput Biol, 18(11), e1010724. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010724

2021

Moshe M, Daunt A, Flower B, Simmons B, Brown JC, Frise R, Penn R, Kugathasan R, Petersen C, Stockmann H, Ashby D, Riley S, Atchison C, Taylor GP, Satkunarajah S, Naar L, Klaber R, Badhan A, Rosadas C, Marchesin F, Fernandez N, Sureda-Vives M, Cheeseman H, O’Hara J, Shattock R,Fontana G, Pallett SJC, Rayment M, Jones R, Moore LSP, Ashrafian H, Cherapanov P, Tedder R, McClure M, Ward H, Darzi A, Elliott P, Cooke GS, Barclay WS. SARS- CoV-2 lateral flow assays for possible use in national covid-19 seroprevalence surveys (React 2): diagnostic accuracy study. BR MED J. 2021; 372:, doi:10.1136/bmj.n423  

Ward H, Atchison C, Whitaker M, Ainslie KEC, Elliott J, Okell L, Redd R, Ashby D, Donnelly C, Barclay Darzi, Cooke, Riley S, Elliott P. SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in England following the first peak of the pandemic. NAT COMMUN, 2021; 2(1), 905.  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21237-w

Ward, H., Cooke, G. S., Atchison, C., Whitaker, M., Elliott, J., Moshe, M., Brown JC, Flower B, Daunt A, Ainslie K, Ashby D, Donnelly CA, Riley S, Darzi A, Barclay W, Elliott P. Prevalence of antibody positivity to SARS-CoV-2 following the first peak of infection in England: Serial cross-sectional studies of 365,000 adults. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE 2021; 4, 100098. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100098

Davies, B., Parkes, B.L., Bennett, J. Fecht, D., Blangiardo, M., Ezzati,  Elliott, P. Community factors and excess mortality in first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in England. NAT COMMUN 2021; 12, 3755. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23935-x. June 18, 2021. 

Riley S, Ainslie KEC, Eales O, Walters, CE, Wang H, Atchison C,  Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D,  Donnelly CA, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Darzi A, Elliott P. Resurgence of SARS-CoV-2: detection by community viral surveillance. SCIENCE 2021; 372(6545): 990-995.  doi: 10.1126/science.abf0874. April 23, 2021. 

Redd R, Cooper E, Atchison C, Pereira I, Hollings P, Cooper T, Millar C, Ashby D, Riley S, Darzi A, Barclay W, Cooke GS, Elliott P, Donnelly CA, Ward H Behavioural responses to SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing in England: REACT-2 study. WELLCOME OPEN RESEARCH, 6, 203. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16662.1

Elliott, J., Whitaker, M., Bodinier, B., Eales, O., Riley, S., Ward, H, Cooke G, Darzi A, Chadeau-Hyam M, Elliott, P. Predictive symptoms for COVID-19 in the community: REACT-1 study of over 1 million people. PLOS MED, 2021; 18(9), e1003777. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003777

Davies, B., Araghi, M., Moshe, M., Gao, H., Bennet, K., Jenkins, J., Atchison, G, Darzi A, Ashby D, Riley S, Barclay W, Elliott P, Ward H, Cooke, G. Acceptability, Usability, and Performance of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Tests for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antibodies: REACT-2 Study of Self-Testing in Nonhealthcare Key Workers. OPEN FORUM INFECT DIS, 2021; 8(11), ofab496. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab496  

Redd, R., Cooper, E., Atchison, C., Pereira, I., Hollings, P., Cooper, T., Millar C, Ashby D, Riley S, Darzi A, Barclay WS, Cooke GS, Elliott P, Donnelly CA, Ward, H. Behavioural responses to SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing in England: REACT-2 study. WELLCOME OPEN RESEARCH, 6, 203. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16662.2

Elliott, P., Haw, D., Wang, H., Eales, O., Walters, C. E., Ainslie, K. E. C., Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, Trotter AJ, Prosolek SJ, Ashby D, Donnelly CA, Barclay W, Taylor G, Cooke G, Ward H, Darzi A, Riley, S. Exponential growth, high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, and vaccine effectiveness associated with the Delta variant. SCIENCE, 2021; 374(6574), 1463-73. eabl9551. doi:10.1126/science.abl9551

Cann, A., Clarke, C., Brown, J., Thomson, T., Prendecki, M., Moshe, M., Badhan A, Simons B, Klaber B, Elliott P, Darzi A, Riley S, Ashby D, Martin P, Gleeson S, Willicombe M, Kelleher P, Ward H, Barclay W, Cooke, G. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody lateral flow assay for antibody prevalence studies following vaccination: a diagnostic accuracy study. WELLCOME OPEN RESEARCH 2021; 6: 358. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17231.1

Elliott, P., Bodinier, B., Eales, O., Wang, H., Haw, D., Elliott, J., Whitaker M, Jonnerby J, Tang D, Walters CE, Atchison C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, Trotter AJ, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Ward H, Darzi A, Cooke GS, Chadeau-Hyam M, Donnelly, C. A. Rapid increase in Omicron infections in England during December 2021: REACT-1 study. SCIENCE, 2022. eabn8347. doi: 10.1126/science.abn8347

REACT study peer-reviewed publications 2020-2025

2020

Flower B, Brown JC, Simmons B, Moshe M, Frise R, Penn R, Kugathasan R, Petersen C, Daunt A, Ashby D, Riley S, Atchison CJ, Taylor GP, Satkunarajah S, Naar L, Klaber R, Badhan A, Rosadas C, Khan M, Fernandez N, Sureda-Vives M, Cheeseman HM, O'Hara J, Fontana G, Pallett SJC, Rayment M, Jones R, Moore LSP, McClure MO, Cherepanov P, Tedder R, Ashrafian H, Shattock R, Ward H, Darzi A, Elliott P, Barclay WS, Cooke GS. (2020). Clinical and laboratory evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow assays for use in a national COVID-19 seroprevalence survey. THORAX. 1 Dec 2020. 75(12), 1082-1088. 2 Aug 2020. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215732

Atchison C, Pristerà P, Cooper E, Papageorgiou V, Redd R, Piggin M, Flower B, Fontana G, Satkunarajah S, Ashrafian H, Lawrence-Jones A, Naar L, Chigwende J, Gibbard S, Riley S, Darzi A, Elliott P, Ashby D, Barclay W, Cooke GS, Ward H. Usability and acceptability of home-based self-testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for population surveillance. CLIN INFECT DIS. 2020 Aug 12:ciaa1178. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1178 

Riley, S., Atchison, C., Ashby, D., Donnelly, C. A., Barclay, W., Cooke, G., Ward H, Darzi., Elliott, P; REACT Study Group. REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission (REACT) of SARS-CoV-2 virus: Study protocol. WELLCOME OPEN RESEARCH, 5, 200. 25 Aug 2020. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16228.2 vs.2, April 21, 2021. 

REACT study scientific reports: non-peer-reviewed

1.    REACT Study Investigators, Riley S, Ainslie KEC, Eales O, Jeffrey B, Walters CE, Wang H, Atchison C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, CA Donnelly, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Taylor G, Darzi A, Elliott P. Community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in England during May 2020: REACT Study. MedRxiv July 11, 2020.    https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.10.20150524

2.    React Study Investigators,  Riley S, Ainslie KEC, Eales O, Walters CE, Wang H, Atchison C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, CA Donnelly, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Taylor G, Darzi A, Elliott P. Transient dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 as England existed national lockdown. MedRxiv August 6, 2020.  https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.05.20169078  

3.    React Study Investigators,  Riley S, Ainslie KEC, Eales O, Walters CE, Wang H, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, CA Donnelly, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Taylor G, Darzi A, Elliott P. Resurgence of SARS-CoV-2 as England: Detection by community antigen surveillance. MedRxiv September 13, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.11.20192492v2 

4.    React Study Investigators,  Riley S, Ainslie KEC, Eales O, Walters CE, Wang H, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, CA Donnelly, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Taylor G, Darzi A, Elliott P. High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 swab positivity in England during September 2020: Interim report of Round 5 of REACT-1 Study.  MedRxiv October 2, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.30.20204727 

5.    Riley S, Ainslie KEC, Eales O, Walters CE, Wang H, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, CA Donnelly, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Taylor G, Darzi A, Elliott P.  High and increasing prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 swab positivity in England: REACT-1 Round 5 Updated Report.  MedRxiv October 14, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.12.20211227v1

6.    Ward, H., Cooke, G., Atchison, C., Whitaker, M., Elliott, J., Moshe, M.,  Flower B, Daunt A, Ainslie K, Ashby D, Donnelly C, Riley S, Darzi A, Barclay W, Elliott P; for the REACT study team. (2020). Declining prevalence of antibody positivity to SARS-CoV-2: a community study of 365,000 adults. MedRxiv October 27, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.26.20219725

7.    Riley S, Ainslie KEC, Eales O, Walters CE, Wang H, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, CA Donnelly, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Taylor G, Darzi A, Elliott P.  High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 swab positivity and increasing R number in England during October 2020: REACT-1 Round 6 Interim Report.  MedRxiv 3 November 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.30.20223123  

8.    Riley S, Ainslie KEC, Eales O, Walters CE, Wang H, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, CA Donnelly, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Taylor G, Darzi A, Elliott P.  REACT-1 Round 6 Updated Report. High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 swab positivity with reduced rate of growth in England at the start of November 2020:  MedRxiv November 20, 2020. doi:  https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.18.20233932v1

9.    Riley S, Ainslie KEC, Eales O, Walters CE, Wang H, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, CA Donnelly, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Taylor G, Darzi A, Elliott P.  REACT Round 7 Interim Report: Fall in prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 swab positivity in England During National Lockdown.  MedRxiv December 2, 2020. doi:  https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.30.20239806

10.    Riley S, Ainslie KEC, Eales O, Walters CE, Wang H, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, CA Donnelly, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Taylor G, Darzi A, Elliott P. REACT Round 7 Updated Report: Regional heterogeneity in changes in prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections during the second National COVID-19 Lockdown in England. MedRxiv December 16, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.15.20248244  

11.    Riley S, Wang H, Eales O, Walters CE, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, CA Donnelly, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Taylor G, Darzi A, Elliott P. REACT Round 8 Interim Report: SARS-CoV-2 Prevalence during the Initial Stages of the Third National Lockdown in England. MedRxiv January 22, 2021.  https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.20.21250158 

12.    Riley S, Ainslie KEC, Eales O, Walters CE, Wang H, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, CA Donnelly, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Taylor G, Darzi A, Elliott P. REACT Round 8 Final Report: High Average Prevalence with Regional Heterogeneity of Trends in SARS-CoV-2 infections in the Community England during January 2021. MedRxiv January 31, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.28.21250606  

13.    Riley S, Walters CE, Wang H, Eales O, Haw D, Ainslie KEC, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, Donnelly CA, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Darzi, Elliott P. REACT-1 round 9 interim report: Downward trend of SARS-CoV-2 in England in February 2021 but still at high prevalence. MedRxiv February 23, 2021.   doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.18.21251973 

14.    Riley S, Wang H, Eales O, Haw D, Walters CE, Ainslie KEC, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, Donnelly CA, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Darzi, Elliott P. REACT-1 round 9 final report: Continued but slowing decline of prevalence of Sars-Cov-2 during national lockdown in England in February 2021. MedrXiv March 6, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.03.21252856

15.    Riley S, Eales O, Haw D, Walters CE, Wang H, Ainslie KEC, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Ashby D, Donnelly CA, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Darzi, Elliott P. REACT-1 round 10 report: Level prevalence of Sars-CoV-2 swab-positivity in England during third national lockdown in March 2021. MedRxiv April 15, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.08.21255100

16.    Elliott J, Whitaker M, Bodinier B, Riley S, Ward H, Cooke G, Darzi A, Chadeau-Hyam M, Elliott P.  Symptom reporting in over 1 million people: community detection of COVID-19. MedRxiv Feb 12, 2021.  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.21251480v1 

17.    Ward H, Cooke G, Whitaker M, Redd R, Eales O, Brown JC, Collet K, Cooper E, Daunt A, Jones K, Moshe M, Willicombe M, Day S, Atchison C, Darzi A, Donnelly CA, Riley S, Ashby D, Barclay WS, Elliott P. REACT-2 round 5: Increasing prevalence of Sars-CoV-2 antibodies demonstrate impact of the second wave and of vaccine roll-out in England. Medrxiv March 1, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.21252512 

18.    Riley S, Haw D, Walters C, Wang H, Eales O, Ainslie K Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle P, Page A, Trotter A, Viet TL, Nabil-Fareed A, O'Grady J, The COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium, Ashby D, Donnelly C, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Darzi A, Elliott P.REACT-1 round 11 report: low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the community prior to the third step of the English roadmap out of lockdown. MedRxiv May 17, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.13.21257144 

19.    Eales, O., Page, A. J., Tang, S., Walters, C., Wang, H., Haw, D., Trotter AJ, Viet TL, Foster-Nyarko E, Prosolek S, Atchison C, Ashby D, Cooke G, Barclay W, Donnelly C, O'Grady J, Volz E, The COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium, Darzi A, Ward H, Elliott P, Riley, S. SARS-CoV-2 lineage dynamics in England from January to March 2021 inferred from representative community samples. MedRxiv May 14, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.08.21256867 

20.    Davies B, Araghi M, Moshe M, Gao H, Bennet K, Jenkins J, Atchison C, Darzi A, Ashby D, Riley S, Barclay W, Elliott P, Ward H, Cooke G. Acceptability, usability and performance of laternal flow immunoassay tests for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: REACT-2 study of self-testing in non-healthcare key workers.  MedRxiv, June 27, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.21.21259254v2 

21.    Riley S, Wang H, Eales O, Haw D, Walters C, Ainslie K, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle P, Page A, Prosolek S, Trotter AJ, Le Viet T, Alikhan N-F, The COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium COG-UK, Ashby D, Donnelly C, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Darzi, Elliott P.  REACT-1 round 12 report: resurgence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in England associated with increased frequency of the Delta variant. MedRxiv June 21, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.17.21259103 

22.    Whitaker M, Elliott J, Chadeau-Hyam M, Riley S, Darzi A, Cooke G, Ward H, Elliott P. Persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV02 infection in a random community sample of 508,707 people. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.28.21259452 MedRxiv July 3, 2021.

23.    Riley, S., Eales, O., Haw, D., Wang, H., Walters, C., Ainslie, K., Christina A, Fronterre C, Diggle P, Ashby D, Donnelly C, Barclay W, Cooke G, Ward H, Darzi A, Elliott, P. REACT-1 round 13 interim report: acceleration of SARS-CoV-2 Delta epidemic in the community in England during late June and early July 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.08.21260185. MedRxiv July 8, 2021.

24.    Cann, A., Clarke, C., Brown, J., Thomson, T., Prendecki, M., Moshe, M, Badhan A, Elliott P, Darzi A, Riley S, Ashby D, Willicombe M, Kelleher P, Randell P, Ward H, Barclay W, , Cooke, G. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Lateral Flow Assay for antibody prevalence studies following vaccine roll out: a Diagnostic Accuracy Study. doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.21260488 MedRxiv July 16, 2021.

25.    Ward, H., Whitaker, M., Tang, S., Atchison, C., Darzi, A., Donnelly, C., Diggle P, Ashby D, Riley S, Barclay W, Elliott P, Cooke, G. Vaccine uptake and SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence among 207,337 adults during May 2021 in England: REACT-2 study. doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.21260497 MedRxiv July 18, 2021.

26.    Ward, H., Atchison, C., Whitaker, M., Donnelly, C., Riley, S., Ashby, D.,  Darzi A, Barclay W, Cooke G, Elliott P, for the REACT study team. Increasing SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in England at the start of the second wave: REACT-2 Round 4 cross-sectional study in 160,000 adults. doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.21260926 MedRxiv July 22, 2021.

27.    Eales O, Walters CE, Wang H, Haw D, Ainslie KEC, Atchison C, Page AJ, Prosolek SJ, Trotter AJ, Le Viet T, Alikhan N-F, Jackson LM, Ludden C, The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, Ashby D, Donnelly CA, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Darzi A, Elliott P, Riley S. Characterising the persistence of RT-PCR positivity and incidence in a community survey of SARS-CoV-2.  MedRxiv Aug 13 2021.08.12.21261987; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.12.21261987

28.    Elliott P, Haw D, Wang H, Eales O, Walters C, Ainslie K, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle P, Page A, Trotter A, Prosolek S, COG-UK TCGUKC, Ashby D, Donnelly C, Barclay W, Cooke G, Ward H, Darzi A, Riley S. REACT-1 round 13 final report: exponential growth, high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine effectiveness associated with Delta variant in England during May to July 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.02.21262979. MedRxiv Sept 10, 2021.

29.    Chadeau-Hyam M, Wang H, Eales O, Haw D, Bodinier B, Whitaker M, Walters CE, Ainslie KEC, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, Trotter AJ, The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG0UK) Consortium, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Cooke G, Ward H, Darzi A, Riley S, Donnelly CA, Elliott P. REACT-1 study round 14: High and increasing prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among school-aged children during September 2021 and vaccine effectiveness against infection in England. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.14.21264965. MedRxiv Oct 22, 2021.

30.    Chadeau-Hyam M, Eales O, Bodinier B, Wang H, Haw D, Whitaker M, Walters CE, Atchison C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Cooke G, Ward H, Darzi A, Riley S, Donnelly CA, Elliott P. REACT-1 round 15 interim report: High and rising prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in England from end of September 2021 followed by a fall in late October 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.03.21265877. MedRxiv Nov 3, 2021

31.    Chadeau-Hyam, M., Eales, O., Bodinier, B., Wang, H., Haw, D., Whitaker, M. Walters C, Jonnerby J, Atchison C, Diggle P, Page A, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Cooke G, Ward H, Darzi A, Donnelly C, Elliott, P. Spiral: REACT-1 round 15 final report: Increased breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections among adults who had received two doses of vaccine, but booster doses and first doses in children are providing important protection (imperial.ac.uk)  Nov 18, 2021.

32.    Elliott, P., Bodinier, B., Eales, O., Wang, H., Haw, D., Elliott, J., Whitaker M, Jonnerby J, Tang D, Walters C, Atchison C, Diggle P, Page A, Trotter A, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Ward H, Darzi A, Cooke G, Chadeau-Hyam M, Donnelly, C. Rapid increase in Omicron infections in England during December 2021: REACT-1 study. MedRxiv, Dec 24, 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.21268252

33.    Elliott, P., Eales, O., Bodinier, B., Tang, D., Wang, H., Jonnerby, J., Haw D, Elliott J, Whitaker M, Walters C, Atchison C, Diggle P, Page A, Trotter A, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Ward H, Darzi A, Cooke G, Chadeau-Hyam M, Donnelly, C. Spiral: Post-peak dynamics of a national Omicron SARS-CoV-2 epidemic during January 2022 (imperial.ac.uk) Jan 25, 2022.

34.    Eales O, Ainslie KEC, Walters CE, Wang H, Atchison C, Ashby D, Donnelly CA, Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Darzi A, Elliott P, Riley S. Appropriately smoothing prevalence data to inform estimates of growth rate and reproduction number. MedRxiv 2022.02.04.22270426; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.04.22270426

35.    Elliott P, Eales O, Bodinier B, Tang D, Wang H, Jonnerby J, Haw D, Elliott J, Whitaker M, Walters CE, Atchinson C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, Trotter A, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Ward H, Darzi A, Cooke G, Chadeau-Hyam M, Donnelly CA. M./ Post-peak dynamics of a national Omicron SARS-CoV-2 epidemic during January 2022. MedRxiv 2022.02.03.22270365; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.03.22270365

36.    Chadeau-Hyam M,  Tang D, Eales O,  Bodinier B,  Wang H,  Jonnerby J, Whitaker M, Elliott J,  Haw D, Walters CE, Atchison C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Cooke G, Ward H, Darzi A, Donnelly CA, Elliott P.  The Omicron SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in England during February 2022. MedRxiv 2022.03.10.22272177; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.10.22272177. March 13, 2022.

37.    Elliott, P., Eales, O., Steyn, N., Tang, D., Bodinier, B., Wang, H., Elliott J, Whitaker M, Atchison C, Diggle P, Trotter A, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Ward H, Darzi A, Cooke G, Donnelly C, Chadeau-Hyam, M. (2022). Twin peaks: the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 and BA.2 epidemics in England. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/SymplecticElements/repository.html?pub=1251291

38.    Eales O, de Oliveira Martins L, Page AJ, Wang H, Bodinier B, Tang D,  Haw D, Jonnerby J, Atchison C, Ashby D, Barclay W, Taylor G, Cooke G, Ward H,  Darzi A, Riley S, Elliott P, Donnelly CA, Chadeau-Hyam M. The new normal? Dynamics and scale of the SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron epidemic in England. MedRxiv 2022.03.29.22273042; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.29.22273042 

39.    Whitaker M, Elliott J, Bodinier B, Barclay W, Ward H, Cooke G, Donnelly CA, Chadeau-Hyam M, Elliott P. Variant-specific symptoms of COVID-19 among 1,542,510 people in England. MedRxiv 2022. 05.21.22275368; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.21.22275368  May 23, 2022.

40.    Eales, O., Wang, H., Haw, D., Ainslie, K., Walters, C., Atchison, C., Cooke G, Barclay W, Ward H, Darzi A, Ashby D, Donnelly CA, Elliott P, Riley, S. (2022). Trends in SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence during England’s roadmap out of lockdown, January to July 2021. MedRxiv doi: 10.1101/2022.06.02.22275900. 

41.    Atchison, C., Moshe, M., Brown, J., Whitaker, M., Wong, N., Bharath, A., McKendry RA, Darzi A, Ashby D, Donnelly CA, Riley S, Elliott P, Barclay WS, Cookee GS, Ward, H. (2022). Validity of self-testing at home with rapid SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection by lateral flow immunoassay. MedRxiv. doi: 10.1101/2022.06.08.22276154. 

42.    Cooper E, Lound A, Jones K, Bruton J, Day S, Atchison CJ, Eccles C, Piper A, Cooke GS, Chadeau-Hyam M, Elliott P, Ward H. Recognition, support and self-management in Long Covid: a population-based qualitative study. medRxiv 2025 MEDRXIV/2025/325457

43.    Steyn N, Chadeau-Hyam M,  Whitaker M,  Atchison C,  Ashby D,  Cooke GS,  Ward H,  Elliott P,  Donnelly CA. Pandemic-risk-related behaviour change in England from June 2020 to March 2022: REACT-1 study among over 2 million people medRxiv 2025; doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.03.25323250

External articles using REACT data

1.    Pourmalek F. CovidVisualized: Visualized compilation of international updated models’ estimates of COVID-19 pandemic at global and country levels. BMC Research Notes. 2022 Apr 9;15(1). https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-022-06020-4

2.    Bajaj S, Chen S, Creswell R, Naidoo R, Tsui JL-H, Kolade O, et al. COVID-19 testing and reporting behaviours in England across different sociodemographic groups: a population-based study using testing data and data from community prevalence surveillance surveys. The Lancet Digital Health. 2024 Nov;6(11):e778–90. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589750024001699

3.    Nicholson G, Lehmann B, Padellini T, Pouwels KB, Jersakova R, Lomax J, King RE, Mallon AM, Diggle PJ, Richardson S, Blangiardo M, Holmes C. Improving local prevalence estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infections using a causal debiasing framework. Nat Microbiol. 2022 Jan;7(1):97-107. doi: 10.1038/s41564-021-01029-0. Epub 2021 Dec 31. PMID: 34972825 

4.    Li G, Denise H, Diggle P, Grimsley J, Holmes C, James D, Jersakova R, Mole C, Nicholson G, Smith CR, Richardson S, Rowe W, Rowlingson B, Torabi F, Wade MJ, Blangiardo. A spatio-temporal framework for modelling wastewater concentration during the COVID-19 pandemic M.Environ Int. 2023 Feb;172:107765. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107765. Epub 2023 Jan 18. PMID: 36709674 

5.    Nicholson G, Blangiardo M, Briers M, Diggle PJ, Fjelde TE, Ge H, Goudie RJB, Jersakova R, King RE, Lehmann BCL, Mallon AM, Padellini T, Teh YW, Holmes C, Richardson. Interoperability of statistical models in pandemic preparedness: principles and reality. S. Stat Sci. 2022 May;37(2):183-206. doi: 10.1214/22-STS854. PMID: 35664221 

6.    Budd J, Baker K, Karoune E, Coppock H, Patel S, Payne R, Tendero Cañadas A, Titcomb A, Hurley D, Egglestone S, Butler L, Mellor J, Nicholson G, Kiskin I, Koutra V, Jersakova R, McKendry RA, Diggle P, Richardson S, Schuller BW, Gilmour S, Pigoli D, Roberts S, Packham J, Thornley T, Holmes C. A large-scale and PCR-referenced vocal audio dataset for COVID-19. Sci Data. 2024 Jun 27;11(1):700. doi: 10.1038/s41597-024-03492-w.

7.    Padellini T, Jersakova R, Diggle PJ, Holmes C, King RE, Lehmann BCL, Mallon AM, Nicholson G, Richardson S, Blangiardo M. Time varying association between deprivation, ethnicity and SARS-CoV-2 infections in England: A population-based ecological study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2022 Apr;15:100322. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100322. Epub 2022 Feb 13.

8.    Li G, Diggle P, Blangiardo Integrating wastewater and randomised prevalence survey data for national COVID surveillance. M.Sci Rep. 2024 Mar 1;14(1):5124. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55752-9. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55752-9. 

9.    Torabi F, Li G, Mole C, Nicholson G, Rowlingson B, Smith CR, Jersakova R, Diggle PJ, Blangiardo M.Heliyon. Wastewater-based surveillance models for COVID-19: A focused review on spatio-temporal models. 2023 Nov 8;9(11):e21734. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21734. 

10.    Pigoli D, Baker K, Budd J, Butler L, Coppock H, Egglestone S, et al. Assessing the Performance of Machine Learning Methods Trained on Public Health Observational Data: A Case Study From COVID‐19. Statistics in Medicine. 2024 Sep 5;43(25):4861–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.10211 

11.    Davies, Nicholas G et al. Association of tiered restrictions and a second lockdown with COVID-19 deaths and hospital admissions in England: a modelling study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 21, Issue 4, 482 – 492. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30984-1/fulltext. 

12.    Varsavsky, Thomas et al. Detecting COVID-19 infection hotspots in England using large-scale self-reported data from a mobile application: a prospective, observational study. The Lancet Public Health, Volume 6, Issue 1, e21 - e29. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(20)30269-3/fulltext. 

13.    Oran DP, Topol EJ. The proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infections that are asymptomatic. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2021 Jan 22;174(5). https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-6976. 

14.    Avila-Ponce de León U, Avila-Vales E, Huang K. Modeling the Transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in a Partially Vaccinated Population. Viruses. 2022 Jan 16;14(1):158.

15.    Maishman T, Schaap S, Silk DS, Nevitt SJ, Woods DC, Bowman VE. Statistical methods used to combine the effective reproduction number, R(t), and other related measures of COVID-19 in the UK. Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 2022 Jul 3;31(9):1757–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/09622802221109506.

16.    Hill EM, Atkins BD, Keeling MJ, Dyson L, Tildesley MJ. A network modelling approach to assess non-pharmaceutical disease controls in a worker population: An application to SARS-CoV-2. Pascual M, editor. PLOS Computational Biology. 2021 Jun 16;17(6):e1009058. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009058. 

Articles using REACT methods/tools

1.    Pearce FA, Lim SH, Bythell M, Lanyon P, Hogg R, Taylor A, Powter G, Cooke GS, Ward H, Chilcot J, Thomas H, Mumford L, McAdoo SP, Pettigrew GJ, Lightstone L, Willicombe M.  Antibody prevalence after 3 or more COVID-19 vaccine doses in 23,000 immunosuppressed individuals: a cross-sectional study from MELODY. Lancet Rheumatology 2023;5(8):E461-E473 published Aug 2023.