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• Journal article
  Huang J, Kasper JC, Larson DE, Mcmanus MD, Whittlesey P, Livi R, Rahmati A, Romeo O, Klein KG, Sun W, van der Holst B, Huang Z, Jian LK, Szabo A, Verniero JL, Chen CHK, Lavraud B, Liu M, Badman ST, Niembro T, Paulson K, Stevens M, Case AW, Pulupa M, Bale SD, Halekas JSet al., 2024,

  Parker Solar Probe Observations of High Plasma β Solar Wind from the Streamer Belt (vol 265, 47, 2023)

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 271, ISSN: 0067-0049
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• Journal article
  Mitchell DG, Hill ME, Mccomas DJ, Cohen CMS, Schwadron NA, Mostafavi PS, Matthaeus WH, Raouafi NE, Al-Nussirat ST, Larson DE, Rahmati A, Kasper JC, Whittlesey PL, Livi R, Bale SD, Pulupa M, Giacalone J, Mcnutt RL, Christian ER, Wiedenbeck ME, Sharma Tet al., 2024,

  Likely Common Coronal Source of Solar Wind and <SUP>3</SUP>He-enriched Energetic Particles: Uncoupled Transport from the Low Corona to 0.2 au

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 965, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Eriksson S, Swisdak M, Mallet A, Kruparova O, Livi R, Romeo O, Bale SD, Kasper JC, Larson DE, Pulupa Met al., 2024,

  Parker Solar Probe Observations of Magnetic Reconnection Exhausts in Quiescent Plasmas near the Sun

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 965, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Bowen TA, Bale SD, Chandran BDG, Chasapis A, Chen CHK, Dudok de Wit T, Mallet A, Meyrand R, Squire Jet al., 2024,

  Mediation of collisionless turbulent dissipation through cyclotron resonance

  , NATURE ASTRONOMY, Vol: 8, Pages: 482-490, ISSN: 2397-3366
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• Journal article
  Fiedler S, Naik V, O'Connor FM, Smith CJ, Griffiths P, Kramer RJ, Takemura T, Allen RJ, Im U, Kasoar M, Modak A, Turnock S, Voulgarakis A, Watson-Parris D, Westervelt DM, Wilcox LJ, Zhao A, Collins WJ, Schulz M, Myhre G, Forster PMet al., 2024,

  Interactions between atmospheric composition and climate change - progress in understanding and future opportunities from AerChemMIP, PDRMIP, and RFMIP

  , GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT, Vol: 17, Pages: 2387-2417, ISSN: 1991-959X
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• Journal article
  Stephenson P, Galand M, Deca J, Henri Pet al., 2024,

  Cold electrons at a weakly outgassing comet

  , MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 529, Pages: 2854-2865, ISSN: 0035-8711
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• Journal article
  Rojo M, Persson M, Sauvaud J-A, Aizawa S, Nicolaou G, Penou E, Barthe A, Andre N, Mazelle C, Fedorov A, Yokota S, Saito Y, Heyner D, Richter I, Auster U, Schmid D, Fischer D, Horbury T, Owen CJ, Maksimovic M, Khotyaintsev Y, Louarn P, Murakami Get al., 2024,

  Electron moments derived from the Mercury Electron Analyzer during the cruise phase of BepiColombo

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 683, ISSN: 0004-6361
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• Journal article
  Matteini L, Tenerani A, Landi S, Verdini A, Velli M, Hellinger P, Franci L, Horbury TS, Papini E, Stawarz JEet al., 2024,

  Alfvénic fluctuations in the expanding solar wind: formation and radial evolution of spherical polarization

  , Physics of Plasmas, Vol: 31, ISSN: 1070-664X

  We investigate properties of large-scale solar wind Alfvénic fluctuations and their evolution during radial expansion. We assume a strictly radial background magnetic field B k R, and we use two-dimensional hybrid (fluid electrons, kinetic ions) simulations of balanced Alfvénic turbulence in the plane orthogonal to B; the simulated plasma evolves in a system comoving with the solar wind (i.e., in the expanding box approximation). Despite some model limitations, simulations exhibit important properties observed in the solar wind plasma: Magnetic field fluctuations evolve toward a state with low-amplitude variations in the amplitude B ¼ jBj and tend to a spherical polarization. This is achieved in the plasma by spontaneously generating field aligned, radial fluctuations that suppress local variations of B, maintaining B const. spatially in the plasma. We show that within the constraint of spherical polarization, variations in the radial component of the magnetic field, BR lead to a simple relation between dBR and dB ¼ jdBj as dBR dB2=ð2BÞ, which correctly describes the observed evolution of the rms of radial fluctuations in the solar wind. During expansion, the background magnetic field amplitude decreases faster than that of fluctuations so that their the relative amplitude increases. In the regime of strong fluctuations, dB B, this causes local magnetic field reversals, consistent with solar wind switchbacks.

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• Journal article
  Coburn JT, Verscharen D, Owen CJ, Maksimovic M, Horbury TS, Chen CHK, Guo F, Fu X, Liu J, Abraham JB, Nicolaou G, Innocenti ME, Micera A, Jagarlamudi VKet al., 2024,

  The Regulation of the Solar Wind Electron Heat Flux by Wave-Particle Interactions

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 964, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Johnson M, Rivera YJ, Niembro T, Paulson K, Badman ST, Stevens ML, Dieguez I, Case A, Bale SD, Kasper Jet al., 2024,

  Helium Abundance Periods Observed by the Solar Probe Cup on Parker Solar Probe: Encounters 1-14

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 964, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Kuhlbrodt T, Swaminathan R, Ceppi P, Wilder Tet al., 2024,

  A glimpse into the future: the 2023 ocean temperature and sea ice extremes in the context of longer-term climate change

  , Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol: 105, Pages: E474-E485, ISSN: 0003-0007

  In the year 2023, we have seen extraordinary extrema in high sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic and in low sea ice extent in the Southern Ocean, outside the 4σ envelope of the 1982–2011 daily time series. Earth’s net global energy imbalance (12 months up to September 2023) amounts to +1.9 W m−2 as part of a remarkably large upward trend, ensuring further heating of the ocean. However, the regional radiation budget over the North Atlantic does not show signs of a suggested significant step increase from less negative aerosol forcing since 2020. While the temperature in the top 100 m of the global ocean has been rising in all basins since about 1980, specifically the Atlantic basin has continued to further heat up since 2016, potentially contributing to the extreme SST. Similarly, salinity in the top 100 m of the ocean has increased in recent years specifically in the Atlantic basin, and in addition in about 2015 a substantial negative trend for sea ice extent in the Southern Ocean began. Analyzing climate and Earth system model simulations of the future, we find that the extreme SST in the North Atlantic and the extreme in Southern Ocean sea ice extent in 2023 lie at the fringe of the expected mean climate change for a global surface-air temperature warming level (GWL) of 1.5°C, and closer to the average at a 3.0°C GWL. Understanding the regional and global drivers of these extremes is indispensable for assessing frequency and impacts of similar events in the coming years.

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• Journal article
  Liu YD, Zhu B, Ran H, Hu H, Liu M, Zhao X, Wang R, Stevens ML, Bale SDet al., 2024,

  Direct In Situ Measurements of a Fast Coronal Mass Ejection and Associated Structures in the Corona

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 963, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Kellogg PJ, Mozer FS, Moncuquet M, Malaspina DM, Halekas J, Bale SD, Goetz Ket al., 2024,

  Heating and Acceleration of the Solar Wind by Ion Acoustic Waves-Parker Solar Probe

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 964, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Grimmich N, Prencipe F, Turner DL, Liu TZ, Plaschke F, Archer MO, Nakamura R, Sibeck DG, Mieth JZD, Auster H-U, Constantinescu OD, Fischer D, Magnes Wet al., 2024,

  Multi Satellite Observation of a Foreshock Bubble Causing an Extreme Magnetopause Expansion

  , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 129, ISSN: 2169-9380
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• Journal article
  Feingold G, Ghate VP, Russell LM, Blossey P, Cantrell W, Christensen MW, Diamond MS, Gettelman A, Glassmeier F, Gryspeerdt E, Haywood J, Hoffmann F, Kaul CM, Lebsock M, Mccomiskey AC, Mccoy DT, Ming Y, Muelmenstaedt J, Possner A, Prabhakaran P, Quinn PK, Schmidt KS, Shaw RA, Singer CE, Sorooshian A, Toll V, Wan JS, Wood R, Yang F, Zhang J, Zheng Xet al., 2024,

  Physical science research needed to evaluate the viability and risks of marine cloud brightening

  , Science Advances, Vol: 10, ISSN: 2375-2548

  Marine cloud brightening (MCB) is the deliberate injection of aerosol particles into shallow marine clouds to increase their reflection of solar radiation and reduce the amount of energy absorbed by the climate system. From the physical science perspective, the consensus of a broad international group of scientists is that the viability of MCB will ultimately depend on whether observations and models can robustly assess the scale-up of local-to-global brightening in today’s climate and identify strategies that will ensure an equitable geographical distribution of the benefits and risks associated with projected regional changes in temperature and precipitation. To address the physical science knowledge gaps required to assess the societal implications of MCB, we propose a substantial and targeted program of research—field and laboratory experiments, monitoring, and numerical modeling across a range of scales.

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• Journal article
  Mostafavi P, Allen RC, Jagarlamudi VK, Bourouaine S, Badman ST, Ho GC, Raouafi NE, Hill ME, Verniero JL, Larson DE, Kasper JC, Bale SDet al., 2024,

  Parker Solar Probe observations of collisional effects on thermalizing the young solar wind

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 682, ISSN: 0004-6361
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• Journal article
  Trotta D, Larosa A, Nicolaou G, Horbury TS, Matteini L, Hietala H, Blanco-Cano X, Franci L, Chen CHK, Zhao L, Zank GP, Cohen CMS, Bale SD, Laker R, Fargette N, Valentini F, Khotyaintsev Y, Kieokaew R, Raouafi N, Davies E, Vainio R, Dresing N, Kilpua E, Karlsson T, Owen CJ, Wimmer-Schweingruber RFet al., 2024,

  Properties of an Interplanetary Shock Observed at 0.07 and 0.7 au by Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter

  , The Astrophysical Journal, Vol: 962, Pages: 147-147, ISSN: 0004-637X

  <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) and Solar Orbiter (SolO) missions opened a new observational window in the inner heliosphere, which is finally accessible to direct measurements. On 2022 September 5, a coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven interplanetary (IP) shock was observed as close as 0.07 au by PSP. The CME then reached SolO, which was radially well-aligned at 0.7 au, thus providing us with the opportunity to study the shock properties at different heliocentric distances. We characterize the shock, investigate its typical parameters, and compare its small-scale features at both locations. Using the PSP observations, we investigate how magnetic switchbacks and ion cyclotron waves are processed upon shock crossing. We find that switchbacks preserve their V–B correlation while compressed upon the shock passage, and that the signature of ion cyclotron waves disappears downstream of the shock. By contrast, the SolO observations reveal a very structured shock transition, with a population of shock-accelerated protons of up to about 2 MeV, showing irregularities in the shock downstream, which we correlate with solar wind structures propagating across the shock. At SolO, we also report the presence of low-energy (∼100 eV) electrons scattering due to upstream shocklets. This study elucidates how the local features of IP shocks and their environments can be very different as they propagate through the heliosphere.</jats:p>

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• Journal article
  Qi Y, Ergun R, Pathak N, Phan TD, Burch JL, Chasapis A, Li TC, Schwartz SJ, Ahmadi N, Vo T, Eriksson S, Newman D, Usanova M, Wilder FDet al., 2024,

  Investigation of a Magnetic Reconnection Event with Extraordinarily High Particle Energization in Magnetotail Turbulence

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 962, ISSN: 2041-8205
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• Journal article
  Laker R, Horbury TS, O'Brien H, Fauchon-Jones EJ, Angelini V, Fargette N, Amerstorfer T, Bauer M, Moestl C, Davies EE, Davies JA, Harrison R, Barnes D, Dumbovic Met al., 2024,

  Using Solar Orbiter as an Upstream Solar Wind Monitor for Real Time Space Weather Predictions

  , SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS, Vol: 22
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• Journal article
  Jones GH, Snodgrass C, Tubiana C, Kuppers M, Kawakita H, Lara LM, Agarwal J, Andre N, Attree N, Auster U, Bagnulo S, Bannister M, Beth A, Bowles N, Coates A, Colangeli L, van Damme CC, Da Deppo V, De Keyser J, Della Corte V, Edberg N, El-Maarry MR, Faggi S, Fulle M, Funase R, Galand M, Goetz C, Groussin O, Guilbert-Lepoutre A, Henri P, Kasahara S, Kereszturi A, Kidger M, Knight M, Kokotanekova R, Kolmasova I, Kossacki K, Kuehrt E, Kwon Y, La Forgia F, Levasseur-Regourd A-C, Lippi M, Longobardo A, Marschall R, Morawski M, Munoz O, Naesilae A, Nilsson H, Opitom C, Pajusalu M, Pommerol A, Prech L, Rando N, Ratti F, Rothkaehl H, Rotundi A, Rubin M, Sakatani N, Sanchez JP, Simon Wedlund C, Stankov A, Thomas N, Toth I, Villanueva G, Vincent J-B, Volwerk M, Wurz P, Wielders A, Yoshioka K, Aleksiejuk K, Alvarez F, Amoros C, Aslam S, Atamaniuk B, Baran J, Barcinski T, Beck T, Behnke T, Berglund M, Bertini I, Bieda M, Binczyk P, Busch M-D, Cacovean A, Capria MT, Carr C, Castro Marin JM, Ceriotti M, Chioetto P, Chuchra-Konrad A, Cocola L, Colin F, Crews C, Cripps V, Cupido E, Dassatti A, Davidsson BJR, De Roche T, Deca J, Del Togno S, Dhooghe F, Donaldson Hanna K, Eriksson A, Fedorov A, Fernandez-Valenzuela E, Ferretti S, Floriot J, Frassetto F, Fredriksson J, Garnier P, Gawel D, Genot V, Gerber T, Glassmeier K-H, Granvik M, Grison B, Gunell H, Hachemi T, Hagen C, Hajra R, Harada Y, Hasiba J, Haslebacher N, De La Revilla MLH, Hestroffer D, Hewagama T, Holt C, Hviid S, Iakubivskyi I, Inno L, Irwin P, Ivanovski S, Jansky J, Jernej I, Jeszenszky H, Jimenez J, Jorda L, Kama M, Kameda S, Kelley MSP, Klepacki K, Kohout T, Kojima H, Kowalski T, Kuwabara M, Ladno M, Laky G, Lammer H, Lan R, Lavraud B, Lazzarin M, Le Duff O, Lee Q-M, Lesniak C, Lewis Z, Lin Z-Y, Lister T, Lowry S, Magnes W, Markkanen J, Martinez Navajas I, Martins Z, Matsuoka A, Matyjasiak B, Mazelle C, Mazzotta Epifani E, Meier M, Michaelis H, Micheli M, Migliorini A, Millet A-L, Moreno F, Mottola S, Moutounaick B, Muet al., 2024,

  The Comet Interceptor mission

  , Space Science Reviews, Vol: 220, ISSN: 0038-6308

  Here we describe the novel, multi-point Comet Interceptor mission. It is dedicated to the exploration of a little-processed long-period comet, possibly entering the inner Solar System for the first time, or to encounter an interstellar object originating at another star. The objectives of the mission are to address the following questions: What are the surface composition, shape, morphology, and structure of the target object? What is the composition of the gas and dust in the coma, its connection to the nucleus, and the nature of its interaction with the solar wind? The mission was proposed to the European Space Agency in 2018, and formally adopted by the agency in June 2022, for launch in 2029 together with the Ariel mission. Comet Interceptor will take advantage of the opportunity presented by ESA’s F-Class call for fast, flexible, low-cost missions to which it was proposed. The call required a launch to a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 point. The mission can take advantage of this placement to wait for the discovery of a suitable comet reachable with its minimum ΔV capability of 600 ms-1. Comet Interceptor will be unique in encountering and studying, at a nominal closest approach distance of 1000 km, a comet that represents a near-pristine sample of material from the formation of the Solar System. It will also add a capability that no previous cometary mission has had, which is to deploy two sub-probes – B1, provided by the Japanese space agency, JAXA, and B2 – that will follow different trajectories through the coma. While the main probe passes at a nominal 1000 km distance, probes B1 and B2 will follow different chords through the coma at distances of 850 km and 400 km, respectively. The result will be unique, simultaneous, spatially resolved information of the 3-dimensional properties of the target comet and its interaction with the space environment. We present the mission’s science background leading to these objectives, as

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• Journal article
  Gershman DJ, Fuselier SA, Cohen IJ, Turner DL, Liu Y-H, Chen L-J, Phan TD, Stawarz JE, Dibraccio GA, Masters A, Ebert RW, Sun W, Harada Y, Swisdak Met al., 2024,

  Magnetic Reconnection at Planetary Bodies and Astrospheres

  , SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS, Vol: 220, ISSN: 0038-6308
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• Journal article
  Louarn P, Fedorov A, Prech L, Owen CJ, D'Amicis R, Bruno R, Livi S, Lavraud B, Rouillard AP, Genot V, Andre N, Fruit G, Reville V, Kieokaew R, Plotnikov I, Penou E, Barthe A, Lewis G, Berthomier M, Allegrini F, Alterman BL, Lepri ST, Raines JM, Verscharen D, Mele G, Fargette N, Horbury TS, Maksimovic M, Kasper JC, Bale SDet al., 2024,

  Skewness and kurtosis of solar wind proton distribution functions: The normal inverse-Gaussian model and its implications

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 682, ISSN: 0004-6361
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• Journal article
  Wells CD, Kasoar M, Ezzati M, Voulgarakis Aet al., 2024,

  Significant human health co-benefits of mitigating African emissions

  , Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol: 24, Pages: 1025-1039, ISSN: 1680-7316

  Future African aerosol emissions, and therefore air pollution levels and health outcomes, are uncertain and understudied. Understanding the future health impacts of pollutant emissions from this region is crucial. Here, this research gap is addressed by studying the range in the future health impacts of aerosol emissions from Africa in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios, using the UK Earth System Model version 1 (UKESM1), along with human health concentration-response functions. The effects of Africa following a high-pollution aerosol pathway are studied relative to a low-pollution control, with experiments varying aerosol emissions from industry and biomass burning. Using present-day demographics, annual deaths within Africa attributable to ambient particulate matter are estimated to be lower by 150 000 (5th-95th confidence interval of 67 000-234 000) under stronger African aerosol mitigation by 2090, while those attributable to O3 are lower by 15 000 (5th-95th confidence interval of 9000-21 000). The particulate matter health benefits are realised predominantly within Africa, with the O3-driven benefits being more widespread - though still concentrated in Africa - due to the longer atmospheric lifetime of O3. These results demonstrate the important health co-benefits from future emission mitigation in Africa.

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• Journal article
  Krupar V, Kruparova O, Szabo A, Nemec F, Maksimovic M, Oliveros JCM, Lario D, Bonnin X, Vecchio A, Pulupa M, Bale SDet al., 2024,

  Comparative Analysis of Type III Radio Bursts and Solar Flares: Spatial Localization and Correlation with Solar Flare Intensity

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 961, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Chen L, Ma B, Wu D, Zhou X, Pulupa M, Zhang P, Zucca P, Bale SD, Kasper JC, Duan Set al., 2024,

  Weak Solar Radio Bursts from the Solar Wind Acceleration Region Observed by the Parker Solar Probe and Its Probable Emission Mechanism

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 961, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Mcmanus MD, Klein KG, Bale SD, Bowen TA, Huang J, Larson D, Livi R, Rahmati A, Romeo O, Verniero J, Whittlesey Pet al., 2024,

  Proton- and Alpha-driven Instabilities in an Ion Cyclotron Wave Event

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 961, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Tsui EYL, Chan PW, Toumi R, 2024,

  Boundary layer profile of decaying and non-decaying tropical storms near landfall

  , Atmospheric Science Letters, Vol: 25, ISSN: 1530-261X

  The vertical profile of the wind structure of translating tropical cyclones, including the associated azimuthal asymmetry, has been the subject of existing theoretical and observational studies using dropsondes. Most of these studies are based on data collected from relatively strong cyclones over the Atlantic. Here we explore the tropical cyclone boundary layer wind profile of mainly relatively weak landfalling cyclones near Hong Kong. We find that decaying tropical storms have a much larger mid- to low-level inflow angle than those that are intensifying or in steady-state. The inflow angles of intensifying, steady-state and decaying tropical storms converge towards the top of the boundary layer. The wind speed reduces through the boundary layer in a similar way in all three cases. The combination of these factors means that decaying tropical storms have stronger inflow than intensifying and steady-state ones. We attribute these local effects to remote enhanced surface friction over land when the storms are weakening.

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• Journal article
  Walach M-T, Soobiah Y, Carter JA, Whiter DK, Kavanagh AJ, Hartinger MD, Oksavik K, Salzano ML, Archer MOet al., 2024,

  SMILE winter campaign

  , RAS Techniques and Instruments, Vol: 3, Pages: 556-564, ISSN: 2752-8200

  This white paper is highly topical as it relates to the upcoming solar wind magnetosphere ionosphere link explorer (SMILE) mission: SMILE is a joint mission between the European Space Agency and the Chinese Academy of Sciences and it aims to build a more complete understanding of the Sun–Earth connection by measuring the solar wind and its dynamic interaction with the magnetosphere. It is a fully funded mission with a projected launch in 2025. This paper outlines a plan for action for SMILE’s first Northern hemisphere winter campaign using ground-based instruments. We outline open questions and which data and techniques can be employed to answer them. The science themes we discuss are: (i) Earth’s magnetosheath, magnetopause, and magnetic cusp impact on the ionospheric cusp region; (ii) defining the relationship between auroral processes, solar wind, and magnetospheric drivers; (iii) understanding the interhemispheric properties of the Earth’s magnetosphere–ionosphere system. We discuss open questions (different to the mission goals) which may be answered using existing ground-based instrumentation together with SMILE data to leverage the maximum scientific return of the mission during the first winter after launch. This paper acts as a resource for planning, and a call to collaborative action for the scientific community.

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• Journal article
  Hosner M, Nakamura R, Schmid D, Nakamura TKM, Panov EV, Volwerk M, Vörös Z, Roberts OW, Blasl KA, Settino A, Korovinskiy D, Marshall AT, Denton RE, Burch JL, Giles BL, Torbert RB, Le Contel O, Escoubet CP, Dandouras IS, Carr C, Fazakerley ANet al., 2024,

  Reconnection inside a Dipolarization Front of a diverging Earthward fast flow

  , JGR: Space Physics, Vol: 129, ISSN: 2169-9402

  We examine a Dipolarization Front (DF) event with an embedded electron diffusion region (EDR), observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft on 08 September 2018 at 14:51:30 UT in the Earth's magnetotail by applying multi-scale multipoint analysis methods. In order to study the large-scale context of this DF, we use conjunction observations of the Cluster spacecraft together with MMS. A polynomial magnetic field reconstruction technique is applied to MMS data to characterize the embedded electron current sheet including its velocity and the X-line exhaust opening angle. Our results show that the MMS and Cluster spacecraft were located in two counter-rotating vortex flows, and such flows may distort a flux tube in a way that the local magnetic shear angle is increased and localized magnetic reconnection may be triggered. Using multi-point data from MMS we further show that the local normalized reconnection rate is in the range of R ∼ 0.16 to 0.18. We find a highly asymmetric electron in- and outflow structure, consistent with previous simulations on strong guide-field reconnection events. This study shows that magnetic reconnection may not only take place at large-scale stable magnetopause or magnetotail current sheets but also in transient localized current sheets, produced as a consequence of the interaction between the fast Earthward flows and the Earth's dipole field.

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• Book chapter
  Beth A, Galand M, Wedlund CS, Eriksson Aet al., 2024,

  Cometary Ionospheres: An Updated Tutorial

  , Comets III, Publisher: The University of Arizona Press, ISBN: 9780816553631
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