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Journal articleShuster JR, Gershman DJ, Dorelli JC, et al., 2021,
Structures in the terms of the Vlasov equation observed at Earth's magnetopause
, NATURE PHYSICS, Vol: 17, Pages: 1056-+, ISSN: 1745-2473- Cite
- Citations: 21
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Journal articleDesai RT, Freeman M, Eastwood J, et al., 2021,
Interplanetary shock-induced magnetopause motion: Comparison between theory and global magnetohydrodynamic simulations
, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol: 48, Pages: 1-11, ISSN: 0094-8276The magnetopause marks the outer edge of the Earth’s magnetosphere and a distinct boundary between solar wind and magnetospheric plasma populations. In this letter, we use global magneto-hydrodynamic simulations to examine the response of the terrestrial magnetopause to fast-forward interplanetary shocks of various strengths and compare to theoretical predictions. The theory and simulations indicate the magnetopause response can be characterised by three distinct phases; an initial acceleration as inertial forces are overcome, a rapid compressive phase comprising the majority of the distance travelled, and large-scale damped oscillations with amplitudes of the order of an Earth radius. The two approaches agree in predicting subsolar magnetopause oscillations with frequencies2–13 mHz but the simulations notably predict larger amplitudes and weaker damping rates. This phenomenon is of high relevance to space weather forecasting and provides a possible explanation for magnetopause oscillations observed following the large interplanetary shocks of August 1972 and March 1991.
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Journal articleShebanits O, Wahlund J-E, Waite JH, et al., 2021,
Conductivities of Titan's dusty ionosphere
<jats:p>Titan’s ionosphere hosts a globally distributed non-trivial dustyion-ion plasma, providing an environment for studies of dustyionospheres that is in many aspects unique in our solar system. Thanksto the Cassini mission, Titan’s ionosphere also features one of thelargest dusty plasma datasets from 126 flybys of the moon over 13 years,from 2004 to 2017. Recent studies have shown that negatively chargeddust dramatically alters the electric properties of plasmas, inparticular planetary ionospheres. Utilizing the full plasma content ofthe moon’s ionosphere (electrons, positive ions and negative ions/dustgrains), we derive the electric conductivities and define the conductivedynamo region. Our results show that using the full plasma contentincreases the Pedersen conductivities at ~1300 kmaltitude by 20% compared to the earlier estimates without charged dust,while the Hall conductivities indicate a reverse Hall effect at~900 km altitude (closest approach) and below. Thedayside conductivities are shown to be factor ~7-9larger than on the nightside, owing to higher dayside plasma densities.</jats:p>
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Journal articleTsui EYL, Toumi R, 2021,
Hurricanes as an enabler of Amazon fires
, Scientific Reports, Vol: 11, Pages: 1-8, ISSN: 2045-2322A teleconnection between North Atlantic tropical storms and Amazon fires is investigated as a possible case of compound remote extreme events. The seasonal cycles of the storms and fires are in phase with a maximum around September and have significant inter-annual correlation. Years of high Amazon fire activity are associated with atmospheric conditions over the Atlantic which favour tropical cyclones. We propose that anomalous precipitation and latent heating in the Caribbean, partly caused by tropical storms, leads to a thermal circulation response which creates anomalous subsidence and enhances surface solar heating over the Amazon. The Caribbean storms and precipitation anomalies could thus promote favourable atmospheric conditions for Amazon fire.
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Journal articleLaker R, Horbury TS, Bale SD, et al., 2021,
Multi-spacecraft study of the solar wind at solar minimum: Dependence on latitude and transient outflows
, Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal, Vol: 652, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 0004-6361Context. The recent launches of Parker Solar Probe, Solar Orbiter (SO), and BepiColombo, along with several older spacecraft, have provided the opportunity to study the solar wind at multiple latitudes and distances from the Sun simultaneously.Aims. We take advantage of this unique spacecraft constellation, along with low solar activity across two solar rotations between May and July 2020, to investigate how the solar wind structure, including the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), varies with latitude.Methods. We visualise the sector structure of the inner heliosphere by ballistically mapping the polarity and solar wind speed from several spacecraft onto the Sun’s source surface. We then assess the HCS morphology and orientation with the in situ data and compare this with a predicted HCS shape.Results. We resolve ripples in the HCS on scales of a few degrees in longitude and latitude, finding that the local orientations of sector boundaries were broadly consistent with the shape of the HCS but were steepened with respect to a modelled HCS at the Sun. We investigate how several CIRs varied with latitude, finding evidence for the compression region affecting slow solar wind outside the latitude extent of the faster stream. We also identified several transient structures associated with HCS crossings and speculate that one such transient may have disrupted the local HCS orientation up to five days after its passage.Conclusions. We have shown that the solar wind structure varies significantly with latitude, with this constellation providing context for solar wind measurements that would not be possible with a single spacecraft. These measurements provide an accurate representation of the solar wind within ±10° latitude, which could be used as a more rigorous constraint on solar wind models and space weather predictions. In the future, this range of latitudes will increase as SO’s orbit becomes more inclined.
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Journal articleSorland SL, Brogli R, Pothapakula PK, et al., 2021,
COSMO-CLM regional climate simulations in the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) framework: a review
, GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT, Vol: 14, Pages: 5125-5154, ISSN: 1991-959X -
Journal articleKaweeyanun N, Masters A, Jia X, 2021,
Analytical assessment of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability growth at Ganymede's upstream magnetopause
, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 126, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 2169-9380Ganymede is the only Solar System moon that generates a permanent magnetic field. Dynamics within the Ganymedean magnetosphere is thought to be driven by energy-transfer interactions on its upstream magnetopause. Previously in Kaweeyanun et al. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086228 we created a steady-state analytical model of Ganymede's magnetopause and predicted global-scale magnetic reconnection to occur frequently throughout the surface. This paper subsequently provides the first assessment of Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instability growth on the magnetopause. Using the same analytical model, we find that linear K-H waves are expected on both Ganymedean magnetopause flanks. Once formed, the waves propagate downstream at roughly half the speed of the external Jovian plasma flow. The Ganymedean K-H instability growth is asymmetric between magnetopause flanks due to the finite Larmor radius effect arising from large gyroradii of Jovian plasma ions. A small but notable enhancement is expected on the sub-Jovian flank according to the physical understanding of bulk plasma and local ion flows alongside comparisons to the well-observed magnetopause of Mercury. Further evaluation shows that nonlinear K-H vortices should be strongly suppressed by concurring global-scale magnetic reconnection at Ganymede. Reconnection is therefore the dominant cross-magnetopause energy-transfer mechanism and driver of global-scale plasma convection within Ganymede's magnetosphere.
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Journal articleReid J, Cargill PJ, Johnston CD, et al., 2021,
Linking computational models to follow the evolution of heated coronal plasma
, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol: 505, Pages: 4141-4150, ISSN: 0035-8711A ‘proof of principle’ is presented, whereby the Ohmic and viscous heating determined by a three-dimensional (3D) MHD model of a coronal avalanche are used as the coronal heating input for a series of field-aligned, one-dimensional (1D) hydrodynamic models. Three-dimensional coronal MHD models require large computational resources. For current numerical parameters, it is difficult to model both the magnetic field evolution and the energy transport along field lines for coronal temperatures much hotter than 1MK, because of severe constraints on the time step from parallel thermal conduction. Using the 3D MHD heating derived from a simulation and evaluated on a single field line, the 1D models give coronal temperatures of 1MK and densities 1014--1015m−3 for a coronal loop length of 80Mm. While the temperatures and densities vary smoothly along the field lines, the heating function leads to strong asymmetries in the plasma flows. The magnitudes of the velocities in the 1D model are comparable with those seen in 3D reconnection jets in our earlier work. Advantages and drawbacks of this approach for coronal modelling are discussed.
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Journal articleRasca AP, Farrell WM, MacDowall RJ, et al., 2021,
Near-Sun Switchback Boundaries: Dissipation with Solar Distance
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 916, ISSN: 0004-637X- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 6
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Journal articleNew AL, Smeed DA, Czaja A, et al., 2021,
Labrador Slope Water connects the subarctic with the Gulf Stream
, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS, Vol: 16, ISSN: 1748-9326- Cite
- Citations: 13
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Journal articleHellinger P, Papini E, Verdini A, et al., 2021,
Spectral Transfer and Karman-Howarth-Monin Equations for Compressible Hall Magnetohydrodynamics
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 917, ISSN: 0004-637X- Cite
- Citations: 11
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Journal articleMasters A, Dunn W, Stallard T, et al., 2021,
Magnetic reconnection near the planet as a possible driver of Jupiter's mysterious polar auroras
, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 126, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 2169-9380Auroral emissions have been extensively observed at the Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn. These planets all have appreciable atmospheres and strong magnetic fields, and their auroras predominantly originate from a region encircling each magnetic pole. However, Jupiter’s auroras poleward of these “main” emissions are brighter and more dynamic, and the drivers responsible for much of these mysterious polar auroras have eluded identification to date. We propose that part of the solution may stem from Jupiter’s stronger magnetic field. We model large-scale Alfvénic perturbations propagating through the polar magnetosphere toward Jupiter, showing that the resulting <0.1° deflections of the magnetic field closest to the planet could trigger magnetic reconnection as near as ∼0.2 Jupiter radii above the cloud tops. At Earth and Saturn this physics should be negligible, but reconnection electric field strengths above Jupiter’s poles can approach ∼1 V m−1, typical of the solar corona. We suggest this near-planet reconnection could generate beams of high-energy electrons capable of explaining some of Jupiter’s polar auroras.
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Journal articleSchwartz SJ, Ergun R, Kucharek H, et al., 2021,
Evaluating the deHoffmann-Teller Cross-Shock Potential at Real Collisionless Shocks
, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 4
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Journal articleChoi TH, Brindley H, Ekins-Daukes N, et al., 2021,
Developing automated methods to estimate spectrally resolved direct normal irradiance for solar energy applications
, Renewable Energy, Vol: 173, Pages: 1070-1086, ISSN: 0960-1481We describe four schemes designed to estimate spectrally resolved direct normal irradiance (DNI) formulti-junction concentrator photovoltaic systems applications. The schemes have increasing levels ofcomplexity in terms of aerosol and circumsolar irradiance (CSI) treatment, ranging from a climatologicalaerosol classification with no account of CSI, to an approach which includes explicit aerosol typing andtype dependent CSI contribution. When tested against ground-based broadband and spectral measurements at five sites spanning a range of aerosol conditions, the most sophisticated scheme yields anaverage bias of þ 0:068%, well within photometer calibration uncertainties. The average spread of erroris 2:5%. These statistics are markedly better than the climatological approach, which carries an averagebias of 1:76% and a spread of 4%. They also improve on an intermediate approach which uses Angstrom€exponents to estimate the spectral variation in aerosol optical depth across the solar energy relevantwavelength domain. This approach results in systematic under and over-estimations of DNI at short andlong wavelengths respectively. Incorporating spectral CSI particularly benefits sites which experience asignificant amount of coarse aerosol. All approaches we describe use freely available reanalyses andsoftware tools, and can be easily applied to alternative aerosol measurements, including those fromsatellite.
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Journal articleBrooks DH, Harra L, Bale SD, et al., 2021,
The Formation and Lifetime of Outflows in a Solar Active Region
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 917, ISSN: 0004-637X- Cite
- Citations: 9
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Journal articleZank GP, Zhao L-L, Adhikari L, et al., 2021,
Turbulence transport in the solar corona: Theory, modeling, and Parker Solar Probe
, PHYSICS OF PLASMAS, Vol: 28, ISSN: 1070-664X- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 74
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Journal articleLiu YY, Fu HS, Cao JB, et al., 2021,
Characteristics of Interplanetary Discontinuities in the Inner Heliosphere Revealed by Parker Solar Probe
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 916, ISSN: 0004-637X- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 20
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Journal articleStansby D, Green LM, van Driel-Gesztelyi L, et al., 2021,
Active Region Contributions to the Solar Wind over Multiple Solar Cycles
, SOLAR PHYSICS, Vol: 296, ISSN: 0038-0938- Cite
- Citations: 8
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Journal articleCeppi P, Nowack P, 2021,
Observational evidence that cloud feedback amplifies global warming
, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol: 118, ISSN: 0027-8424Global warming drives changes in Earth’s cloud cover, which, in turn, may amplify or dampen climate change. This “cloud feedback” is the single most important cause of uncertainty in Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS)—the equilibrium global warming following a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Using data from Earth observations and climate model simulations, we here develop a statistical learning analysis of how clouds respond to changes in the environment. We show that global cloud feedback is dominated by the sensitivity of clouds to surface temperature and tropospheric stability. Considering changes in just these two factors, we are able to constrain global cloud feedback to 0.43 ± 0.35 W⋅m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>⋅K<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> (90% confidence), implying a robustly amplifying effect of clouds on global warming and only a 0.5% chance of ECS below 2 K. We thus anticipate that our approach will enable tighter constraints on climate change projections, including its manifold socioeconomic and ecological impacts.
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Journal articleThomas C, Voulgarakis A, Lim G, et al., 2021,
An unsupervised learning approach to identifying blocking events: the case of European summer
, Weather and Climate Dynamics, Vol: 2, Pages: 581-608, ISSN: 2698-4016Atmospheric blocking events are mid-latitude weather patterns, which obstruct the usual path of the polar jet streams. They are often associated with heat waves in summer and cold snaps in winter. Despite being central features of mid-latitude synoptic-scale weather, there is no well-defined historical dataset of blocking events. Various blocking indices (BIs) have thus been suggested for automatically identifying blocking events in observational and in climate model data. However, BIs show significant regional and seasonal differences so that several indices are typically applied in combination to ensure scientific robustness. Here, we introduce a new BI using self-organizing maps (SOMs), an unsupervised machine learning approach, and compare its detection skill to some of the most widely applied BIs. To enable this intercomparison, we first create a new ground truth time series classification of European blocking based on expert judgement. We then demonstrate that our method (SOM-BI) has several key advantages over previous BIs because it exploits all of the spatial information provided in the input data and reduces the dependence on arbitrary thresholds. Using ERA5 reanalysis data (1979–2019), we find that the SOM-BI identifies blocking events with a higher precision and recall than other BIs. In particular, SOM-BI already performs well using only around 20 years of training data so that observational records are long enough to train our new method. We present case studies of the 2003 and 2019 European heat waves and highlight that well-defined groups of SOM nodes can be an effective tool to diagnose such weather events, although the domain-based approach can still lead to errors in the identification of certain events in a fashion similar to the other BIs. We further test the red blocking detection skill of SOM-BI depending on the meteorological variable used to study blocking, including geopotential height, sea level pressure and four variables related to
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Journal articleThomas C, Voulgarakis A, Lim G, et al., 2021,
An unsupervised learning approach to identifying blocking events:the case of European summer
, Weather and Climate Dynamics, Vol: 2, ISSN: 2698-4016Atmospheric blocking events are mid-latitudeweather patterns, which obstruct the usual path of the polar jet streams. They are often associated with heat wavesin summer and cold snaps in winter. Despite being centralfeatures of mid-latitude synoptic-scale weather, there is nowell-defined historical dataset of blocking events. Variousblocking indices (BIs) have thus been suggested for automatically identifying blocking events in observational and inclimate model data. However, BIs show significant regionaland seasonal differences so that several indices are typicallyapplied in combination to ensure scientific robustness. Here,we introduce a new BI using self-organizing maps (SOMs),an unsupervised machine learning approach, and compare itsdetection skill to some of the most widely applied BIs. Toenable this intercomparison, we first create a new groundtruth time series classification of European blocking basedon expert judgement. We then demonstrate that our method(SOM-BI) has several key advantages over previous BIs because it exploits all of the spatial information provided in theinput data and reduces the dependence on arbitrary thresholds. Using ERA5 reanalysis data (1979–2019), we find thatthe SOM-BI identifies blocking events with a higher precision and recall than other BIs. In particular, SOM-BI alreadyperforms well using only around 20 years of training data sothat observational records are long enough to train our newmethod. We present case studies of the 2003 and 2019 European heat waves and highlight that well-defined groups ofSOM nodes can be an effective tool to diagnose such weatherevents, although the domain-based approach can still lead toerrors in the identification of certain events in a fashion similar to the other BIs. We further test the red blocking detectionskill of SOM-BI depending on the meteorological variableused to study blocking, including geopotential height, sealevel pressure and four variables related to potential vorticity,and t
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Journal articleZazzeri G, Xu X, Graven H, 2021,
Efficient sampling of atmospheric methane for radiocarbon analysis and quantification of fossil methane.
, Environmental Science and Technology (Washington), Vol: 55, Pages: 8535-8541, ISSN: 0013-936XRadiocarbon (14C) measurements offer a unique investigative tool to study methane emissions by identifying fossil-fuel methane in air. Fossil-fuel methane is devoid of 14C and, when emitted to the atmosphere, causes a strong decrease in the ratio of radiocarbon to total carbon in methane (Δ14CH4). By observing the changes in Δ14CH4, the fossil fraction of methane emissions can be quantified. Presently, there are very few published Δ14CH4 measurements, mainly because it is challenging to collect and process the large volumes of air needed for radiocarbon measurements. We present a new sampling system that collects enough methane carbon for high precision Δ14CH4 measurements without having to transport large volumes of air. The system catalytically combusts CH4 into CO2 and adsorbs the combustion-derived CO2 onto a molecular sieve trap, after first removing CO2, CO, and H2O. Tests using reference air show a Δ14CH4 measurement repeatability of 5.4‰, similar or better than the precision in the most recent reported measurements. We use the system to produce the first Δ14CH4 measurements in central London and show that day-to-day differences in Δ14CH4 in these samples can be attributed to fossil methane input. The new system could be deployed in a range of settings to investigate CH4 sources.
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Journal articleChen Y-J, Hwang Y-T, Ceppi P, 2021,
The impacts of cloud-radiative changes on poleward atmospheric and oceanic energy transport in a warmer climate
, Journal of Climate, Vol: 34, Pages: 7857-7874, ISSN: 0894-8755Based on theory and climate model experiments, previous studies suggest most of the uncertainties in projected future changes in meridional energy transport and zonal mean surface temperature can be attributed to cloud feedback. To investigate how radiative and dynamical adjustments modify the influence of cloud-radiative changes on energy transport, this study applies a cloud-locking technique in a fully-coupled climate model, CESM. Under global warming, the impacts of cloud-radiative changes on the meridional energy transport are asymmetric in the two hemispheres. In the Northern Hemisphere, the cloud-radiative changes have little impact on energy transport, because 89% of the cloud-induced heating is balanced locally by increasing outgoing longwave radiation. In the Southern Hemisphere, on the other hand, cloud-induced dynamical changes in the atmosphere and the ocean cause enhanced poleward energy transport, accounting for most of the increase in energy transport under warming. Our experiments highlight that the local longwave radiation adjustment induced by temperature variation can partially offset the impacts of cloud-radiative changes on energy transport, making the estimated impacts smaller than those obtained from directly integrating cloud-radiative changes in previous studies. It is also demonstrated that the cloud-radiative impacts on temperature and energy transport can be significantly modulated by the oceanic circulation, suggesting the necessity of considering atmospheric-oceanic coupling when estimating the impacts of cloud-radiative changes on the climate system.
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Journal articleGreaves JS, Richards AMS, Bains W, et al., 2021,
Phosphine gas in the cloud deck of Venus (vol 5, pg 655, 2021)
, Nature Astronomy, Vol: 5, Pages: 726-728, ISSN: 2397-3366 -
Journal articleJoyce CJ, McComas DJ, Schwadron NA, et al., 2021,
Energetic particle evolution during coronal mass ejection passage from 0.3 to 1 AU
, ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 651, ISSN: 0004-6361- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 11
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Journal articleMadanian H, Schwartz SJ, Fuselier SA, et al., 2021,
Direct Evidence for Magnetic Reflection of Heavy Ions from High Mach Number Collisionless Shocks
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 915, ISSN: 2041-8205- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 5
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Journal articleYao Z, Dunn WR, Woodfield EE, et al., 2021,
Revealing the source of Jupiter's x-ray auroral flares
, SCIENCE ADVANCES, Vol: 7, ISSN: 2375-2548- Cite
- Citations: 14
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Journal articleDuan D, He J, Bowen TA, et al., 2021,
Anisotropy of solar wind turbulence in the inner heliosphere at kinetic scales: PSP observations
, Letters of the Astrophysical Journal, Vol: 915, Pages: 1-7, ISSN: 2041-8205The anisotropy of solar wind turbulence is a critical issue in understanding the physics of energy transfer between scales and energy conversion between fields and particles in the heliosphere. Using the measurement of Parker Solar Probe (PSP), we present an observation of the anisotropy at kinetic scales in the slow, Alfvénic, solar wind in the inner heliosphere. The magnetic compressibility behaves as expected for kinetic Alfvénic turbulence below the ion scale. A steepened transition range is found between the inertial and kinetic ranges in all directions with respect to the local background magnetic field direction. The anisotropy of k⊥ ≫ k∥ is found evident in both transition and kinetic ranges, with the power anisotropy P⊥/P∥ > 10 in the kinetic range leading over that in the transition range and being stronger than that at 1 au. The spectral index varies from αt∥ = −5.7 ± 1.0 to αt⊥ = −3.7 ± 0.3 in the transition range and αk∥ = −3.12 ± 0.22 to αk⊥ = −2.57 ± 0.09 in the kinetic range. The corresponding wavevector anisotropy has the scaling of ${k}_{\parallel }\sim {k}_{\perp }^{0.71\pm 0.17}$ in the transition range, and changes to ${k}_{\parallel }\sim {k}_{\perp }^{0.38\pm 0.09}$ in the kinetic range, consistent with the kinetic Alfvénic turbulence at sub-ion scales.
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Journal articleWang R, Vasko IY, Mozer FS, et al., 2021,
Electrostatic Solitary Waves in the Earth's Bow Shock: Nature, Properties, Lifetimes, and Origin
, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 29
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Journal articleGristey JJ, Su W, Loeb NG, et al., 2021,
Shortwave radiance to irradiance conversion for earth radiation budget satellite observations: a review
, Remote Sensing, Vol: 13, ISSN: 2072-4292Observing the Earth radiation budget (ERB) from satellites is crucial for monitoring and understanding Earth’s climate. One of the major challenges for ERB observations, particularly for reflected shortwave radiation, is the conversion of the measured radiance to the more energetically relevant quantity of radiative flux, or irradiance. This conversion depends on the solar-viewing geometry and the scene composition associated with each instantaneous observation. We first outline the theoretical basis for algorithms to convert shortwave radiance to irradiance, most commonly known as empirical angular distribution models (ADMs). We then review the progression from early ERB satellite observations that applied relatively simple ADMs, to current ERB satellite observations that apply highly sophisticated ADMs. A notable development is the dramatic increase in the number of scene types, made possible by both the extended observational record and the enhanced scene information now available from collocated imager information. Compared with their predecessors, current shortwave ADMs result in a more consistent average albedo as a function of viewing zenith angle and lead to more accurate instantaneous and mean regional irradiance estimates. One implication of the increased complexity is that the algorithms may not be directly applicable to observations with insufficient accompanying imager information, or for existing or new satellite instruments where detailed scene information is not available. Recent advances that complement and build on the base of current approaches, including machine learning applications and semi-physical calculations, are highlighted.
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