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  • Journal article
    Tenerani A, Sioulas N, Matteini L, Panasenco O, Shi C, Velli Met al., 2021,

    Evolution of switchbacks in the inner heliosphere

    , Letters of the Astrophysical Journal, Vol: 919, Pages: 1-7, ISSN: 2041-8205

    We analyze magnetic field data from the first six encounters of Parker Solar Probe, three Helios fast streams and two Ulysses south polar passes covering heliocentric distances 0.1 ≲ R ≲ 3 au. We use this data set to statistically determine the evolution of switchbacks of different periods and amplitudes with distance from the Sun. We compare the radial evolution of magnetic field variances with that of the mean square amplitudes of switchbacks, and quantify the radial evolution of the cumulative counts of switchbacks per kilometer. We find that the amplitudes of switchbacks decrease faster than the overall turbulent fluctuations, in a way consistent with the radial decrease of the mean magnetic field. This could be the result of a saturation of amplitudes and may be a signature of decay processes of large amplitude Alfvénic fluctuations in the solar wind. We find that the evolution of switchback occurrence in the solar wind is scale dependent: the fraction of longer-duration switchbacks increases with radial distance, whereas it decreases for shorter switchbacks. This implies that switchback dynamics is a complex process involving both decay and in situ generation in the inner heliosphere. We confirm that switchbacks can be generated by the expansion, although other types of switchbacks generated closer to the Sun cannot be ruled out.
  • Journal article
    Guo RL, Yao ZH, Dunn WR, Palmaerts B, Sergis N, Grodent D, Badman SV, Ye SY, Pu ZY, Mitchell DG, Zhang BZ, Achilleos N, Coates AJ, Wei Y, Waite JH, Krupp N, Dougherty MKet al., 2021,

    A Rotating Azimuthally Distributed Auroral Current System on Saturn Revealed by the Cassini Spacecraft

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 919, ISSN: 2041-8205
  • Journal article
    Page B, Vasko IY, Artemyev A, Bale SDet al., 2021,

    Generation of High-frequency Whistler Waves in the Earth's Quasi-perpendicular Bow Shock

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 919, ISSN: 2041-8205
  • Journal article
    Mitchell JG, De Nolfo GA, Hill ME, Christian ER, Richardson IG, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mitchell DG, Schwadron NA, Bale SD, Giacalone J, Joyce CJ, Niehof JT, Szalay JRet al., 2021,

    Energetic Electron Observations by Parker Solar Probe/IS⊙IS during the First Widespread SEP Event of Solar Cycle 25 on 2020 November 29

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 919, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Fowler CM, Hanley KG, McFadden JP, Chaston CC, Bonnell JW, Halekas JS, Espley JR, DiBraccio GA, Schwartz SJ, Mazelle C, Mitchell DL, Xu S, Lillis RJet al., 2021,

    MAVEN Observations of Low Frequency Steepened Magnetosonic Waves and Associated Heating of the Martian Nightside Ionosphere

    , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380
  • Journal article
    Telloni D, Andretta V, Antonucci E, Bemporad A, Capuano GE, Fineschi S, Giordano S, Habbal S, Perrone D, Pinto RF, Sorriso-Valvo L, Spadaro D, Susino R, Woodham LD, Zank GP, Romoli M, Bale SD, Kasper JC, Auchère F, Bruno R, Capobianco G, Case AW, Casini C, Casti M, Chioetto P, Corso AJ, Da Deppo V, De Leo Y, Dudok de Wit T, Frassati F, Frassetto F, Goetz K, Guglielmino SL, Harvey PR, Heinzel P, Jerse G, Korreck KE, Landini F, Larson D, Liberatore A, Livi R, MacDowall RJ, Magli E, Malaspina DM, Massone G, Messerotti M, Moses JD, Naletto G, Nicolini G, Nisticò G, Panasenco O, Pancrazzi M, Pelizzo MG, Pulupa M, Reale F, Romano P, Sasso C, Schühle U, Stangalini M, Stevens ML, Strachan L, Straus T, Teriaca L, Uslenghi M, Velli M, Verscharen D, Volpicelli CA, Whittlesey P, Zangrilli L, Zimbardo G, Zuppella Pet al., 2021,

    Exploring the solar wind from its source on the corona into the inner heliosphere during the first solar orbiter-parker solar probe quadrature

    , The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol: 920, Pages: L14-L14

    This Letter addresses the first Solar Orbiter (SO)–Parker Solar Probe (PSP) quadrature, occurring on 2021 January 18 to investigate the evolution of solar wind from the extended corona to the inner heliosphere. Assuming ballistic propagation, the same plasma volume observed remotely in the corona at altitudes between 3.5 and 6.3 solar radii above the solar limb with the Metis coronagraph on SO can be tracked to PSP, orbiting at 0.1 au, thus allowing the local properties of the solar wind to be linked to the coronal source region from where it originated. Thanks to the close approach of PSP to the Sun and the simultaneous Metis observation of the solar corona, the flow-aligned magnetic field and the bulk kinetic energy flux density can be empirically inferred along the coronal current sheet with an unprecedented accuracy, allowing in particular estimation of the Alfvén radius at 8.7 solar radii during the time of this event. This is thus the very first study of the same solar wind plasma as it expands from the sub-Alfvénic solar corona to just above the Alfvén surface.
  • Journal article
    Arridge CS, Eggington JWB, 2021,

    Electromagnetic induction in the icy satellites of Uranus

    , ICARUS, Vol: 367, ISSN: 0019-1035
    • Cite
    • Citations: 22
  • Journal article
    Rymer AM, Runyon KD, Clyde B, Nunez JI, Nikoukar R, Soderlund KM, Sayanagi K, Hofstadter M, Quick LC, Stern SA, Becker T, Hedman M, Cohen I, Crary F, Fortney JJ, Vertesi J, Hansen C, de Pater I, Paty C, Spilker T, Stallard T, Hospodarsky GB, Smith HT, Wakeford H, Moran SE, Annex A, Schenk P, Ozimek M, Arrieta J, McNutt Jr RL, Masters A, Simon AA, Ensor S, Apland CT, Bruzzi J, Patthoff DA, Scott C, Campo C, Krupiarz C, Cochrane CJ, Gantz C, Rodriguez D, Gallagher D, Hurley D, Crowley D, Abel E, Provornikova E, Turtle EP, Clark G, Wilkes J, Hunt J, Roberts JH, Rehm J, Murray K, Wolfarth L, Fletcher LN, Spilker L, Martin ES, Parisi M, Norkus M, Izenberg N, Stough R, Vervack Jr RJ, Mandt K, Stevenson KB, Kijewski S, Cheng W, Feldman JD, Allen G, Prabhu D, Dutta S, Young C, Williams Jet al., 2021,

    Neptune Odyssey: A Flagship Concept for the Exploration of the Neptune-Triton System

    , PLANETARY SCIENCE JOURNAL, Vol: 2
    • Cite
    • Citations: 15
  • Journal article
    Fargette N, Lavraud B, Rouillard AP, Reville V, De Wit TD, Froment C, Halekas JS, Phan TD, Malaspina DM, Bale SD, Kasper JC, Louarn P, Case AW, Korreck KE, Larson DE, Pulupa M, Stevens ML, Whittlesey PL, Berthomier Met al., 2021,

    Characteristic Scales of Magnetic Switchback Patches Near the Sun and Their Possible Association With Solar Supergranulation and Granulation

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 919, ISSN: 0004-637X
    • Cite
    • Citations: 64
  • Journal article
    Pusack A, Malaspina DM, Szalay JR, Bale SD, Goetz K, MacDowall RJ, Pulupa Met al., 2021,

    Dust Directionality and an Anomalous Interplanetary Dust Population Detected by the Parker Solar Probe

    , PLANETARY SCIENCE JOURNAL, Vol: 2
  • Journal article
    Szalay JR, Pokorny P, Malaspina DM, Pusack A, Bale SD, Battams K, Gasque LC, Goetz K, Kruger H, McComas DJ, Schwadron NA, Strub Pet al., 2021,

    Collisional Evolution of the Inner Zodiacal Cloud

    , PLANETARY SCIENCE JOURNAL, Vol: 2
  • Journal article
    Moore KMM, Bolton B, Cao H, Dougherty MK, Bloxham Jet al., 2021,

    No Evidence for Time Variation in Saturn's Internal Magnetic Field

    , PLANETARY SCIENCE JOURNAL, Vol: 2
  • Journal article
    Zomerdijk-Russell S, Masters A, Heyner D, 2021,

    Variability of the interplanetary magnetic field as a driver of electromagnetic induction in Mercury’s interior

    , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 126, Pages: 1-15, ISSN: 2169-9380

    Mercury’s magnetosphere is a unique and dynamic system, primarily due to the proximity of the planet to the Sun and its small size. Interactions between solar wind and embedded Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) and the dayside Hermean magnetosphere drive an electric current on the system’s magnetopause boundary. So far, electromagnetic induction due to magnetopause motion in response to changing external pressure has been used to constrain Mercury’s iron core size. Here we assess the impact a changing IMF direction has on the Hermean magnetopause currents, and the resulting inducing magnetic field. Observations made by MESSENGER during dayside magnetopause boundary crossings in the first ‘hot season’, are used to demonstrate the importance of the IMF direction to Mercury’s magnetopause currents. Our 16 boundary crossings show that introduction of external IMFs change the magnetopause current direction by 10° to 100°, compared to the case where only the internal planetary field is considered. Analytical modelling was used to fill in the bigger picture and suggests for an east-west reversal of the IMF, typical of the heliospheric current 3 sheet sweeping over Mercury’s magnetosphere, the inducing field at Mercury’s surface caused by the resulting magnetopause current dynamics is on the order of 30% of the global planetary field. These results suggest that IMF variability alone has an appreciable effect on Mercury’s magnetopause current and generates a significant inducing magnetic field around the planet. The arrival of the BepiColombo mission will allow this response to be further explored as a method of probing Mercury’s interior.
  • Journal article
    Desai R, Eastwood J, Horne R, Allison H, Allanson O, Watt C, Eggington J, Glauert S, Meredith N, Archer M, Staples F, Mejnertsen L, Tong J, Chittenden Jet al., 2021,

    Drift orbit bifurcations and cross-field transport in the outer radiation belt: global MHD and integrated test-particle simulations

    , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 126, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 2169-9380

    Energetic particle fluxes in the outer magnetosphere present a significant challenge to modellingefforts as they can vary by orders of magnitude in response to solar wind driving conditions. In thisarticle, we demonstrate the ability to propagate test particles through global MHD simulations to ahigh level of precision and use this to map the cross-field radial transport associated with relativisticelectrons undergoing drift orbit bifurcations (DOBs). The simulations predict DOBs primarily occurwithin an Earth radius of the magnetopause loss cone and appears significantly different for southwardand northward interplanetary magnetic field orientations. The changes to the second invariant areshown to manifest as a dropout in particle fluxes with pitch angles close to 90◦and indicate DOBsare a cause of butterfly pitch angle distributions within the night-time sector. The convective electricfield, not included in previous DOB studies, is found to have a significant effect on the resultant longterm transport, and losses to the magnetopause and atmosphere are identified as a potential methodfor incorporating DOBs within Fokker-Planck transport models.
  • Journal article
    Lario D, Richardson IG, Palmerio E, Lugaz N, Bale SD, Stevens ML, Cohen CMS, Giacalone J, Mitchell DG, Szabo A, Nieves-Chinchilla T, Wilson LB, Christian ER, Hill ME, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Schwadron NA, Wiedenbeck MEet al., 2021,

    Comparative Analysis of the 2020 November 29 Solar Energetic Particle Event Observed by Parker Solar Probe

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 920, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Verscharen D, Bale SD, Velli M, 2021,

    Flux conservation, radial scalings, Mach numbers, and critical distances in the solar wind: magnetohydrodynamics and <i>Ulysses</i> observations

    , MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 506, Pages: 4993-5004, ISSN: 0035-8711
  • Journal article
    Gingell I, Schwartz SJ, Kucharek H, Farrugia CJ, Trattner KJet al., 2021,

    Observing the prevalence of thin current sheets downstream of Earth's bow shock

    , PHYSICS OF PLASMAS, Vol: 28, ISSN: 1070-664X
  • Journal article
    Salvi P, Ceppi P, Gregory JM, 2021,

    Interpreting the dependence of cloud‐radiative adjustment on forcing agent

    , Geophysical Research Letters, Vol: 48, ISSN: 0094-8276

    Effective radiative forcing includes a contribution by rapid adjustments, that is, changes in temperature, water vapor, and clouds that modify the energy budget. Cloud adjustments in particular have been shown to depend strongly on forcing agent. We perform idealized atmospheric heating experiments to demonstrate a relationship between cloud adjustment and the vertical profile of imposed radiative heating: boundary-layer heating causes a positive cloud adjustment (a net downward radiative anomaly), while free-tropospheric heating yields a negative adjustment. This dependence is dominated by the shortwave effect of changes in low clouds. Much of the variation in cloud adjustment among common forcing agents such as CO2, CH4, solar forcing, and black carbon is explained by the “characteristic altitude” (i.e., the vertical center-of-mass) of their heating profiles, through its effect on tropospheric stability.
  • Journal article
    Tang T, Shindell D, Zhang Y, Voulgarakis A, Lamarque J-F, Myhre G, Faluvegi G, Samset BH, Andrews T, Olivie D, Takemura T, Lee Xet al., 2021,

    Distinct surface response to black carbon aerosols

    , Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol: 21, Pages: 13797-13809, ISSN: 1680-7316

    For the radiative impact of individual climate forcings, most previous studies focused on the global mean values at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), and less attention has been paid to surface processes, especially for black carbon (BC) aerosols. In this study, the surface radiative responses to five different forcing agents were analyzed by using idealized model simulations. Our analyses reveal that for greenhouse gases, solar irradiance, and scattering aerosols, the surface temperature changes are mainly dictated by the changes of surface radiative heating, but for BC, surface energy redistribution between different components plays a more crucial role. Globally, when a unit BC forcing is imposed at TOA, the net shortwave radiation at the surface decreases by −5.87±0.67 W m−2 (W m−2)−1 (averaged over global land without Antarctica), which is partially offset by increased downward longwave radiation (2.32±0.38 W m−2 (W m−2)−1 from the warmer atmosphere, causing a net decrease in the incoming downward surface radiation of −3.56±0.60 W m−2 (W m−2)−1. Despite a reduction in the downward radiation energy, the surface air temperature still increases by 0.25±0.08 K because of less efficient energy dissipation, manifested by reduced surface sensible (−2.88±0.43 W m−2 (W m−2)−1) and latent heat flux (−1.54±0.27 W m−2 (W m−2)−1), as well as a decrease in Bowen ratio (−0.20±0.07 (W m−2)−1). Such reductions of turbulent fluxes can be largely explained by enhanced air stability (0.07±0.02 K (W m−2)−1), measured as the difference of the potential temperature between 925 hPa and surface, and reduc
  • Journal article
    Hadid LZ, Genot V, Aizawa S, Milillo A, Zender J, Murakami G, Benkhoff J, Zouganelis I, Alberti T, Andre N, Bebesi Z, Califano F, Dimmock AP, Dosa M, Escoubet CP, Griton L, Ho GC, Horbury TS, Iwai K, Janvier M, Kilpua E, Lavraud B, Madar A, Miyoshi Y, Muller D, Pinto RF, Rouillard AP, Raines JM, Raouafi N, Sahraoui F, Sanchez-Cano B, Shiota D, Vainio R, Walsh Aet al., 2021,

    BepiColombo's Cruise Phase: Unique Opportunity for Synergistic Observations

    , FRONTIERS IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCES, Vol: 8, ISSN: 2296-987X
    • Cite
    • Citations: 14
  • Journal article
    Palchetti L, Brindley H, Bantges R, Buehler SA, Camy-Peyret C, Carli B, Cortesi U, Del Bianco S, Di Natale G, Dinelli BM, Feldman D, Huang XL, Labonnote LC, Libois Q, Maestri T, Mlynczak MG, Murray JE, Oetjen H, Ridolfi M, Riese M, Russell J, Saunders R, Serio Cet al., 2021,

    Completing the Picture: The FORUM Mission: Unique Satellite Data to Fully Reveal How Earth Radiates Energy to Space

    , Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol: 102, Pages: 851-855, ISSN: 0003-0007
  • Journal article
    Vuorinen L, Hietala H, Plaschke F, LaMoury ATet al., 2021,

    Magnetic field in magnetosheath jets: a statistical study of B-Z near the magnetopause

    , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380

    Magnetosheath jets travel from the bow shock toward the magnetopause, and some of them eventually impact it. Jet impacts have recently been linked to triggering magnetopause reconnection in case studies by Hietala et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076525) and Nykyri et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ja026357). In this study, we focus on the enhancing or suppressing effect jets could have on reconnection by locally altering the magnetic shear via their own magnetic fields. Using observations from the years 2008–2011 made by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft and solar wind OMNI data, we statistically study for the first time urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0002 within jets in the Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric coordinates. We find that urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0003 opposite to the prevailing interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0004 is roughly as common in jets as in the non-jet magnetosheath near the magnetopause, but these observations are distributed differently. 60–70% of jet intervals contain bursts of opposite polarity urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0005 in comparison to around 40urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0006 of similar non-jet intervals. The median duration of such a burst in jets is 10 s and strength is urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0007nT. We also investigate the prevalence of the type of strong urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56695:jgra56695-math-0008nT pulses that Nykyri et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ja026357) linked to a substorm onset. In our data set, such pulses were observed in around 13% of jets. Our statistical results indicate that jets may have the potential to affect local magnetopause reconnection via their magnetic fields. Future studies are needed to determine whether such effects can be ob
  • Journal article
    Burne S, Bertucci C, Mazelle C, Morales LF, Meziane K, Halekas J, Fowler CM, Espley J, Mitchell D, Penou Eet al., 2021,

    The Structure of the Martian Quasi-Perpendicular Supercritical Shock as Seen by MAVEN

    , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380
    • Cite
    • Citations: 11
  • Journal article
    Kellogg PJ, Bale SD, Goetz K, Monson SJet al., 2021,

    Toward a Physics Based Model of Hypervelocity Dust Impacts

    , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380
  • Journal article
    LaMoury AT, Hietala H, Plaschke F, Vuorinen L, Eastwood JPet al., 2021,

    Solar wind control of magnetosheath jet formation and propagation to the magnetopause

    , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 126, Pages: 1-15, ISSN: 2169-9380

    Magnetosheath jets are localized high-dynamic pressure pulses originating at Earth's bow shock and propagating earthward through the magnetosheath. Jets can influence magnetospheric dynamics upon impacting the magnetopause; however, many jets dissipate before reaching it. In this study we present a database of 13,096 jets observed by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft from 2008 to 2018, spanning a solar cycle. Each jet is associated with upstream solar wind conditions from OMNI. We statistically examine how solar wind conditions control the likelihood of jets forming at the shock, and the conditions favorable for jets to propagate through the magnetosheath and reach the magnetopause. We see that, for each solar wind quantity, these two effects are separate, but when combined, we find that jets are over 17 times more likely to reach and potentially impact the magnetopause when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation is at a low cone angle, and approximately 8 times more likely during high speed solar wind. Low IMF magnitude, high Alfvén Mach number, and low density approximately double the number of jets at the magnetopause, while urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56749:jgra56749-math-0001 and dynamic pressure display no net effect. Due to the strong dependence on wind speed, we infer that jet impact rates may be solar cycle dependent as well as vary during solar wind transients. This is an important step towards forecasting the magnetospheric effects of magnetosheath jets, as it allows for predictions of jet impact rates based on measurements of the upstream solar wind.
  • Journal article
    Mallet A, Squire J, Chandran BDG, Bowen T, Bale SDet al., 2021,

    Evolution of Large-amplitude Alfven Waves and Generation of Switchbacks in the Expanding Solar Wind

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 918, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Mozer FS, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, Drake JF, Hanson ELM, Mozer MCet al., 2021,

    On the Origin of Switchbacks Observed in the Solar Wind

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 919, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Shuster JR, Gershman DJ, Dorelli JC, Giles BL, Wang S, Bessho N, Chen L-J, Cassak PA, Schwartz SJ, Denton RE, Uritsky VM, Paterson WR, Schiff C, Vinas AF, Ng J, Avanov LA, da Silva DE, Torbert RBet al., 2021,

    Structures in the terms of the Vlasov equation observed at Earth's magnetopause

    , NATURE PHYSICS, Vol: 17, Pages: 1056-+, ISSN: 1745-2473
    • Cite
    • Citations: 21
  • Journal article
    Desai RT, Freeman M, Eastwood J, Eggington J, Archer M, Shprits Y, Meredith N, Staples F, Ian R, Hietala H, Mejnertsen L, Chittenden J, Horne Ret al., 2021,

    Interplanetary shock-induced magnetopause motion: Comparison between theory and global magnetohydrodynamic simulations

    , Geophysical Research Letters, Vol: 48, Pages: 1-11, ISSN: 0094-8276

    The magnetopause marks the outer edge of the Earth’s magnetosphere and a distinct boundary between solar wind and magnetospheric plasma populations. In this letter, we use global magneto-hydrodynamic simulations to examine the response of the terrestrial magnetopause to fast-forward interplanetary shocks of various strengths and compare to theoretical predictions. The theory and simulations indicate the magnetopause response can be characterised by three distinct phases; an initial acceleration as inertial forces are overcome, a rapid compressive phase comprising the majority of the distance travelled, and large-scale damped oscillations with amplitudes of the order of an Earth radius. The two approaches agree in predicting subsolar magnetopause oscillations with frequencies2–13 mHz but the simulations notably predict larger amplitudes and weaker damping rates. This phenomenon is of high relevance to space weather forecasting and provides a possible explanation for magnetopause oscillations observed following the large interplanetary shocks of August 1972 and March 1991.
  • Journal article
    Shebanits O, Wahlund J-E, Waite JH, Dougherty MKet al., 2021,

    Conductivities of Titan's dusty ionosphere

    <jats:p>Titan’s ionosphere hosts a globally distributed non-trivial dustyion-ion plasma, providing an environment for studies of dustyionospheres that is in many aspects unique in our solar system. Thanksto the Cassini mission, Titan’s ionosphere also features one of thelargest dusty plasma datasets from 126 flybys of the moon over 13 years,from 2004 to 2017. Recent studies have shown that negatively chargeddust dramatically alters the electric properties of plasmas, inparticular planetary ionospheres. Utilizing the full plasma content ofthe moon’s ionosphere (electrons, positive ions and negative ions/dustgrains), we derive the electric conductivities and define the conductivedynamo region. Our results show that using the full plasma contentincreases the Pedersen conductivities at ~1300 kmaltitude by 20% compared to the earlier estimates without charged dust,while the Hall conductivities indicate a reverse Hall effect at~900 km altitude (closest approach) and below. Thedayside conductivities are shown to be factor ~7-9larger than on the nightside, owing to higher dayside plasma densities.</jats:p>

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