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  • Journal article
    Koufidis SF, Hayran Z, Monticone F, Pendry J, McCall MWet al., 2025,

    Chirality-driven all-optical image differentiation

    , Nanophotonics, ISSN: 2192-8606
  • Journal article
    Koufidis SF, McCall MW, 2025,

    Coupling light waves to gravitational waves

    , Physical Review D, Vol: 112, ISSN: 2470-0010

    <jats:p>We demonstrate analytically that gravitational waves, upon interacting with copropagating electromagnetic radiation in a plasma, induce distinctive sidebands on the modulated light, thereby providing a detectable signature of their presence. Employing a fully covariant coupled-wave framework, we envision gravitational waves as phase-insensitive luminal moving gratings and derive explicit phase-matching conditions that articulate such an interaction while conserving both energy and momentum. Beyond preserving the directional signature of gravitational waves, the coupling mechanism imposes no coherence requirements on the photon-by-graviton scattering, hence enabling possibilities for exploiting cosmic microwave background radiation. Although detection at low frequencies is constrained by the requirement of long interaction lengths, advances in laser technology are poised to enable high-frequency gravitational wave detection, potentially unveiling insights into the primordial spacetime ripples that have been traversing the cosmos since the inflationary epoch.</jats:p>
  • Journal article
    Austin C, Shang W, Huang L, Wang T, Paterson C, Torok P, Idir Met al., 2025,

    Collimated phase measuring deflectometry II: Re-design of the optical layout for high-curvature surfaces

    , OPTICS AND LASERS IN ENGINEERING, Vol: 194, ISSN: 0143-8166
  • Journal article
    Centonze A, Roura A-J, Novillo-Font M, Giordano C, Hernando-Momblona X, Llanses M, Prats P, Sevillano M, Cabot D, Novell M, Pabst G, Andersch F, Cañellas-Socias A, Zhang C, Giakoumakis N-N, Sparks H, Dunsby C, Colombelli J, Fernández-Barral A, Sancho E, Stephan-Otto Attolini C, Muñoz A, Barbachano A, Palmer HG, Martínez-Quintanilla J, Zuber J, Blaj C, Quintana E, Cortina C, Marti-Renom MA, Batlle Eet al., 2025,

    A plastic EMP1⁺ to LGR5⁺ cell state conversion as a bypass to KRAS-G12D pharmacological inhibition in metastatic colorectal cancer.

    , Cancer Discov

    Inhibitors of the oncogene KRAS hold promise for treating metastatic CRC (mCRC). Here we show that a selective, covalent small molecule inhibitor of the active (ON) conformation of RAS-G12D, RMC-9945, exerts durable disease control in preclinical CRC models of early liver metastasis, but its therapeutic activity was diminished in the advanced metastatic disease. RMC-9945-treated metastases underwent a transition from a poor-prognosis-associated Emp1⁺ transcriptional state to a WNT-driven Lgr5⁺ stem cell-like state that withstands the absence of RAS-G12D activity. This cell state change occurred within hours of RAS(ON) inhibitor treatment through a shift in transcription factor usage that involved limited chromatin remodeling. Forced conversion of metastatic cells to the Lgr5⁺ state through RAS-G12D inhibition, followed by genetic ablation of this population, reduced metastatic burden and prolonged survival in a mouse mCRC model. Overall, these preclinical findings demonstrate a central role for oncogenic KRAS in governing cellular plasticity in mCRC.
  • Journal article
    Xiao H, Munj A-H, Minassian A, Damzen MJet al., 2025,

    High-efficiency deep-UV output from a diode-pumped alexandrite laser

    , OPTICS EXPRESS, Vol: 33, ISSN: 1094-4087
  • Journal article
    Koufidis SF, McCall MW, 2025,

    Gravitational waves on the optical bench

    , OPTICS LETTERS, Vol: 50, ISSN: 0146-9592
  • Journal article
    Dudley JM, Genty G, Heidt A, Sylvestre T, Travers JC, Taylor JRet al., 2025,

    Fibre supercontinuum generation: Progress and perspectives

    , EPL, Vol: 151, ISSN: 0295-5075
  • Journal article
    Dvinskikh L, Sparks H, Rowe-Brown L, Hong W, Ennis D, Sarnataro R, Carreno Yugueros D, Tissot F, Lo Celso C, Riglar D, Cunnea P, McNeish I, Dunsby Cet al., 2025,

    Cleared tissue dual-view oblique plane microscopy

    , Biomedical Optics Express, ISSN: 2156-7085

    We present a dual-view oblique plane microscope (dOPM) for imaging thick optically cleared tissue samples using a silicone immersion primary objective. The custom-designed remote refocusing relay utilizes stock optics to achieve remote refocusing in refractive index-matched samples. The spatial resolution of the system was characterized using a series of fluorescent bead phantoms with refractive indices ranging from 1.4-1.5, with the point spread function full width at half maximum measuring ~0.5 μm laterally and ~1 μm axially for a refractive index-matched bead sample, with minimal degradation over a >250 μm axial range. We characterize how the remote refocusing performance at sample refractive indices up to n = 1.5 can be partially compensated for using adjustment of the correction collar on the primary objective. We apply the system to imaging a range of biological samples with variedrefractive indices. Combined with tiled acquisition, image stitching and multi-view image fusion, the microscope enables multicolour imaging of mm-wide and ∼250 μm thick optically cleared mouse ovarian cancer, bone marrow and colon tissue samples and a whole Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly brain. The system offers a platform for fast and high-resolution, multicolour volumetric imaging across spatial scales, integrated on a commercially available microscope frame.
  • Journal article
    Simon D, Horkovics-Kovats GS, Xiang Y, Battle RA, Wang Y, Abda J, Papanastasiou D, Stavrakaki SM, Ho H-Y, Wang H, Schaeffer R, Karancsi T, Mroz A, Pap I, Lagache L, Balog J, Fournier I, Murray RT, Bunch J, Takats Zet al., 2025,

    Subcellular-Resolution Molecular Pathology by Laser Ablation-Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry

    , ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, Vol: 97, Pages: 17433-17443, ISSN: 0003-2700
  • Journal article
    Temel T, Das S, Spindler G, Schirrmacher A, Murray RT, Piotrowski M, Wang L, Chen W, Petrov Vet al., 2025,

    Power Scaling of a Narrowband-Seeded, Non-Resonant Optical Parametric Oscillator Based on Periodically Poled LiNbO<sub>3</sub>

    , PHOTONICS, Vol: 12
  • Journal article
    Temel T, Zhu S, Chen W, Wang C, Duan R, Wang F, Hu DJJ, Yang Y, Chae SH, Liu Z, Murray RT, Wang QJet al., 2025,

    Strong Mid-Infrared Optical Harmonic Processes Mediated by Excitons in Layered Indium Selenide

    , LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS, Vol: 19, ISSN: 1863-8880
  • Journal article
    Boland MA, Lightley JPE, Garcia E, Kumar S, Dunsby C, Flaxman S, Neil MAA, French PMW, Cohen EAKet al., 2025,

    Model‐free machine learning‐based 3D single molecule localisation microscopy

    , Journal of Microscopy, Vol: 299, Pages: 77-87, ISSN: 0022-2720

    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Single molecule localisation microscopy (SMLM) can provide two‐dimensional super‐resolved image data from conventional fluorescence microscopes, while three dimensional (3D) SMLM usually involves a modification of the microscope, for example, to engineer a predictable axial variation in the point spread function. Here we demonstrate a 3D SMLM approach (we call <jats:italic>‘easyZloc'</jats:italic>) utilising a lightweight Convolutional Neural Network that is generally applicable, including with ‘standard’ (unmodified) fluorescence microscopes, and which we consider may be practically useful in a high throughput SMLM workflow. We demonstrate the reconstruction of nuclear pore complexes with comparable performance to previously reported methods but with a significant reduction in computational power and execution time. 3D reconstructions of the nuclear envelope and an actin sample over a larger axial range are also shown.</jats:p>
  • Journal article
    Baldini F, Dholakia K, French P, Guntinas-Lichius O, Kohler A, Maentele W, Marcu L, Sroka R, Umapathy S, Popp Jet al., 2025,

    Shining a Light on the Future of Biophotonics

    , JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS, Vol: 18, ISSN: 1864-063X
  • Journal article
    Krawczyk B, Kudlinski A, Murray RT, Schultz SR, Foust AJ, Runcorn THet al., 2025,

    Two-photon microscopy using picosecond pulses from four-wave mixing in a Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber

    , BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS, Vol: 16, Pages: 2327-2336, ISSN: 2156-7085
  • Journal article
    Zhu S, Chen W, Temel T, Wang F, Xu X, Duan R, Wu T, Mao X, Yan C, Yu J, Wang C, Jin Y, Cui J, Li J, Hu DJJ, Liu Z, Murray RT, Luo Y, Wang QJet al., 2025,

    Broadband and efficient third-harmonic generation from black phosphorus-hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces in the mid-infrared

    , SCIENCE ADVANCES, Vol: 11, ISSN: 2375-2548
  • Journal article
    Aaron JS, Jacobs CA, Malacrida L, Keppler A, French P, Fletcher DA, Wood C, Brown CM, Wright GD, Ogawa S, Maina M, Chew T-Let al., 2025,

    Challenges of microscopy technology dissemination to resource-constrained communities

    , NATURE METHODS, ISSN: 1548-7091
  • Journal article
    Liu H, Kumar S, Garcia E, Ennis D, McNeish IA, French PMWet al., 2025,

    PolSpec: polarisation‐based detection for versatile, cost‐effective rapid hyperspectral imaging

    , Journal of Biophotonics, ISSN: 1864-063X

    “PolSpec” is a flexible, cost-effective approach for rapid (including single-shot) spectrally resolved imaging. While established approaches, e.g., using cascades of dichroic beamsplitters, diffractive image splitters, or mosaic filters, typically have pre-determined spectral detection bands with cost and experimental complexity scaling with the number of spectral channels, PolSpec uses polarisation optics to provide continuously varying transmission across a configurable spectral range to generate “spectral modulation vectors” that can represent specific spectral signatures with lower data volumes than full spectral profiles. It can be implemented with almost any detector. Here we demonstrate low-cost single-shot widefield PolSpec-based hyperspectral imaging using a polarisation-resolving camera.
  • Journal article
    De Vries M, Dent LG, Curry N, Rowe-Brown L, Bousgouni V, Fourkioti O, Naidoo R, Sparks H, Tyson A, Dunsby C, Bakal Cet al., 2025,

    Geometric deep learning and multiple-instance learning for 3D cell-shape profiling

    , CELL SYSTEMS, Vol: 16, ISSN: 2405-4712
  • Journal article
    Jiang X, Damzen MJ, 2025,

    Pump-induced lensing in Nd:YVO4 using transient wavefront measurements

    , OPTICS EXPRESS, Vol: 33, Pages: 11972-11984, ISSN: 1094-4087
  • Journal article
    Liu H, Kumar S, Garcia Castano E, Flanagan B, Lightley J, Dunsby C, French PMWet al., 2025,

    Open-source implementation of polarisation-resolved single-shot differential phase contrast microscopy (pDPC) on a modular openFrame-based microscope

    , HardwareX, Vol: 21, ISSN: 2468-0672

    We recently demonstrated polarisation differential phase contrast microscopy (pDPC) as a robust, low-cost single-shot implementation of (semi)quantitative phase imaging based on differential phase microscopy. pDPC utilises a polarisation-sensitive camera to simultaneously acquire four obliquely transilluminated images from which phase images mapping spatial variation of optical path difference can be calculated. pDPC microscopy can be implemented on existing or bespoke microscopes and can utilise radiation at a wide range of visible to near infrared wavelengths and so is straightforward to integrate with fluorescence microscopy. Here we present a low-cost open-source pDPC module that is designed for use with the modular open-source microscope stand “openFrame”. With improved hardware and software, this new pDPC implementation provides a real-time readout of phase across a field of view that facilitates optimisation of system alignment. We also provide protocols for background subtraction and correction of crosstalk
  • Journal article
    Tageldeen MK, de Pooter GJ, Sardini A, Rowland EM, Mcginty J, Weinberg PD, Drakakis EMet al., 2025,

    Compact modular open platform for low-cost ultrasound imaging: Realisation and measurements in biological settings

    , MEASUREMENT, Vol: 244, ISSN: 0263-2241
  • Journal article
    Zhang M, Li R, Fu S, Kumar S, Mcginty J, Qin Y, Chen Let al., 2025,

    Deep learning enhanced light sheet fluorescence microscopy for in vivo 4D imaging of zebrafish heart beating

    , LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS, Vol: 14, ISSN: 2095-5545
  • Journal article
    Das S, Temel T, Spindler G, Schirrmacher A, Divliansky IB, Murray RT, Piotrowski M, Wang L, Chen W, Mhibik O, Petrov Vet al., 2025,

    Power scaling of a non-resonant optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled LiNbO<sub>3</sub> with spectral narrowing

    , OPTICS EXPRESS, Vol: 33, Pages: 5662-5669, ISSN: 1094-4087
  • Thesis dissertation
    Lerendegui M, 2025,

    Simulation Framework of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) and Microvascular Flow for Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM) and Deep Learning

    Standard ultrasound imaging is a widely adopted noninvasive and safe modality, known for its affordability, real-time imaging capabilities, and ease of use. Despite its advantages, it faces limitations such as low resolution due to the diffraction limit, and the need for high frequencies to increase resolution and visualize blood flow, that leads to a trade-off between frequency and depth.Recent decades have witnessed notable advancements in ultrasound vascular imaging, including the use of Microbubble (MB) contrast agents that highlight the vasculature --known as Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)--, and unfocused transmission techniques that significantly increase framerate. But more importantly, inspired by optical imaging techniques like STochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) and Fluorescence Photo-Activated Localization Microscopy (FPALM), Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM) emerged as a novel approach capable of overcoming the diffraction limit. ULM provides unprecedented in-vivo resolution for microvascular flow, producing super-resolved maps with detailed flow information.While the field of ULM has rapidly expanded, significant challenges for clinical translation exist, such as its low acquisition rate, and the need for algorithms capable of isolating, localizing and tracking MBs accurately.Many algorithms addressing these challenges were developed, but their performance has not been consistently evaluated and benchmarked. Some attempts of evaluation have been performed, but they all present some limitations such as using datasets without considering MB oscillation physics or focusing only on localization and not tracking.Additionally, the generation of datasets with known ground truth information is crucial for training deep learning models, as it provides a reliable reference for the network to learn from.For supervised learning in ULM, relying only on real world data is not an option due to the impossibility of obtaining ground truth l
  • Book chapter
    McCall M, Koufidis S, 2025,

    Static Bragg-Less and Dynamic Bragg-Like Resonances

    , More Adventures in Contemporary Electromagnetic Theory, Editors: Chiadini, Fiumara, Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland, Pages: 329-360

    Reflection and transmission of electromagnetic waves from one-dimensional periodic index perturbations (aka Bragg gratings) have, for many decades, been described very successfully using coupled-wave theory. We review some very recent theoretical developments that have led to new insights and predictions for the coupled-wave description of Bragg scattering in various complex photonic mediums. The key insight is that standard coupled-wave equations in two complex amplitudes describing propagation through a scalar Bragg grating may be reduced, via a Möbius transformation, to a single first-order differential equation of a real variable, one that readily exposes the underlying system symmetries and connects directly with the theory of coupled oscillators. Remarkably, the method can be extended to describe Bragg gratings in mediums of significant complexity, such as mediums with chiral magneto-electric coupling, which are additionally either structurally chiral or linearly birefringent. Regarding the former, we demonstrate how, for extreme values of chirality, a medium of a particular handedness can back scatter light of both circular states. For the latter, combining linear and circular birefringence gives rise to a circular Bragg-like response that is unexpectedly predicted to occur in a homogeneous medium. Off-axis propagation is also shown to lead to singular values of the supported refractive indices. Our techniques are also shown to be applicable to the currently topical theme of uniform mediums whose constitutive parameters are modulated in time. Such “temporal” Bragg gratings, particularly those exhibiting parametric amplification, give rise to nontrivial temporal modulation scenarios, accessible via our Möbius method. We conclude by highlighting the simultaneous polarization manipulation and amplification of lightwave signals that fall into momentum gaps formed in Brillouin space by time-periodic bi-isotropic mediums.
  • Conference paper
    Damzen MJ, Minassian A, 2025,

    Recent progress in diode-pumped Alexandrite lasers for single photon counting vegetation Lidar

    , ISSN: 0277-786X

    Diode-pumped Alexandrite is an attractive laser transmitter for satellite-based lidar due to its wavelength tunability, excellent material properties, and as a low size, weight and power (SWaP) technology under efficient red diode pumping. -edge of vegetation and is well-matched to detector technology. In this presentation, we overview two diode-pumped Alexandrite laser transmitters developed at Imperial College London with specification targeting single photon counting vegetation (forest canopy) lidar for future satellite-based missions. The first Alexandrite laser transmitter was designed and integrated into a ground-based lidar instrumentation and conducted single photon counting forestry field trials in the Netherlands. The second Alexandrite laser was engineered at a higher TRL incorporating greater space-compliancy in the design, and with successful environmental thermal cycling testing. Both lasers operated in Q-switched cavity-dumped mode to obtain the short-pulse (1.5 ns in ground-based laser and 1.4 ns in space compliant version) at multi-kHz pulse rates and at the 100 J-class output energies required for single photon counting vegetation lidar. This study shows that the TRL of Alexandrite lasers has reached a good level for consideration for future satellite-based lidar missions or operation on other platforms.
  • Conference paper
    Bharadwaj A, Choudhury P, Kalita R, Sharma A, Kumar A, Jaganathan BG, Kumar S, Lightley J, Garcia E, French PMW, Boruah BRet al., 2025,

    A Cost-Effective Implementation of Optical Super-Resolution Microscopy with STORM

    , Pages: 13-22, ISSN: 1876-1100

    Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy or STORM is a technique to achieve optical super-resolution. STORM implementation in a standard optical microscope with contemporary imaging methods can be complex and adds a fair amount in terms of expenses. We present a low-cost but effective approach for implementing STORM by developing a modular optical microscope that is affordable and flexible in many ways from transportation to the utilization of industry-grade and economical components with open-source software for image acquisition and analysis.
  • Conference paper
    Lin ZL, Chen W, Zhang G, Zhang P, Li Z, Chen Z, Murray RT, Loiko P, Eremeev K, Mateos X, Griebner U, Petrov Vet al., 2025,

    Sub-50-fs in-Band Pumped Tm, Ho-Codoped 'Mixed' Calcium Aluminate Laser

    We report on a mode-locked Tm, Ho:Ca(Gd,Y)AlO<inf>4</inf> laser in-band pumped by a Raman fiber laser at 1678 nm, generating 48-fs pulses slightly above 2μ m with an average power of 109 mW at 72.5 MHz.
  • Book chapter
    de Vries M, Dent LG, Sparks H, Naidoo R, Fourkioti O, Arias-Garcia M, Dunsby C, Bakal Cet al., 2025,

    Artificial Intelligence-based Morphological Profiling for Drug Discovery: Advancing Towards 4D Phenotypic Profiling

    , Rsc Drug Discovery Series, Pages: 209-234
  • Journal article
    Taylor JR, 2025,

    Wilson Sibbett (1948-2024) Obituary

    , NATURE PHOTONICS, Vol: 19, Pages: 1-2, ISSN: 1749-4885

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