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  • Journal article
    Bahou K, Braddock D, Meyer A, Savage GPet al., 2020,

    Relay cross metathesis for the iterative construction of terpenoids and synthesis of a diterpene benzoate macrolide of biogenetic relevance to the bromophycolides

    , Organic Letters, Vol: 22, Pages: 3176-3179, ISSN: 1523-7052

    We report a relay cross metathesis (ReXM) reaction for the construction of terpenoids in an iterative protocol. The protocol features the cross metathesis of a relay-actuated Δ6,7-functionalized C10-monoterpenoid alcohol with C10-monoterpenoid citral to form a C15-sesquiterpene. Subsequent functional group manipulation allows for the method to be repeated in an iterative fashion. The method is used for the synthesis of a diterpene-benzoate macrolide of biogenetic relevance to the bromophycolide family of natural products.
  • Journal article
    Bahou K, Braddock D, Meyer A, Savage P, Shi Z, He Tet al., 2020,

    A relay strategy actuates pre-existing trisubstituted olefins in monoterpenoids for cross metathesis with trisubstituted alkenes

    , The Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol: 85, Pages: 4906-4917, ISSN: 0022-3263

    A retrosynthetic disconnection-reconnection analysis of epoxypolyenes – substrates that can undergo cyclization to podocarpane-type tricycles – reveals relay-actuated 6,7-functionalized monoterpenoid alcohols for ruthenium benzylidene catalyzed olefin cross metathesis with homoprenyl benzenes. Successful implementation of this approach provided several epoxypolyenes as expected (E:Z, ca. 2-3:1). The method is further generalized for the cross metathesis of pre-existing trisubstituted olefins in other relay-actuated 6,7-functionalized monoterpenoid alcohols with various other trisubstituted alkenes to form new trisubstituted olefins. Epoxypolyene cyclization of an enantiomerically pure, but geometrically impure, epoxypolyene substrate provides an enantiomerically pure, trans-fused, podocarpane-type tricycle (from the E-geometrical isomer).
  • Journal article
    Lo Q, Sale D, Braddock D, Davies Ret al., 2019,

    New insights into the reaction capabilities of ionic organic bases in cu-catalysed amination

    , European Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol: 2019, Pages: 1944-1951, ISSN: 1099-0690

    The application of ionic organic bases in the copper‐catalyzed amination reaction (Ullmann reaction) has been studied at room temperature, with sub‐mol‐% catalyst loadings, and with more challenging amines at elevated temperatures. The cation present in the base has been shown to have little effect on the reaction at standard catalyst and ancillary ligand loadings, whereas the choice of anion is crucial for good reactivity. A substrate scope carried out at room temperature with the best performing bases, TBAM and TBPM, showed both bases to be highly effective under these mild reaction conditions. Moreover, under sub‐mol % catalyst loadings and room temperature conditions, TBPM gave good to excellent yields for a number of different amines and functionalized aryl iodides (14 examples). However, reactions involving more challenging amines gave little or no yield. By using more forceful conditions (120 °C) moderate to excellent yields of cross‐coupled products containing more challenging amines was achievable using TBPM and to a lesser extent with TBAM. As part of this work a study on the stability of the organic bases at 120 °C was undertaken. TBAM is shown to decompose to give nBu3N and mono‐butylmalonate at higher temperatures, and this can be correlated to a decrease in performance in the coupling reaction. The phosphonium cations in TBPM did not undergo analogous reactivity but were shown instead to experience some degree of deprotonation at the α‐CH2 to generate phosphonium ylides. This however did not lead to a significantly degradation in the activity of the TBPM in the cross‐coupling reaction.
  • Journal article
    Braddock DC, Lickiss PD, Rowley BC, Pugh D, Purnomo T, Santhakumar G, Fussell SJet al., 2018,

    Tetramethyl Orthosilicate (TMOS) as a Reagent for Direct Amidation of Carboxylic Acids

    , ORGANIC LETTERS, Vol: 20, Pages: 950-953, ISSN: 1523-7060
  • Journal article
    Lo QA, Sale D, Braddock DC, Davies RPet al., 2017,

    Mechanistic and Performance Studies on the Ligand Promoted Ullmann Amination Reaction

    , ACS Catalysis, Vol: 8, Pages: 101-109, ISSN: 2155-5435

    Over the last two decades many different auxiliary ligand systems have been utilized in the copper-catalyzed Ullmann amination reaction. However, there has been little consensus on the relative merits of the varied ligands and the exact role they might play in the catalytic process. Accordingly, in this work some of the most commonly employed auxiliary ligands have been evaluated for C–N coupling using reaction progress kinetic analysis (RPKA) methodology. The results reveal not only the relative kinetic competencies of the different auxiliary ligands but also their markedly different influences on catalyst degradation rates. For the model Ullmann reaction between piperidine and iodobenzene using the soluble organic base bis(tetra-n-butylphosphonium) malonate (TBPM) at room temperature, N-methylglycine was shown to give the best performance in terms of high catalytic rate of reaction and comparatively low catalyst deactivation rates. Further experimental and rate data indicate a common catalytic cycle for all auxiliary ligands studied, although additional off-cycle processes are observed for some of the ligands (notably phenanthroline). The ability of the auxiliary ligand, base (malonate dianion), and substrate (amine) to all act competitively as ligands for the copper center is also demonstrated. On the basis of these results an improved protocol for room-temperature copper-catalyzed C–N couplings is presented with 27 different examples reported.
  • Journal article
    Bahou KA, Braddock DC, Meyer AG, Savage GPet al., 2017,

    Kinetic Benchmarking Reveals the Competence of Prenyl Groups in Ring-Closing Metathesis

    , ORGANIC LETTERS, Vol: 19, Pages: 5332-5335, ISSN: 1523-7060
  • Journal article
    Clarke J, Bonney KJ, Yaqoob M, Solanki S, Rzepa HS, White AJP, Millan DS, Braddock DCet al., 2016,

    Epimeric Face-Selective Oxidations and Diastereodivergent Transannular Oxonium Ion Formation Fragmentations: Computational Modeling and Total Syntheses of 12-Epoxyobtusallene IV, 12-Epoxyobtusallene II, Obtusallene X, Marilzabicycloallene C, and Marilzabicycloallene D

    , Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol: 81, Pages: 9539-9552, ISSN: 0022-3263

    The total syntheses of 12-epoxyobtusallene IV, 12-epoxyobtusallene II, obtusallene X, marilzabicycloallene C, and marilzabicycloallene D as halogenated C15-acetogenin 12-membered bicyclic and tricyclic ether bromoallene-containing marine metabolites from Laurencia species are described. Two enantiomerically pure C4-epimeric dioxabicyclo[8.2.1]tridecenes were synthesized by E-selective ring-closing metathesis where their absolute stereochemistry was previously set via catalytic asymmetric homoallylic epoxidation and elaborated via regioselective epoxide-ring opening and diastereoselective bromoetherification. Epimeric face-selective oxidation of their Δ12,13 olefins followed by bromoallene installation allowed access to the oppositely configured 12,13-epoxides of 12-epoxyobtusallene II and 12-epoxyobtusallene IV. Subsequent exploration of their putative biomimetic oxonium ion formation-fragmentations reactions revealed diastereodivergent pathways giving marilzabicycloallene C and obtusallene X, respectively. The original configurations of the substrates evidently control oxonium ion formation and their subsequent preferred mode of fragmentation by nucleophilic attack at C9 or C12. Quantum modeling of this stereoselectivity at the ωB97X-D/Def2-TZVPPD/SCRF = methanol level revealed that in addition to direction resulting from hydrogen bonding, the dipole moment of the ion-pair transition state is an important factor. Marilzabicycloallene D as a pentahalogenated 12-membered bicyclic ether bromoallene was synthesized by a face-selective chloronium ion initiated oxonium ion formation-fragmentation process followed by subsequent bromoallene installation.
  • Journal article
    Braddock DC, Mahtey A, Rzepa HS, White AJPet al., 2016,

    Stable bromoallene oxides

    , Chemical Communications, Vol: 52, Pages: 11219-11222, ISSN: 1364-548X

    The first stable bromoallene oxides were obtained by the DMDO epoxidation of 1-bromo-1,3-di-tert-alkylallenes, producing the first crystalline allene oxide of any kind. The epoxidations are regioselective for the bromine-bearing Δ1,2 alkene, and also face selective producing single diastereomer E-olefin products.
  • Journal article
    Sung S, Sale D, Braddock DC, Armstrong A, Brennan C, Davies RPet al., 2016,

    Mechanistic Studies on the Copper-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Alkylamines Promoted by Organic Soluble Ionic Bases

    , ACS CATALYSIS, Vol: 6, Pages: 3965-3974, ISSN: 2155-5435
  • Journal article
    Campbell J, Burgal JDS, Szekely G, Davies RP, Braddock DC, Livingston Aet al., 2016,

    Hybrid polymer/MOF membranes for Organic Solvent Nanofiltration (OSN): chemical modification and the quest for perfection

    , Journal of Membrane Science, Vol: 503, Pages: 166-176, ISSN: 1873-3123

    One of the main challenges in the field of Organic Solvent Nanofiltration (OSN) is to improve the selectivity of membranes, allowing the separation of closely related solutes. This objective might be achieved by constructing membranes with uniform porous structures. Hybrid Polymer/Metal Organic Framework (MOF) membranes were prepared by in-situ growth (ISG) of HKUST-1 within the pores of polyimide membranes. To improve the performances of ISG membranes, chemical modification was performed. Aryl carboxylic acid moieties were introduced to polyimide P84 ultrafiltration membranes allowing coordination of the HKUST-1 directly on to the polymer. Chemically modified ISG membranes outperformed non-modified ISG membranes in both solute retentions and permeance. Retentions of polystyrene solute in acetone were used to calculate theoretical pore size distributions for each of the membranes tested. It was found that the chemically modified ISG membrane had he narrowest calculated pore size distribution.

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