Introduction

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Antithrombin is a plasma inhibitor of thrombin and other blood coagulation proteinases. Its (functional) deficiency is a strong risk factor for venous thrombosis. The gene coding for antithrombin has been localised to chromosome 1q23-25. The nucleotide sequence is available from the US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). A single copy has seven exons spanning 13.4 kb of DNA. Within the introns of the gene are located nine full length and one partial Alu repeat elements (jump to figures I & II)

Two of these Alu5 and Alu8 within intron 4 have tails composed of ATT trinucleotide repeats that are polymorphic in copy number (for gene sequence of anthrombin, see Olds et al, 1993). The gene codes for a protein of MW ~58 000 containing 432 amino acids, 6 of which are cysteines that form three intramolecular disulphide bonds. Antithrombin is a member of a superfamily of proteins collectively known as serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins). Most of the members of this family are inhibitors that control proteolysis of key blood cellular and tissue enzymes. The crystal structures of several members of this family have been determined and these structures have aided understanding of the mechanism of action of the serpins, including antithrombin (for a recent review of serpin structures, see Whisstock et al,1998). Antithrombin contains a functional reactive site which participates in the inhibitory interaction with proteinases, but also a binding site for heparin and related glycosaminoglycans. Binding of heparin to the latter site induces a conformational change and accelerates its inhibition of proteinases (see for example Desai et al, 1998; Huntington & Gettins, 1998). The nature of the heparin binding site on antithrombin has been investigated initially by chemical modification, by investigation of natural and recombinant mutants, and recently by high resolution crystallography (see Jin et al, 1997).

The natural mutants of antithrombin, mostly identified from families with a tendency towards thrombosis, are collected together in this database which has been published conventionally (Lane et al, 1991) and recently updated (Lane et al, 1993; Lane et al, 1997). This database is compiled by members of the Plasma Coagulation Inhibitors Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (SSC of the ISTH). The final version of the database was put together by Trevor Bayston and David Lane. It was reformatted for the web by Malcolm Duncan (Medical Object Oriented Software Enterprises) and Helen Philippou, David Lane (Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College).

The naming convention accords with "Recommendations for a Nomenclature System for Human Gene Mutations" (see Antonarakis et al, 1998), except that the nucleotide numbering of the original database has been retained (see Olds et al,1993 and Lane et al, 1997). Each entry has been assigned a unique identifier on the basis of the subclass and position in the table for its subclass (e.g. type I case 11 has the mutation 2606insT). The identified mutations are grouped according to a classification system proposed (Lane et al, 1992) and accepted by the SSC of the ISTH. In this, type I and type II deficiencies are distinguished, largely by the presence of variant protein in the latter. Then type II deficiency is further subclassified on the basis of mutations that alter the function of the reactive site, the heparin binding site, and those that have multiple or pleiotropic effects. The database will be periodically updated, depending on the rate at which new mutations are identified. To have mutations included, send information in the format given in the tables to Professor David Lane at d.lane@imperial.ac.uk.


Figures I & II - Structural organisation of the antithrombin gene and protein

The gene structure illustrates the coding regions (exons, numbered 1-6), the Alu repeat regions (arrow heads), and several of the polymorphic sites (L, the 76bp dimorphism at -276; P, Pst I site at 7626; N, the Nhe I site at 7987; D, Dde I site at 9893; (ATT)n, the two trinucleotide polymorphic sites at 8136 and 9289.

Structural organisation of the antithrombin gene
Fig. I: Structural organisation of the antithrombin gene

Structural organisation of the antithrombin protein
Fig. II: Structural organisation of the antithrombin protein

Database

Type I (Classical) deficiency: Point mutations, small (less than 30 bp) insertions and deletions

New Nucleotide Position, Mutation Codon, Amino Acid Change Comments Unique ID A% F% Ref CpG S/M Mut. type
                     
New 2418A>C Y-16S   1     (95) N S MM
New 2436T>C L-10P   2     (95) N S MM
New 2455C>A C-4X   3 50 50 (96) N S NM
New 2463delGinsTC -1 frameshift; stop codon 32 4 40 33 (1) N S FD/FI
New 2487-8*insG 8 frameshift; stop codon 32 5     (2) N S FI
New 2510-2512*delC 16 frameshift; stop codon 17 6   70 (2) N S FD
New 2527C>A C21X Loses BspW I site 7     (95) N S NM
New 2571-2580delCAGAA 36-37, or 38-39 frameshift; stop codon 70 8   57 (95) N S FD
New 2599-600*delC 45 or 46 frameshift; stop codon 81 9 46 49 (3) N S FD
  2601-2*delG 46 frameshift; stop codon 81 10   25/37 (4) N S FD
  2606insT 48 frameshift; stop codon 72 11 45 40/43 (5) N S FI
  2610-31del22bp insA 49-56 Creates Acc I site 12     (6) N S ID/I
  2627-29delAAT 55 Deletes N;Double mutation, also R57C 13 60 56 (6) N S ID
  2633C>T R57C Double mutation, also 55(-AAT)Loses Fau I site 14     (6) Y S MM
  2638T>G F58L Type I or II? Budapest 6 15 45 55 (95) N S MM
New 2652A>G Y63C   16     (2) N S MM
New 2652A>C Y63S Creates DdeI site 17 42 36 (1) N S MM
New 2661T>C L66P Loses AlwN I, BstN I, EcoR I sites and gains BcN I, Nci I, Apa I and Msp I sites 18   55 (95) N S MM
  2690-95delATTTTC 76-77 deletes I, F 19 49 49/51 (3) N S ID
New 2702C>A P80T   20 63 54 (7) N S MM
  2705-6delCT 81 frameshift; stop codon 95 21 68 59 (6) N S FD
  2706delT 81 frameshift; stop codon 89 22 53 47 (8) N S FD
New 2765C>A Q101K   23 50 50 (9) N S MM
  2770insT 102 frameshift; stop codon 107 24 43 43/51 (4) N M (2) FI
  2770insT 102 frameshift; stop codon 107 25 43 41/50 (4)      
New 2777G>C   1st nt. intron 2loses Mnl I, Rsa I, Csp6 I sites and gains Alu I site 26 50 55 (95) N S SS
New 5306G>C   last nt. intron 2Loses Sfe I site and gains Mae II, SnaB I and BsaA I sites 27     (95) N S SS
  5311-5320*del6bp 106-108 deletes F and K 28 60 51 (10) N M (3) ID
  5311-5320*del6bp 106-108 deletes F and K 29     (10)      
  5311-5320*del6bp 106-108 deletes F and K 30 52 64 (11)      
  5352delT 119 frameshift; stop codon 126 31 60 63 (12) N S FD
New 5354C>T H120Y   32 62 69 (7) N S MM
  5356-64*delCTT 120-123 deletes a F 33 73 62 (6) N M (2) ID
New 5356-64*delCTT " deletes a F 34 48 47 (11)      
New 5373T>C L126P   35 52 54 (9) N S MM
New 5379G>A C128Y high MW complex 36 60 65 (13) N S MM
  5381C>T R129X   37, 38 <60 <60 (14) Y M (9) NM
  5381C>T "   39-42 <60 <60 (15)      
  5381C>T "   43     (96)      
  5381C>T "   44 50 50 (11)      
New 5381C>T "   45 49 50 (1)      
New 5390C>T R132X removes Taq I site 46 50 50 (9) Y M (2) NM
  5390 C>T "   47 45 50 (96)      
  5415T>A L140X   48 50 68 (16) N S NM
New 5448-50*delC 151-152 frameshift; stop codon 251 49 52 56 (17) N S FD
New 5492T>C Y166H Creates Rsa I, Nla III sites 50 60 59 (97) N S MM
Change 5493A>G Y166C Previously known as Whitechapel 51 55 50 (18) N M (3) MM
  5493A>G "   52 49 46 (6)      
New 5493A>G "   53 52 55 (95)      
New 5501insA 169 frameshift; stop codon 192 54 42 40 (1) N S FI
  5524G>A 176 exon 3A donor splice site, transcript from mutant allele lacks exon 3A 55 60 58 (19) N S SS
New 6431A>G   5’ intron-exon splice site exon 3B. Alternative splice site creates stop codon 193 56 40 47 (98) N S SS
New 6457-59delATC 186 deletes an Ile,loses PfIM I, BsiY I sites 57 50 56 (2) N S ID
  6462C>A N187K   58 121   (20) N S MM
New 6484G>T E195X also GGC to GCC (G196A) 59   56/59 (2) N S NM
  6490C>T R197X   60 52 67 (16) Y M (2) NM
New 6490C>T "   61     (21)      
  6523-24*insA 208 frameshift, stop codon 209 62 52 51/51 (5) N S FI
New 7384T>C W225R   63     (97) N S MM
  7392-94*insA 228 frameshift, stop codon 232 64 <60 <60 (22) N S FI
  7428-29delCT 239-240 frameshift, stop codon 242 65 43 49/30 (5) N S FD
  7445delA 245 frameshift, stop codon 251 66 54 53 (23) N S FD
  7443-46*delAG 244-245 frameshift, stop codon 264 67 54 53 (23) N S FD
New 7520T>C L270P creates Dde I site 68 50 47 (9) N S MM
New 7522G>T Q271X loses Tth111 II site 69     (99) N S NM
  7580-83*delAG 290-291 frameshift, stop codon 309 70 <60 <60 (22) N S FD
  7596delA or delG 295 frameshift, stop codon 314Valine sequence variation site 71 56 65 (6) N S FD
  7634-39*del4bp 308-309 frameshift, stop codon 313 72 <60 <60 (22) N S FD
  7644-49*delGGA 311-313 deletes a E 73 47 57 (6) N S ID
  7756T>C S349P   74 60 40 (24) N S MM
New 7671delG 320 frameshift, stop codon 331 75 50 45 (1) N S FD
New 7768-69delG 353 affects exon/intron 4 splice site and abolishes Bst NI site 76 46 46 (1) N S SS
Change 9788G>A   creates cryptic splice site and high MW complex, pleiotropic effect? 77 <60 <60 (13) Y M (3) SS
  9788G>A   creates cryptic splice site, removes Hpa II site 78 52 59 (6)      
New 9788G>A   creates cryptic splice site 79 64 58 (17)      
  9819C>T R359X   80     (6) Y M (2) NM
  9819 C>T "   81 44 43 (97)      
  9852-53*delA 370 frameshift, stop codon 375 82 50 61/69 (5) N S FD
New 9858-60*delT 372 frameshift, stop codon 375 83 55 51 (2) N S FD
New 9867G>T   first nt. intron 5 84 50   (2) N S SS
New 13258T>G S380R   85 51 43 (97) N S MM
New 13277insACCG 387 frameshift, stop codon 433 86 52 50 (25) N S FI
  13278C>T A387V loses BspW I and NspB II sites 87 60 50 (26) N S MM
  13342insA 408 frameshift, stop codon 432 88 <60 <60 (14) N M (2) FI
  13342insA " frameshift, stop codon 432 89     (13)      
  13347-51*delT 410-411 frameshift, stop codon 412 90     (6) N S FD
New 13354delAA 412 frameshift, stop codon 431 91 46 58 (25) N S FD
  13354delAAGAG 412-414 frameshift, stop codon 430 92 43 30 (11) N S FD
  13379insA 421 frameshift, stop codon 432 93 73   (6) N S FI
New 13380T>C I421T abolishes Mbo II site 94 46 45 (1) N M (2) MM
New 13380T>C " abolishes Mbo II site 95 68 68 (17)      
New 13388G>C G424R gains Fsp I, Hha I and HinP I sites 96 51 48 (27) N S MM
  13387-89*insG 423-424 frameshift, stop codon 432 97 75 52 (8) N S FI
Change 13397-405del9bp 427-429 deletes A, N, P also R47H. Forms high MW complex, pleiotropic effect? 98     (13) N S ID
  13398C>A A427D gains Acc I site 99 64 48 (11) N S MM
New 13407G>A C430F   100 60 55 (1) N S MM
New 13412-4insA  432 frameshift, adds extra 18 residues to C terminus 101 50 50 (98) N S FI

In this and other tables:

A%, antigen assay result as % of normal control

F%, functional assay result.

Two results indicate two types of assay were used.Nucleotide sequence numbering (28) makes no allowance for the highly polymorphic short tandem repeat region of intron 5 (29).

* Because of the repeat nature of the sequence the nucleotides affected cannot be unequivocally assigned.CpG mutation (CpG)- N no;Y yes.Single/multiple reports (S/M) - S single; M multiple, number of reports in brackets.Mutation type (Mut. type)- NM nonsense mutation; MM missense mutation; SS splice site mutation; FI frameshift insertion; FD frameshift deletion; ID inframe deletion; FD/FI deletion and insertion resulting in frameshift; ID/I deletion and insertion remaining in frame.

Type I (Classical) deficiency: Partial (greater than 30 bp) and whole gene deletions

 

Deletion

Unique Identifier

Ref

Deletes 2761 bp, including exon 5, from 9060-9104 to 11822-11865*

102

(28)

Deletes 5’-end; breakpoint 480bp upstream from 5’ boundary of exon 3a, 5’ to 5366

103

(30)

New

Deletes 105bp between 7432 and 7536, resulting in deletion of 35 amino acids, K241 to K275. Forms high molecular weigh complex, pleiotropic effect?

104

(13)

Deletes 5’ end, exons 1,2

105

(31)

Removes 3’ end of gene, including exon 6

106

(31)

Removes 3’ end of gene, including exon 6

107

(31)

Uncharacterised

108

(98)

Whole gene deletion

109

(32)

Whole gene deletion

110

(32)

Whole gene deletion

111

(33,  34)

New

Whole gene deletion

112

(97)

New

Whole gene deletion

113

(97)

 *Precise deletion points ambiguous

Type II deficiency: Heparin binding defects

 

Nucleotide position, Mutation

Codon, Amino acid change

Variant; Unique Identifier

A%

F%

Comments

additional data in brackets

Ref

CpG

M/S

Mut. Type

2484T>A

I7N

Rouen III; 1

Additional carbohydrate

(57)

N

M (3)

MM

2484T>A

"

2 unnamed families; 2, 3

Also V-3E

(98)

2534C>T

R24C

Rouen IV; 4

105

56

loses BsiY I site

(58)

Y

S

MM

2586C>T

P41L

Basel; 5

104

60

loses Bcn I, Nci I, Msp I and Hpa II sites and gains BstN I, EcoR II and Gsu I sites

(59)

Y

M (18)

MM

2586C>T

"

Clichy I; 6

110

68

"

(41)

2586C>T

"

Clichy 2; 7

"

(41)

2586C>T

"

Franconville; 8

"

(41)

2586C>T

"

2 unnamed families; 9, 10

"

(101)

2586C>T

"

4 unnamed families; 11-13

"

(38)

2586C>T

"

Dublin 2; 14

"

(60)

2586C>T

"

unnamed; 15

"

(98)

2586C>T

"

unnamed; 16

"

(Also V-3E)

(98)

New

2586C>T

"

unnamed; 17

100

47

"

(61)

New

2586C>T

"

unnamed; 18

90

52

"

(98)

New

2586C>T

"

2 unnamed families; 19. 20

100

70-75

"

(96)

New

2586C>T

"

unnamed; 21

115

69

"

(97)

2603C>T

R47C

Toyama; 22

100

26

(Homozygous)

gains Age I site

(62)

Y

M (19)

MM

2603C>T

"

Tours; 23

"

(63)

2603C>T

"

Alger; 24

Homozygous

"

(64)

2603C>T

"

Paris 1; 25

127

54

"

(41)

2603C>T

"

Paris 2; 26

100

60

"

(41)

2603C>T

"

3 unnamed families; 27-29

"

(101)

2603C>T

"

Padua 2; 30

100

60

"

(65)

2603C>T

"

unnamed; 31

"

(38)

2603C>T

"

Barcelona 2; 32

100

60

"

(66)

2603C>T

"

Amiens; 33

"

(67)

2603C>T

"

Kumamoto; 34

100

28

(Homozygous)

"

(68)

2603C>T

"

unnamed; 35

"

(98)

2603C>T

"

2 unnamed families; 36, 37

90

60

"

(95)

New

2603C>T

"

Omura; 38

109

16

(Homozygous)

"

(100)

New

2603C>T

"

Sasebo; 39

140

70

"

(100)

New

2603C>T

"

unnamed; 40

106

45

"

(97)

2603C>A

R47S

Rouen II; 41

102

64

loses Cfr 10 I site

(69)

N

S

MM

2604G>A

R47H

Rouen I; 42

111

55

gains Nsp I/NspC I, Nsp7524 I and Nla III sites

(70)

Y

M (15)

MM

2604G>A

"

Padua I; 43

95

73

"

(71)

2604G>A

"

Bligny; 44

100

60

"

(72)

2604G>A

"

2 unnamed families; 45, 46

"

(38)

2604G>A

"

3 unnamed families; 47-49

"

(101)

2604G>A

"

unnamed; 50

"

(25)

2604G>A

"

3 unnamed families; 51-53

"

(98)

2604G>A

"

unnamed; 54

115

75

"

(95)

2604G>A

"

Budapest 2; 55

"

(95)

New

2604G>A

"

unnamed; 56

"

(95)

2759C>T

L99F

Budapest 3; 57

77

(Homozygous)

loses Mnl I and Gsu I sites

(73)

N

M (5)

MM

2759C>T

"

Budapest 7; 58

70

70

"

(95)

2759C>T

"

unnamed; 59

54-75

19-54

(Homozygous)

"

(95)

2759C>T

"

unnamed; 60

71

55

"

(95)

New

2759C>T

"

unnamed; 61

55

56

"

(96)

New

2759C>G

L99V

Southport; 62

56

68

Variant detected by CIE

loses Mnl I and Gsu I sites, gains Tth111 I site

(61)

N

S

MM

New

5342T>C

S116P

Nagasaki; 63

110

55

(74)

N

S

MM

New

5349A>C

Q118P

Vienna; 64

104

52

loses Bcl I and BstY I sites and gains Alw I site - last of little diagnostic value as another site only 5bp away

(61)

N

S

MM

5382G>A

R129Q

Geneva; 65

100

50

loses Hinf I and Ple I sites

(75)

Y

M (4)

MM

5382G>A

"

unnamed; 66

"

(101)

5382G>A

"

unnamed; 67

"

(98)

5382G>A

"

unnamed; 68

169

75

"

(95)

7420G>A

E237K

Truro; 69

gains Mbo II and Xmn I

(102)

N

S

MM

Entries in bold and italics were the first report of this mutation

CpG - N no;Y yes.

Single/multiple reports (S/M) - S single; M multiple, number of reports in brackets.

Mut type Mutation type - MM missense mutation

Type II deficiency: Pleiotropic effects

Nucleotide position, Mutation

Codon, Amino acid change

Variant; Unique Identifier

A%

F%

Comments

Ref

CpG

M/S

Mut. Type

13323T>G

F402C

Rosny; 1

70

52

(76, 77)

N

S

MM

13323T>C

F402S

Torino; 2

69

46

gains BsaJ I and Sty I sites

(76, 77)

N

S

MM

13324C>A

F402L

Maisons Laffitte; 3

73

56

gains Dra I and Mse I sites

(77)

N

M (2)

MM

13324C>A

"

unnamed; 4

73

62/41

"

(78)

13328G>A

A404T

Oslo; 5

48

50

loses Hae III and Hae I sites - of little diagnostic value as another site only 5bp away

(77, 79)

N

M (3)

MM

13328G>A

"

Paris 3; 6

72

48

"

(77)

13328G>A

"

unnamed; 7

100

50/65

"

(11)

13333C>G

N405K

La Rochelle; 8

73

55

(Also V-3E)

gains Mnl I site

(77)

N

M (2)

MM

13333C>G

"

1 family; 9

32/57

"

(98)

New

13334A>G

R406G

unnamed; 10

78

32

gains Sau 96 I site, loses Hae I and Stu I sites

(96)

N

S

MM

13335G>T

R406M

Kyoto; 11

Described as type I deficiency

loses Stu I site and gains Nsp I/NspC I and Nsp7524 sites

(80)

N

S

MM

13337C>A

P407T

Budapest 5; 12

100

70

(Also Protein C deficiency)

loses Stu I, Hae I and Hae III sites - last 2 of little diagnostic value as another site only 5bp away

(77)

N

M (2)

MM

New

13337C>A

"

unnamed; 13

86

72

"

(96)

13338C>T

P407L

Utah; 14

50

50

loses Stu I, Hae I and Hae III sites - last 2 of little diagnostic value as another site only 5bp away

(81)

N

M (2)

MM

New

13338C>T

"

unnamed; 15

"

(95)

New

13392G>C

R425T

unnamed; 16

37

42/45

gains Bsp 1286 I site

(96)

N

M (2)

MM

New

13392G>C

"

unnamed; 17

50-56

50-59

"

(103)

13404C>T

P429L

Budapest; 18

75

20

Homozygous, but 2 plasma forms

(82)

N

S

MM

Entries in bold and italics were the first report of this mutation

CpG mutation (CpG)- N no;Y yes.

Single/multiple reports (S/M) - S single; M multiple, number of reports in brackets.

Mutation type (Mut. type)- MM missense mutation

Type II deficiency: Reactive site defects

Nucleotide position, Mutation

Codon, Amino acid change

Variant; Unique Identifier

A%

F%

Comments

additional data in brackets

Ref

CpG

S/M

Mut.

type

 

6460A>G

N187D

Rouen VI; 1

160

51/65

Increased heparin affinity

Forms polymers

(35)

N

M (3)

MM

 

6460A>G

"

unnamed; 2

98

55

 

(20)

     
 

6460A>G

"

unnamed;3

77

62

 

(96)

     

New

7464G>A

M251I

unnamed;4

73

52

 

(7)

N

S

MM

 

7562T>A

I284N

Haslar;5

69

64/82

 

(98)

N

S

MM

New

7615G>A

E302K

unnamed; 6

88

70

loses Mnl I site

(98)

N

S

MM

 

13262G>A

A382T

Hamilton; 7

100

50

(Transformed into substrate)

loses Bbv I site and Fnv4H I site

(36, 37)

Y

M (4)

MM

 

13262G>A

"

unnamed; 8

   

"

(38)

     
 

13262G>A

"

Glasgow II; 9

100

56

(Transformed into substrate)

(39)

     
 

13262G>A

"

unnamed; 10

108

28/71

"

(98)

     
 

13268G>C

A384P

Charleville; 11

100

60

(Transformed into substrate)

loses Bbv I site, Fnv4H I site, BspW I site

(40, 41)

N

M (6)

MM

 

13268G>C

 

Cambridge I; 12

95

54

"

(42)

     
 

13268G>C

"

Vicenza; 13

105

62

(Transformed into substrate)

"

(40)

     
 

13268G>C

"

unnamed; 14

   

"

(38)

     
 

13268G>C

"

Sudbury; 15

119

56

"

(43)

     

New

13268G>C

"

unnamed; 16

100

60

"

(95)

     
 

13268G>T

A384S

Cambridge II; 17

103

75

loses Bbv I site, Fnv4H I site, BspW I site and Pvu II site

(44)

N

M (20)

MM

 

13268G>T

"

unnamed; 18

   

"

(98)

     
 

13268G>T

"

unnamed; 19

113

59

"

(98)

     
 

13268G>T

"

unnamed; 20

108

 

"

(98)

     
 

13268G>T

"

13 unnamed cases; 21-33

94

95/76

"

(all but 3 asymptomatic)

(98)

     
 

13268G>T

"

unnamed; 34

100

74

"

(95)

     

New

13268G>T

"

unnamed; 35

90

75

"

(96)

     

New

13268G>T

"

unnamed; 36

90

74

"

(98)

     
 

13293G>A

G392D

Stockholm; 37

   

loses Eae I site,Gdi II site, Hae III site and BceF I site

(45)

Y

S

MM

 

13295C>T

R393C

Northwick Park; 38

162

65

complex with albumin

loses Eae I site,Gdi II site, Hae III site and BceF I site

(46, 47)

Y

M (3)

MM

 

13295C>T

"

Milano I; 39

   

"

(48)

     
 

13295C>T

"

Frankfurt I; 40

100

60

"

(49,50)

     
 

13296G>A

R393H

Glasgow; 41

87

43

(Increased heparin affinity)

loses Gdi II site and BceF I sites and gains Hae I and Msc I sites

(47)

Y

M (7)

MM

 

13296G>A

"

Sheffield; 42

75

54

"

(51)

     
 

13296G>A

"

Chicago; 43

96

37

(Increased heparin affinity)

"

(52)

     
 

13296G>A

"

Avranches; 44

100

59

"

(41)

     
 

13296G>A

"

unnamed; 45

   

"

(98)

     

New

13296G>A

"

unnamed; 46

93

56

"

(96)

     

New

13296G>A

"

Kumamoto II; 47

92

61

(Increased heparin affinity)

"

(100)

     
 

13296G>C

R393P

Pescara; 48

100

62

Increased heparin affinity

loses Eae I site, Gdi II site, BceF I site and gains Sau96 I site

(53, 54)

N

S

MM

 

13299C>T

S394L

Denver,49

92

54

increased clearance ?

(55)

Y

M (7)

MM

 

13299C>T

"

Milano 2; 50

     

(56)

     
 

13299C>T

"

unnamed; 51

123

68

 

(11)

     

New

13299C>T

"

4 unnamed cases; 52-55

100

66-71

 

(7)

 

Entries in bold were the first report of this mutation.

CpG mutation (CpG)- N no;Y yes.

Single/multiple reports (S/M)) - S single; M multiple, number of reports in brackets.

Mutation type (Mut.Type) - MM missense mutation

Polymorphisms/sequence variations

Nucleotide Position, Sequence

Location

Detection

Comment

Ref

(-276), 76bp dimorphism

5’ untranslated region

*

Slow 0.25, Fast 0.75

(83)

(-159), T/C

"

DGGE

T 0.96, C 0.04 ***

(95)

67G>A

"

Very low; found in deficient family and not in 78 normal alleles

(6)

2457T/A

Exon 2; -3V/E

sequencing

4 families

(60)

"

"

3 families, one also N405K

(95)

"

"

4 families, 2 also I7N, one also P41L

(98)

"

"

1 family

(96)

"

"

1 family with type I deficiency

(11)

New

2523T/C

Exon 2; 20M/T

sequencing

Previously Whitechapel

(20)

New

5469A/G

Exon 3a; 158Y/C

sequencing

4 families, 3 of Danish origin

(7)

7596G/A

Exon 4; 295V

sequencing

GTG 0.43**, GTA 0.57

(82)

7626G/A

Exon 4; 305Q

Pst I

+ 0.5,-0.5

(33)

7987T/C

Intron 4

Nhe I

+0.64,-0.36

(84)

9820G/A

Exon 5; R/Q

sequencing

1 family

(102)

8136-8153 (ATT)n

Intron 4; Alu 5 tail

sequencing

n = 6,8

(29)

9289-9333 (ATT)n

Intron 4; Alu 8 tail

sequencing

Highly polymorphic n = 5-18

(95)

9893C/G

Intron 5

Dde I

= +0.83,-0.17

(85)

* can be detected by visualisation of amplified DNA fragments spanning the polymorphism (8, 86)

** based upon sequencing 20 alleles

*** based on analyzing 156 alleles by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)

+ presence of restriction enzyme cutting site, - absence of restriction enzyme cutting site

Nature of mutations in antithrombin deficiency

Distinct mutations

Total database entries

Missense mutation

60 (35)

171 (143)

Nonsense mutation

8 (0)

19 (0)

Inframe deletion

7 (0)

10 (0)

Frameshift deletion

20 (0)

20 (0)

Frameshift insertion

11 (0)

13 (0)

Splice site mutation

7 (0)

9 (0)

Major gene deletion

12 (0)

12 (0)

Frameshift deletion/Frameshift

insertion

1 (0)

1 (0)

Inframe deletion/insertion

1 (0)

1 (0)

Totals

127 (35)

256 (143)

 "Distinct mutations" do not include those repeated mutations that may have arisen independently

 The entries are of total numbers in the database, while those in brackets refer to type II deficiency mutations.

Antithrombin gene mutation by subtype

Distinct

Total

I

Point mutations

80

101

Partial/whole deletions

12

12

II

RS

12

55

HBS

12

70

PE

11

18

Totals

127

256

RS : Reactive site mutations

HBS : Heparin binding site mutations

PE : Mutations with pleiotropic effects

CpG dinucleotide mutations in antithrombin deficiency

CpG dinucleotide mutations in antithrombin deficiency

RS : Reactive site mutations

HBS : Heparin binding site mutations

PE : Mutations with pleiotropic effects " Distinct mutations" do not include those repeated mutations which may have arisen independantly Type I includes point mutations, partial and whole gene deletions Numbers in brackets include total number of entries in the database for each category CpG mutations are those involving CG to TG or CA substitution mutations.

References

1. van Boven HH, Olds RJ, Thein SL, Reitsma PH, Lane DA, Briet E, Vandenbroucke JP, Rosendaal FR. Hereditary antithrombin deficiency: heterogeneity of the molecular basis and mortality in Dutch families. Blood 1994; 84: 4209-4213. 

2. Csurgay E, Ireland H, Thompson E, Conard J, Mannucci PM, Andrews V, Worsley A, Sas G, Lane DA. Novel mutations in seven families with type I antithrombin deficiency. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1995; 73: 935. 

3. Daly M, Perry DJ, Bruce DB, Harper PL, Tait RC, Walker ID, Mayne EE, Daly HM, Brown K, Carrell RW. Type I antithrombin deficiency: 5 novel mutations associated with thrombosis. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 1996. 

4. Daly ME, Perry DJ, Harper PL, Carrell RW. The molecular basis of quantitative antithrombin deficiency in 8 unrelated families. British Journal of Haematology 1992; 80: 15. 

5. Daly M, Perry DJ, Harper PL, Daly HM, Roques AWW, Carrell RW. Insertions/deletions in the antithrombin gene: 3 mutations associated with non-expression. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1992; 67: 521-525. 

6. Chowdhury V, Olds RJ, Lane DA, Conard J, Pabinger I, Ryan K, Bauer K, Bhavani M, Abildgaard U, Finazzi G, Castaman G, Mannucci PM, Thein SL. Identification of nine novel mutations in type I antithrombin deficiency by heteroduplex screening. British Journal of Haematology 1993; 84: 656-661. 

7. Millar DS, Wacey AI, Ribando J, Melissari E, Laursen B, Woods P, Kakkar VV, Cooper DN. Three novel missense mutations in the antithrombin III (AT3) gene causing recurrent venous thrombosis. Human Genetics 1995; 94: 509-512. 

8. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Ireland H, Leone G, De Stefano V, Wiesel ML, Cazenave JP, Thein SL. Novel point mutations leading to type I antithrombin deficiency and thrombosis. British Journal of Haematology 1991; 78: 408-413. 

9. Perry DJ. Ectopic transcript analysis in human antithrombin deficiency. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 1995; 6: 531-536. 

10. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Beresford CH, Abildgaard U, Hughes PM, Thein SL. A recurrent deletion in the antithrombin gene, AT106-108(-6bp), identified by DNA heteroduplex detection. Genomics 1993; 16: 298-299. 

11. Millar DS, Lopez A, White D, Abraham G, Laursen B, Holding S, Reverter JC, Reynand J, Martinowitz U, Hayes JPLA, Kakkar VV, Cooper DN. Screening for mutations in the antithrombin III (AT3) gene causing recurrent venous thrombosis by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Human Mutation 1993; 2: 324-326. 

12. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Finazzi G, Barbui T, Thein SL. A frameshift mutation leading to type 1 antithrombin deficiency and thrombosis. Blood 1990; 76: 2182-2186. 

13. Emmerich J, Vidaud D, Alhenc-Gelas M, Chadeuf G, Gouault-Heilmann M, Aillaud MF, Aiach M. Three novel mutations of antithrombin inducing high molecular mass compounds. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1994; 14: 1958-1965. 

14. Gandrille S, Vidaud D, Emmerich J, Clauser E, Sie P, Fiessinger JN, Alhenc-Gelas M, Priollet P, Aiach M. Molecular basis for hereditary antithrombin III quantitative deficiencies: a stop codon in exon IIIa and a frameshift in exon V1. British Journal of Haematology 1991; 78: 414-420. 

15. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Ireland H, Finazzi G, Barbui T, Abildgaard U, Girolami A, Thein SL. A common point mutation producing type Ia antithrombin III deficiency: AT129 CGA to TGA (Arg to Stop). Thrombosis Research 1991; 64: 621-625. 

16. Tomonori A, Iwahana H, Yoshimoto K, Shigekiyo T, Saito S, Itakura M. Two new nonsense mutations in type Ia antithrombin III deficiency at Leu140 and Arg197. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1992; 68: 455-459. 

17. Jochmans K, Lissens W, Yin T, Michiels JJ, van der Luit L, Peerlinc- K, Vervoot R, De Wale M, Liebaers I. Molecular basis for type I antithrombin deficiency: identification of two novel mutations and evidence for a de novo splice mutation. Blood 1994; 84: 3742-3748. 

18. Perry DJ, Daly ME, Colvin BT, Brown K, Carrell RW. Two antithrombin mutations in a compound heterozygote: Met20Thr and Tyr166Cys. American Journal of Hematology 1995; 50: 215-216. 

19. Berg LP, Grundy CB, Thomas F, Millar DS, Green PJ, Slomski R, Reiss J, Kakkar VV, Cooper DN. De novo splice site mutation in the antithrombin III (AT3) gene causing recurrent venous thrombosis: demonstration of exon skipping by ectopic transcript analysis. Genomics 1992; 13: 1359-1361. 

20. Perry DJ, Marshall C, Borg JY, Tait RC, Daly ME, Walker ID, Carrell RW. Two new antithrombin variants, Asn 187 Lys, indicate a functional role for asparagine 187. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 1995; 6: 51-54. 

21. Michiels JJ, van der Luit L, van Vliet H, Jochmans K, Lissens W. Nonsense mutation in Arg 197 stop in a Dutch family with type I hereditary antithrombin deficiency causing thrombophilia. Thrombosis Research 1995; 78: 251-254. 

22. Vidaud D, Emmerich J, Sirieix ME, Sie P, Alhenc-Gelas M, Aiach M. Molecular basis for antithrombin III type I deficiency: 3 novel mutations located in exon IV. Blood 1991; 78: 2305-2309. 

23. Grundy CB, Thomas F, Millar DS, Krawczak M, Melissari E, Lindo V, Moffat E, Kakkar VV, Cooper DN. Recurrent deletion in the human antithrombin III gene. Blood 1991; 78: 1027-1032. 

24. Grundy CB, Holding S, Millar DS, Kakkar VV, Cooper DN. A novel missense mutation in the antithrombin III gene (Ser 349 to Pro) causing recurrent venous thrombosis. Human Genetics 1992; 88: 707-708.

25. Emmerich J, Chadeuf G, Alhenc-Gelas M, Gouault-Heilmann M, Toulon P, Fiessinger JN, Aiach M. Molecular basis of antithrombin type I deficiency: the first large in-frame deletion and two novel mutations in exon 6. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1994; 72: 534-539. 

26. White D, Abraham G, Carter C, Kakkar VV, Cooper DN. A novel missense mutation in the antithrombin III gene (Ala 387 to Val) causing recurrent venous thrombosis. Human Genetics 1993; 90: 472-473. 

27. Jochmans K, Lissens W, Vervoot R, Peeters S, De Wale M, Liebaers I. Antithrombin-Gly 424 Arg: a novel point mutation responsible for type I antithrombin deficiency and neonatal thrombosis. Blood 1994; 83: 146-151. 

28. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Chowdury V, De Stefano V, Leone G, Thein SL. Complete nucleotide sequence of the antithrombin gene. Evidence for homologous recombination causing thrombophilia. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 4216-4224. 

29. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Chowdury V, Sas G, Pabinger I, Auberger K, Thein SL. (ATT) trinucleotide repeats in the antithrombin gene and their use in determining the origin of repeated mutations. Human Mutation 1994; 4: 31-41. 

30. Fernandez-Rachubinski RA, Rachubinski RA, Blajchman MA. Partial deletion of antithrombin III allele in a kindred with a type I deficiency. Blood 1992; 80: 1476-1485. 

31. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Chowdury V, Samson D, DeStafano V, Leone G, Wiesel ML, Cazenave JP, Conard J, Thein SL. Major rearrangements within the antithrombin gene locus: an unusual cause for antithrombin deficiency. British Journal of Haematology 1992; 40. 

32. Winter JH, Bennett B, Watt JL, Brown T, San Roman C, Schinzel A, King J, Cooke PJL. Confirmation of linkage between antithrombin III and Duffy blood group and assignment of AT3 to 1q22-25. Annals of Human Genetics 1982; 26: 29-34. 

33. Prochownik EV, Antonarakis S, Bauer KA, Rosenberg RD, Fearon ER, Orkin SH. Molecular heterogeneity of inherited antithrombin III deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 1983; 308: 1549-1552. 

34. Bock SC, Prochownik EV. Molecular genetic survey of 16 kindreds with hereditary antithrombin III deficiency. Blood 1987; 70: 1273-1278. 

35. Bruce D, Perry DJ, Borg J-Y, Carrell RW, Wardell MR. Thromboembolic disease due to thermolabile conformational changes of antithrombin Rouen VI (187 Asn to Asp). Journal of Clinical Investigation 1994; 94: 2265-2274. 

36. Devraj-Kizu- R, Chui DHK, Prochownik EV, Carter CJ, Ofosu FA, Blajchman MA. Antithrombin III Hamilton: a gene with a point mutation (guanine to adenine) in codon 382 causing impaired serine protease reactivity. Blood 1988; 72: 1518-1523. 

37. Austin RC, Rachubinski RA, Ofosu FA, Blajchman MA. Antithrombin-III-Hamilton, Ala 382 to Thr: an antithrombin -III variant that acts as a substrate but not an inhibitor of a-thrombin and Factor Xa. Blood 1991; 77: 2185-2189.  

38. Perry DJ, Carrell RW. CpG dinucleotides are "hotspots" for mutation in the antithrombin III gene. Twelve variants identified using the polymerase chain reaction. Molecular Biology in Medicine 1989; 6: 239-243. 

39. Ireland H, Lane DA, Thompson E, Walker ID, Blench I, Morris HR, Freyssinet JM, Grunebaun L, Olds R, Thein SL. Antithrombin Glasgow II: alanine to threonine mutation in the serpin P12 position, resulting in a substrate reaction with thrombin. British Journal of Haematology 1991; 79: 70-74. 

40. Caso R, Lane DA, Thompson EA, Olds RJ, Thein SL, Panico M, Blench I, Morris H, Freyssinet JM, Aiach M, Rodeghiero F, Finazzi G. Antithrombin Vicenza, Ala 384 to Pro (GCA to CCA) mutation transforming the inhibitor into a substrate. British Journal of Haematology 1991; 77: 87-92. 

41. Mohlo-Sabatier P, Aiach M, Gaillard I, Fiessinger JN, Fischer AM, Chadeuf G, Clauser E. Molecular characterization of antithrombin III (AT III) variants using polymerase chain reaction. Identification of the ATIII Charleville as an Ala384 Pro mutation. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1989; 84: 1236-1241. 

42. Perry DJ, Harper PL, Fairham S, Daly M, Carrell RW. Antithrombin Cambridge, 384 Ala to Pro: A new variant identified using the polymerase chain reaction. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 1989; 254: 174-176. 

43. Penwarchuk WJ, Fernandez-Rachubinski F, Rachubinski RA, Blajchman MA. Antithrombin III Sudbury, an Ala 384 to Pro mutation with abnormal thrombin binding activity and thrombotic diathesis. Thrombosis Research. 1990; 59: 793-798. 

44. Perry DJ, Daly M, Harper PL, Tait RC, Price J, Walker ID, Carrell RW. Antithrombin Cambridge II, 384 Ala to Ser. Further evidence of the role of the reactive centre loop in the inhibitory function of the serpin. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 1991; 285: 248-250. 

45. Blajchman MA, Fernandez-Rachubinsky F, Sheffield WP, Austin RC, Schulman S. Antithrombin III Stockholm: a codon 392 (Gly to Asp) mutation with normal heparin binding and impaired serine protease reactivity. Blood 1992; 79: 1428-1434. 

46. Erdjument H, Lane DA, Ireland H, Panico M, DiMarzo V, Blench I, Morris HR. Formation of a covalent disulfide-linked antithrombin complex by an antithrombin variant, antithrombin Northwick Park. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1987; 262: 13381-13384. 

47. Erdjument H, Lane DA, Panico M, diMarzo V, Morris HR. Single amino acid substitutions in the reactive site of antithrombin leading to thrombosis. Congenital substitution of arginine 393 to cysteine in antithrombin Northwick Park and to histidine in antithrombin Glasgow. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1988; 263: 5589-5593. 

48. Erdjument H, Lane DA, Ireland H, DiMarzo V, Panico M, Morris HR, Tripodi A, Mannucci PM. Antithrombin Milano, single amino acid substitution at the reactive site, Arg 393 to Cys. Thombosis and Haemostasis 1988; 60: 471-475. 

49. Ireland H, Lane DA, Thompson E, Olds R, Thein SL, Hach-Wunderle V, Scharrer I. Antithrombin Frankfurt I: arginine to cysteine substitution at the reactive site and formation of a variant antithrombin-albumin covalent complex. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1991; 65: 913. 

50. van Boven HH, Reitsma PH, Rosendaal FR, Bayston TA, Chowdhury V, Bauer K, Scharrer I, Conard J, Lane DA. Factor V Leiden (FV R506Q) in families with inherited antithrombin deficiency. Thromb Haemost 1996; 75: 417-421. 

51. Lane DA, Erdjument H, Flynn A, DiMarzo V, Panico M, Morris H, Greaves M, Dolan G, Preston FE. Antithrombin Sheffield: amino acid substitution at the reactive site (Arg 393 to His) causing thrombosis. British Journal of Haematology 1989; 71: 91-96. 

52. Erdjument H, Lane DA, Panico M, DiMarzo V, Morris HR, Bauer K, Rosenberg RD. Antithrombin Chicago, amino acid substitution of arginine 393 to histidine. Thrombosis Research 1989; 54: 613-619. 

53. Lane DA, Erdjument H, Thompson E, Panico M, DiMarzo V, Morris HR, Leone G, De Stefano V, Thein SL. A novel amino acid substitution in the reactive site of a congenital variant antithrombin. Antithrombin Pescara, Arg 393 to Pro, caused by CGT to CCT mutation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1989; 264: 10200-10204. 

54. Owen MC, George PM, Lane DA, Boswell DR. P1 variant antithrombins Glasgow (393 Arg to His) and Pescara (393 Arg to Pro) have increased heparin affinity and are resistant to catalytic cleavage by elastase. Implications for the heparin activation mechanism. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 1991; 280: 216-220. 

55. Stephens AW, Thalley BS, Hirs CHW. Antithrombin Denver, a reactive site variant. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1987; 262: 1044-1048. 

56. Olds RJ, Lane D, Caso R, Tripodi A, Mannucci PM, Thein SL. Antithrombin III Milano 2: a single base substitution in the thrombin binding domain detected with PCR and direct genomic sequencing. Nucleic Acids Research 1989; 17: 10511. 

57. Brennan SO, Borg JY, George PM, Soria C, Soria J, Caen J, Carrell RW. New carbohydrate site in mutant antithrombin (7Ile-Asn) with decreased heparin affinity. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 1988; 237: 118-122. 

58. Borg JY, Brennan SO, Carrell RW, George P, Perry DJ, Shaw J. Antithrombin Rouen IV 24 Arg to Cys. The amino terminal contribution to heparin binding. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 1990; 266: 163-166. 

59. Chang JY, Tran TH. Antithrombin Basel. Identification of a Pro-Leu substitution in a hereditary abnormal antithrombin with impaired heparin cofactor activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1986; 261: 1174-1176. 

60. Daly M, Bruce D, Perry DJ, Price J, Harper PL, O'Meara A, Carrell RW. Antithrombin Dublin (-3 Val to Glu): an N-terminal variant which has an aberrant signal peptide cleavage site. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 1990; 273: 87-90. 

61. Chowdhury V, Mille B, Olds RJ, Lane DA, Watton J, Barrowcliffe TW, Pabinger I, Woodcock BE, Thein SL. Antithrombins Southport (99 Leu to Val) and Vienna (118 Gln to Pro): two novel antithrombin variants with abnormal heparin binding. British Journal of Haematology 1995; 89: 602-609. 

62. Koide T, Odani S, Takahashi K, Ono T, Sakuragawa N. Antithrombin III Toyama; replacement of Arginine 47 by Cysteine in hereditary abnormal antithrombin III that lacks heparin-binding ability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 1984; 81: 289-293. 

63. Duchange N, Chasse JF, Cohen GN, Zakin MM. Identification of a mutation leading to cysteine replacement in a silent deficiency. Nucleic Acids Research 1986; 14: 2408. 

64. Brunel F, Duchange N, Fischer AM, Cohen GN, Zakin MM. Antithrombin III Alger: a new case of Arg 47 - Cys mutation. American Journal of Haematology 1987; 25: 223-224. 

65. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Caso R, Girolami A, Thein SL. Antithrombin III Padua II: a single base substitution in exon 2 detected using PCR and direct genomic sequencing. Nucleic Acids Research 1990; 18: 1926. 

66. Owen MC, Shaw GJ, Grau E, Fontcuberta J, Carrell RW, Boswell DR. Molecular characterisation of antithrombin Barcelona 2: 47 arginine to cysteine. Thrombosis Research 1989; 55: 451-457. 

67. Fernandez-Rachubinski F, Rachubinski R, Blajchman MA. Genetic characterisation of kindreds with antithrombin III (AT-III) deficiency using selected amplification of the gene. Blood 1990; 76: 506a. 

68. Ueyama H, Murakami T, Nishiguchi S, Maeda S, Hashimoto Y, Okajima K, Shimada K, Araki S. Antithrombin Kumamoto. Identification of a point mutation and genotype analysis of the family. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1990; 63: 231-234. 

69. Borg JY, Owen MC, Soria C, Soria J, Caen J, Carrell RW. Arginine 47 is a prime heparin binding site in antithrombin. A new variant Rouen II, 47 Arg to Ser. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1988; 81: 1292-1296. 

70. Owen MC, Borg JY, Soria C, Soria J, Caen J, Carrell RW. Heparin binding defect in new antithrombin III variant: Rouen, 47 Arg to His. Blood 1987; 69: 1275-1279. 

71. Caso R, Lane DA, Thompson E, Zangouras D, Panico M, Morris H, Olds RJ, Thein SL, Girolami A. Antithrombin Padua I: impaired heparin binding caused by an Arg 47 to His (CGT to CAT) substitution. Thrombosis Research 1990; 58: 185-190. 

72. Wolf M, Boyer-Neumann C, Mohlo-Sabatier P, Neumann C, Meyer D, Larrieu MJ. Familial variant of antithrombin III (AT III Bligny, 47 Arg to His) associated with protein C deficiency. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1990; 63: 215-219. 

73. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Boisclair M, Sas G, Bock SC, Thein SL. Antithrombin Budapest 3: an antithrombin variant with reduced heparin affinity resulting from the substitution L99F. Federation of European Societies Letters 1992; 300: 241-246. 

74. Okajima K, Abe H, Maeda S, Motomura M, Tsujihata M, Nagataki S, Okabe H, Takatsuki K. Antithrombin III Nagasaki (Ser116-Pro): a heterozygous variant with defective heparin binding associated with thrombosis. Blood 1993; 81: 1300-1305. 

75. Gandrille S, Aiach M, Lane DA, Vidaud D, Mohlo-Sabatier P, Caso R, de Moerloose P, Fiessinger JN, Clauser E. Important role of Arg 129 in heparin binding site of antithrombin III: identification of novel mutation Arg 129 to Gln. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1990; 265: 18997-19001. 

76. Olds RJ, Thein SL, Ireland H, Lane DA, Boisclair M, Conard J, Horellou MH. Identification of 402 phenylalanine as a functionally important residue in antithrombin. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1991; 65: 670. 

77. Lane DA, Olds RJ, Conard J, Boisclair M, Bock SC, Hultin M, Abildgaard U, Ireland H, Thompson E, Sas G, Horellou MH, Tamponi G, Thein SL. Pleiotropic effects of antithrombin strand 1C substitution mutations. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1992; 90: 2422-2433. 

78. Emmerich J, Chadeuf G, Coetzee MJ, Alhenc-Gelas M, Friessinger J-N, Aiach M. A phenylalanine 402 to leucine mutation is responsible for a stable inactive conformation of antithrombin. Thrombosis Research 1994; 76: 307-315. 

79. Bock SC, Silberman JA, Wikoff W, Abildgaard U, Hultin MB. Identification of a threonine for alanine substitution at residue 404 of antithrombin III Oslo suggests integrity of the 404-407 region is important for maintaining normal inhibitor levels. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1989; 62: 494. 

80. Nakagawa M, Tanaka S, Tsuji H, Takada O, Ono T. Congenital antithrombin deficiency (ATIII Kyoto): identification of a point mutation altering arginine-406 to methionine behind the reactive site. Thrombosis Research 1991; 64: 101-108. 

81. Bock SC, Marrinan JA, Radziejewska E. Antithrombin III Utah: proline 407 to leucine mutation in a highly conserved region near the inhibitor reactive site. Biochemistry 1988; 27: 6171-6178. 

82. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Caso R, Panico M, Morris HR, Sas G, Dawes J, Thein SL. Antithrombin III Budapest: a single amino acid substitution (429Pro to Leu) in a region highly conserved in the serpin super family. Blood 1992; 79: 1206-1212. 

83. Bock SC, Levitan DJ. Characterisation of an unusual length polymorphism 5' to the antithrombin III gene. Nucleic Acids Research 1983; 11: 8569-8582. 

84. Bock SC, Radziejewska E. A Nhe 1 RFLP in the human antithrombin III gene (1q23-25) (AT3). Nucleic Acids Research 1991; 19: 2519. 

85. Daly ME, Perry DJ. Dde I polymorphism in intron 5 in the antithrombin III gene. Nucleic Acid Research 1990; 18: 5583. 

86. Wu S, Seino S, Bell GI. Human antithrombin III (AT3) gene length polymorphism revealed by the polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Research 1989; 17: 6433. 

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Acknowledgements and credits

  • Compiled by members of the Plasma Coagulation Inhibitors Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

  • The final version of the database was put together by Trevor Bayston and David Lane (Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London).
  • Image credit - Animated antithrombin molecule: this image is derived from the co-ordinates of Professor Robin Carrell and his group at the University of Cambridge (UK).