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Journal articleKasoar M, Perkins O, Millington JDA, et al., 2024,
Model fires, not ignitions: capturing the human dimension of global fire regimes
, Cell Reports Sustainability, Vol: 1, ISSN: 2949-7906Fire regimes are intrinsically shaped by humans, but current global fire models do not reflect the diverse objectives humans have for managing fire. With new data sources and collaboration across disciplines, an improved understanding of human influences on fire regimes is increasingly possible and essential to represent.
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Journal articleMülmenstädt J, Gryspeerdt E, Dipu S, et al., 2024,
General circulation models simulate negative liquid water path–droplet number correlations, but anthropogenic aerosols still increase simulated liquid water path
, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol: 24, Pages: 7331-7345, ISSN: 1680-7316General circulation models' (GCMs) estimates of the liquid water path adjustment to anthropogenic aerosol emissions differ in sign from other lines of evidence. This reduces confidence in estimates of the effective radiative forcing of the climate by aerosol–cloud interactions (ERFaci). The discrepancy is thought to stem in part from GCMs' inability to represent the turbulence–microphysics interactions in cloud-top entrainment, a mechanism that leads to a reduction in liquid water in response to an anthropogenic increase in aerosols. In the real atmosphere, enhanced cloud-top entrainment is thought to be the dominant adjustment mechanism for liquid water path, weakening the overall ERFaci. We show that the latest generation of GCMs includes models that produce a negative correlation between the present-day cloud droplet number and liquid water path, a key piece of observational evidence supporting liquid water path reduction by anthropogenic aerosols and one that earlier-generation GCMs could not reproduce. However, even in GCMs with this negative correlation, the increase in anthropogenic aerosols from preindustrial to present-day values still leads to an increase in the simulated liquid water path due to the parameterized precipitation suppression mechanism. This adds to the evidence that correlations in the present-day climate are not necessarily causal. We investigate sources of confounding to explain the noncausal correlation between liquid water path and droplet number. These results are a reminder that assessments of climate parameters based on multiple lines of evidence must carefully consider the complementary strengths of different lines when the lines disagree.
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Journal articleGraven HD, Warren H, Gibbs HK, et al., 2024,
Bomb radiocarbon evidence for strong global carbon uptake and turnover in terrestrial vegetation
, Science, Vol: 384, Pages: 1335-1339, ISSN: 0036-8075Vegetation and soils are taking up approximately 30% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions because of small imbalances in large gross carbon exchanges from productivity and turnover that are poorly constrained. We combined a new budget of radiocarbon produced by nuclear bomb testing in the 1960s with model simulations to evaluate carbon cycling in terrestrial vegetation. We found that most state-of-the-art vegetation models used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project underestimated the radiocarbon accumulation in vegetation biomass. Our findings, combined with constraints on vegetation carbon stocks and productivity trends, imply that net primary productivity is likely at least 80 petagrams of carbon per year presently, compared with the 43 to 76 petagrams per year predicted by current models. Storage of anthropogenic carbon in terrestrial vegetation is likely more short-lived and vulnerable than previously predicted.
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Journal articleAmtmann C, Pollinger A, Ellmeier M, et al., 2024,
Accuracy of the scalar magnetometer aboard ESA's JUICE mission
, GEOSCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTATION METHODS AND DATA SYSTEMS, Vol: 13, Pages: 177-191, ISSN: 2193-0856 -
Journal articleHou C, Rouillard AP, He J, et al., 2024,
Connecting Solar Wind Velocity Spikes Measured by Solar Orbiter and Coronal Brightenings Observed by SDO
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 968, ISSN: 2041-8205 -
Journal articleKrupar V, Kruparova O, Szabo A, et al., 2024,
Radial Variations in Solar Type III Radio Bursts
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 967, ISSN: 2041-8205 -
Journal articleVasko IY, Mozer FS, Bowen T, et al., 2024,
Resonance of Low-frequency Electromagnetic and Ion-sound Modes in the Solar Wind
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 967, ISSN: 2041-8205 -
Journal articleJebaraj IC, Agapitov O, Krasnoselskikh V, et al., 2024,
Acceleration of Electrons and Ions by an "Almost" Astrophysical Shock in the Heliosphere
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 968, ISSN: 2041-8205 -
Journal articleAgiwal O, Cao H, Hsu H-W, et al., 2024,
Current Events at Saturn: Ring-Planet Electromagnetic Coupling
, PLANETARY SCIENCE JOURNAL, Vol: 5 -
Journal articleEastwood JP, Brown P, Magnes W, et al., 2024,
The Vigil magnetometer for operational space weather services from the Sun-Earth L5 point
, Space Weather, Vol: 22, ISSN: 1539-4956Severe space weather has the potential to cause significant socio-economic impact and it is widely accepted that mitigating this risk requires more comprehensive observations of the Sun and heliosphere, enabling more accurate forecasting of significant events with longer lead-times. In this context, it is now recognized that observations from the L5 Sun-Earth Lagrange point (both remote and in situ) would offer considerable improvements in our ability to monitor and forecast space weather. Remote sensing from L5 allows for the observation of solar features earlier than at L1, providing early monitoring of active region development, as well as tracking of interplanetary coronal mass ejections through the inner heliosphere. In situ measurements at L5 characterize the solar wind's geoeffectiveness (particularly stream interaction regions), and can also be ingested into heliospheric models, improving their performance. The Vigil space weather mission is part of the ESA Space Safety Program and will provide a real-time data stream for space weather services from L5 following its anticipated launch in the early 2030s. The interplanetary magnetic field is a key observational parameter, and here we describe the development of the Vigil magnetometer instrument for operational space weather monitoring at the L5 point. We summarize the baseline instrument capabilities, demonstrating how heritage from science missions has been leveraged to develop a low-risk, high-heritage instrument concept.
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Journal articleFuselier SA, Petrinec SM, Reiff PH, et al., 2024,
Global-scale processes and effects of magnetic reconnection on the geospace environment
, Space Science Reviews, Vol: 220, ISSN: 0038-6308Recent multi-point measurements, in particular from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)spacecraft, have advanced the understanding of micro-scale aspects of magnetic reconnection. In addition, the MMS mission, as part of the Heliospheric System Observatory, combined with recent advances in global magnetospheric modeling, have furthered the understanding of meso- and global-scale structure and consequences of reconnection. Magneticreconnection at the dayside magnetopause and in the magnetotail are the drivers of the globalDungey cycle, a classical picture of global magnetospheric circulation. Some recent advances in the global structure and consequences of reconnection that are addressed hereinclude a detailed understanding of the location and steadiness of reconnection at the dayside magnetopause, the importance of multiple plasma sources in the global circulation, andreconnection consequences in the magnetotail. These advances notwithstanding, there areimportant questions about global reconnection that remain. These questions focus on howmultiple reconnection and reconnection variability fit into and complicate the Dungey Cyclepicture of global magnetospheric circulation.
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Journal articleArcher M, Pilipenko V, Li B, et al., 2024,
Magnetopause MHD surface wave theory: progress & challenges
, Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol: 11, ISSN: 2296-987XSharp boundaries are a key feature of space plasma environments universally, with their wave-like motion (driven by pressure variations or flow shears) playing a key role in mass, momentum, and energy transfer. This review summarises magnetohydrodynamic surface wave theory with particular reference to Earth’s magnetopause, due to its mediation of the solar-terrestrial interaction. Basic analytic theory of propagating and standing surface waves within simple models are presented, highlighting many of the typically-used assumptions. We raise several conceptual challenges to understanding the nature of surface waves within a complex environment such as a magnetosphere, including the effects of magnetic topology and curvilinear geometry, plasma inhomogeneity, finite boundary width, the presence of multiple boundaries, turbulent driving, and wave nonlinearity. Approaches to gain physical insight into these challenges are suggested. We also discuss how global simulations have proven a fruitful tool in studying surface waves in more representative environments than analytic theory allows. Finally, we highlight strong interdisciplinary links with solar physics which might help the magnetospheric community. Ultimately several upcoming missions provide motivation for advancing magnetopause surface wave theory towards understanding their global role in filtering, accumulating, and guiding turbulent solar wind driving.
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Journal articleHietala H, Trotta D, Fedeli A, et al., 2024,
Candidates for downstream jets at interplanetary shocks
, MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 531, Pages: 2415-2421, ISSN: 0035-8711 -
Journal articleKilpua EKJ, Good S, Ala-Lahti M, et al., 2024,
Permutation entropy and complexity analysis of large-scale solar wind structures and streams
, ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE, Vol: 42, Pages: 163-177, ISSN: 0992-7689 -
Journal articleOpgenoorth HJ, Robinson R, Ngwira CM, et al., 2024,
Earth’s geomagnetic environment—progress and gaps in understanding, prediction, and impacts
, Advances in Space Research, ISSN: 0273-1177Understanding of Earth’s geomagnetic environment is critical to mitigating the space weather impacts caused by disruptive geoelectric fields in power lines and other conductors on Earth’s surface. These impacts are the result of a chain of processes driven by the solar wind and linking Earth’s magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere and Earth’s surface. Tremendous progress has been made over the last two decades in understanding the solar wind driving mechanisms, the coupling mechanisms connecting the magnetically controlled regions of near-Earth space, and the impacts of these collective processes on human technologies on Earth’s surface. Studies of solar wind drivers have been focused on understanding the responses of the geomagnetic environment to spatial and temporal variations in the solar wind associated with Coronal Mass Ejections, Corotating Interaction Regions, Interplanetary Shocks, High-Speed Streams, and other interplanetary magnetic field structures. Increasingly sophisticated numerical models are able to simulate the magnetospheric response to the solar wind forcing associated with these structures. Magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling remains a great challenge, although new observations and sophisticated models that can assimilate disparate data sets have improved the ability to specify the electrodynamic properties of the high latitude ionosphere. The temporal and spatial resolution needed to predict the electric fields, conductivities, and currents in the ionosphere is driving the need for further advances. These parameters are intricately tied to auroral phenomena—energy deposition due to Joule heating and precipitating particles, motions of the auroral boundary, and ion outflow. A new view of these auroral processes is emerging that focuses on small-scale structures in the magnetosphere and their ionospheric effects, which may include the rapid variations in current associated with geomagnetically indu
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Conference paperBenseguane S, Guilbert-Lepoutre A, Lasue J, et al., 2024,
A new take on the formation and evolution of circular depressions at the surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
<jats:p>&#160;IntroductionSome of the comets visited by spacecraft missions display some circular depressions at their surface: 81P/Wild 2 (Brownlee et al. 2004), 9P/Tempel 1 (Belton et al. 2013), 103P/Hartley 2 (Bruck Syal et al. 2013), 67P/C-G (Vincent et al. 2015). For 67P, they consist of circular holes, half holes or cliffs, with a size range of tens of meters to a few hundreds of meters (Ip et al. 2016). Owing to the high precision of the shape model obtained from the Rosetta/OSIRIS images (Preusker et al. 2015, Sierks et al. 2015), it is possible to investigate the thermal processing of 67P&#8217;s surface in relation to the formation and evolution of these features (Mousis et al. 2015, Vincent et al. 2015, Guilbert-Lepoutre et al. 2016).&#160;&#160;MethodsWe aim to investigate the formation and evolution of 67P&#8217;s circular depressions (or pits, thereafter) by thermally-induced processes (for instance sublimation and amorphous water ice crystallization) on its current orbit. In a departure from the aforementioned studies, we consider a high-resolution shape model of the nucleus, which allows to study several facets for each pit: at the bottom, and on the walls. For each facet, the complete thermal environment is considered, including self-heating and shadowing, either by neighboring facets or due to the complex global morphology of the comet. We compute the illumination, self-heating and shadowing conditions for 125k facets during a full orbit, with a time step of ~8 min, then use these conditions as an input of a 1D thermal evolution model for each facet. The model includes standard features: heat conduction, phase transitions, gas diffusion, erosion, dust mantling (De Sanctis et al. 2005, 2010, Lasue et al. 2008). Various initial setups have been considered, and many tests were conducted to assess the influence of each parameter. The behaviour of 30 circular depressions (pits, half pits and cliffs) was stud
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Conference paperStephenson P, Galand M, Deca J, et al., 2024,
Forming a cold electron population at a weakly outgassing comet
<jats:p>The Rosetta Mission rendezvoused with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in August 2014 and escorted it for two years along its orbit. The Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC) was a suite of instruments, which observed the plasma environment at the spacecraft throughout the escort phase. The Mutual Impedance Probe (RPC/MIP; Wattieaux et al, 2020; Gilet et al., 2020) and Langmuir Probe (RPC/LAP; Engelhardt et al., 2018), both part of RPC, measured the presence of a cold electron population within the coma.Newly born electrons, generated by ionisation of the neutral gas, form a warm population within the coma at ~10eV. Ionisation is either through absorption of extreme ultraviolet photons or through collisions of energetic electrons with the neutral molecules. The cold electron population is formed by cooling the newly born, warm electrons via electron-neutral collisions. Assuming the radial outflow of electrons, the cold population was only expected at comet 67P close to perihelion, where outgassing rate from the nucleus was at its highest (Q > 1028 s-1). However, cold electrons were observed until the end of the Rosetta mission at 3.8au when the outgassing was weak (Q</jats:p>
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Journal articleProvan G, Bradley T, Bunce E, et al., 2024,
Saturn&#8217;s nightside ring current during Cassini&#8217;s Grand Finale
<jats:p>During Cassini&#8217;s Grand Finale proximal orbits, the spacecraft traversed the nightside magnetotail to ~21 Saturn radii. &#160;Clear signatures of Saturn&#8217;s equatorial current sheet are observed in the magnetic field data. &#160;An axisymmetric model of the ring current is fitted to these data, amended to taken into account the tilt of the current layer by solar wind forcing, its teardrop-shaped nature and the magnetotail and magnetopause fringing fields. &#160;Variations in ring current parameters are examined in relation to external driving of the magnetosphere by the solar wind, and internal driving by the two planetary period oscillations (PPOs) and compared with dawn and dayside regimes. &#160;The relative phasing of the PPOs determines the ring current&#8217;s response to solar wind conditions. During solar wind compressions when the PPOS are in antiphase, magnetospheric storms are triggered and a thick partial ring current is formed on the nightside, dominated by hot plasma injected by tail reconnection.&#160; However, during solar wind compressions when the PPOs are in phase, the magnetosphere shows only a &#8216;minor&#8217; response and a partial ring current is not observed. During solar wind rarefactions an equatorial &#8216;magnetodisc&#8217; configuration is observed in the dayside/dawn/nightside regions, with similar total currents flowing at these local times. &#160;This partial ring current should close partly via magnetopause currents and possibly via field-aligned currents into the ionosphere. &#160;During very quiet intervals of prolonged solar wind rarefaction, a thin current sheet with an enhanced current density is formed, indicative of a ring current dominated by cool, dense, Enceladus water group ions.</jats:p>
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Conference paperStephenson P, Galand M, Deca J, et al., 2024,
Cooling of Electrons in a Weakly Outgassing Comet
<jats:p>The plasma instruments, Mutual Impedance Probe (MIP) and Langmuir Probe (LAP), part of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC), onboard the Rosetta mission to comet 67P revealed a population of cold electrons (</jats:p>
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Conference paperRothkaehl H, Andre N, Auster U, et al., 2024,
Dust, Field and Plasma instrument onboard ESA&#8217;s Comet Interceptor &#160;mission
<jats:p>The main goal of ESA&#8217;s F-1 class Comet Interceptor mission is to characterise, for the first time, a long period comet; preferably a dynamically-new or an interstellar object. The main spacecraft, will have its trajectory outside of the inner coma, whereas two sub-spacecrafts will be targeted inside the inner coma, closer to the nucleus. The flyby of such a comet &#160;will offer unique multipoint measurement opportunity to study the comet's dusty and ionised environment in ways exceeding that of the previous cometary missions, including Rosetta.&#160;The Dust Field and Plasma (DFP) instruments located on both the main spacecraft A and on the sub-spacecraft B2, is a combined experiment dedicated to the in situ, multi-point study of the multi-phased ionized and dusty environment in the coma of the target and &#160;its interaction with the surrounding space environment and the Sun.&#160;The DFP instruments will be present in different configurations on the Comet Interceptor spacecraft A and B2. To enable the measurements on spacecraft A, the DFP is composed of 5 sensors; Fluxgate magnetometer DFP-FGM-A, Plasma instrument with nanodust and E-field measurements capabilities DFP-COMPLIMENT, Electron spectrometer DFP-LEES, Ion and energetic neutrals spectrometer DFP-SCIENA &#160;and Dust detector DFP-DISC. On board of spacecraft B2 the DFP is composed of 2 sensors: Fluxgate magnetometer DFP-FGM-B2 and Cometary dust detector DFP-DISC.&#160;The DFP instrument will measure magnetic field, the electric field, plasma parameters (density, temperature, speed), the distribution functions of electrons, ions and energetic neutrals, spacecraft potential, mass, number and spatial density of cometary dust particles and the dust impacts. &#160;&#160;The full set of DFP sensors will allow to model the comet plasma environment and its interaction with the solar wind. It will also allow to describe
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Journal articleGuo X, Wang L, Li W, et al., 2024,
Evolution of Electron Acceleration by Corotating Interaction Region Shocks at 1 au
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 966, ISSN: 2041-8205 -
Journal articleDe Keyser J, Edberg NJT, Henri P, et al., 2024,
In situ plasma and neutral gas observation time windows during a comet flyby: application to the Comet Interceptor mission
, Planetary and Space Science, Vol: 244, ISSN: 0032-0633A comet flyby, like the one planned for ESA’s Comet Interceptor mission, places stringent requirements on spacecraft resources. To plan the time line of in situ plasma and neutral gas observations during the flyby, the size of the comet magnetosphere and neutral coma must be estimated well. For given solar irradiance and solar wind conditions, comet composition, and neutral gas expansion speed, the size of gas coma and magnetosphere during the flyby can be estimated from the gas production rate and the flyby geometry. Combined with flyby velocity, the time spent in these regions can be inferred and a data acquisition plan can be elaborated for each instrument, compatible with the limited data storage capacity. The sizes of magnetosphere and gas coma are found from a statistical analysis based on the probability distributions of gas production rate, flyby velocity, and solar wind conditions. The size of the magnetosphere as measured by bow shock standoff distance is 10⁵ – 10⁶ km near 1 au in the unlikely case of a Halley-type target comet, down to a nonexistent bow shock for targets with low activity. This translates into durations up to 10³ – 10⁴ seconds. These estimates can be narrowed down when a target is identified far from the Sun, and even more so as its activity can be predicted more reliably closer to the Sun. Plasma and neutral gas instruments on the Comet Interceptor main spacecraft can monitor the entire flyby by using an adaptive data acquisition strategy in the context of a record-and-playback scenario. For probes released from the main spacecraft, the inter-satellite communication link limits the data return. For a slow flyby of an active comet, the probes may not yet be released during the inbound bow shock crossing.
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Journal articleCohen CMS, Leske RA, Christian ER, et al., 2024,
Observations of the 2022 September 5 Solar Energetic Particle Event at 15 Solar Radii
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 966, ISSN: 0004-637X -
Journal articleZank GP, Zhao L-L, Adhikari L, et al., 2024,
Characterization of Turbulent Fluctuations in the Sub-Alfvénic Solar Wind
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 966, ISSN: 0004-637X -
Journal articlePerkins O, Kasoar M, Voulgarakis A, et al., 2024,
A global behavioural model of human fire use and management: WHAM! v1.0
, Geoscientific Model Development, Vol: 17, Pages: 3993-4016, ISSN: 1991-959XFire is an integral ecosystem process and a major natural source of vegetation disturbance globally. Yet at the same time, humans use and manage fire in diverse ways and for a huge range of purposes. Therefore, it is perhaps unsurprising that a central finding of the first Fire Model Intercomparison Project was simplistic representation of humans is a substantial shortcoming in the fire modules of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). In response to this challenge, we present a novel, global geospatial model that seeks to capture the diversity of human–fire interactions. Empirically grounded with a global database of anthropogenic fire impacts, WHAM! (the Wildfire Human Agency Model) represents the underlying behavioural and land system drivers of human approaches to fire management and their impact on fire regimes. WHAM! is designed to be coupled with DGVMs (JULES-INFERNO in the current instance), such that human and biophysical drivers of fire on Earth, and their interactions, can be captured in process-based models for the first time. Initial outputs from WHAM! presented here are in line with previous evidence suggesting managed anthropogenic fire use is decreasing globally and point to land use intensification as the underlying reason for this phenomenon.
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Journal articleToledo-Redondo S, Lee JH, Vines SK, et al., 2024,
Statistical Observations of Proton-Band Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves in the Outer Magnetosphere: Full Wavevector Determination
, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 129, ISSN: 2169-9380 -
Journal articleLewis ZM, Beth A, Galand M, et al., 2024,
Constraining ion transport in the diamagnetic cavity of comet 67P
, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol: 530, Pages: 66-81, ISSN: 0035-8711The European Space Agency Rosetta mission escorted comet 67P for a 2-yr section of its six and a half-year orbit around theSun. By perihelion in 2015 August, the neutral and plasma data obtained by the spacecraft instruments showed the comet hadtransitioned to a dynamic object with large-scale plasma structures and a rich ion environment. One such plasma structure isthe diamagnetic cavity: a magnetic field-free region formed by interaction between the unmagnetized cometary plasma andthe impinging solar wind. Within this region, unexpectedly high ion bulk velocities have been observed, thought to have beenaccelerated by an ambipolar electric field. We have developed a 1D numerical model of the cometary ionosphere to constrainthe impact of various electric field profiles on the ionospheric density profile and ion composition. In the model, we includethree ion species: H2O+, H3O+, and NH+4 . The latter, not previously considered in ionospheric models including acceleration, isproduced through the protonation of NH3 and only lost through ion–electron dissociative recombination, and thus particularlysensitive to the time-scale of plasma loss through transport. We also assess the importance of including momentum transferwhen assessing ion composition and densities in the presence of an electric field. By comparing simulated electron densities toRosetta Plasma Consortium data sets, we find that to recreate the plasma densities measured inside the diamagnetic cavity nearperihelion, the model requires an electric field proportional to r−1 of around 0.5–2 mV m−1 surface strength, leading to bulk ionspeeds at Rosetta of 1.2–3.0 km s−1.
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Journal articleZhou Y, He F, Archer MO, et al., 2024,
Spatial evolution characteristics of plasmapause surface wave during a geomagnetic storm on 16 July 2017
, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol: 51, ISSN: 0094-8276Boundary dynamics are crucial for the transport of energy, mass, and momentum in geospace. The recently discovered plasmapause surface wave (PSW) plays a key role in the inner magnetosphere dynamics. However, a comprehensive investigation of spatial variations of the PSW remains absent. In this study, we elucidate the spatial characteristics of a PSW through observations from multiple spacecrafts in the magnetosphere. Following the initiation of the PSW, quasi-periodic injections of energetic ions, rather than electrons, are suggested to serve as energy source of the PSW. Based on the distinct wave and particle signatures, we categorize the PSW into four regions: seed region, growth region, stabilization region and decay region, spanning from nightside to afternoon plasmapause. These findings advance our understanding of universal boundary dynamics and contribute to a deeper comprehension of the pivotal roles of surface waves in the energy couplings within the magnetosphere-plasmasphere-ionosphere system.
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ReportZachariah M, Kimutai J, Barnes C, et al., 2024,
Heavy precipitation hitting vulnerable communities in the UAE and Oman becoming an increasing threat as the climate warms
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Journal articleSparks N, Toumi R, 2024,
The Imperial College Storm model (IRIS) dataset
, Scientific Data, Vol: 11, ISSN: 2052-4463Assessing tropical cyclone risk on a global scale given the infrequency of landfalling tropical cyclones (TC) and the short period of reliable observations remains a challenge. Synthetic tropical cyclone datasets can help overcome these problems. Here we present a new global dataset created by IRIS, the ImpeRIal college Storm model. IRIS is novel because, unlike other synthetic TC models, it only simulates the decay from the point of lifetime maximum intensity. This minimises the bias in the dataset. It takes input from 42 years of observed tropical cyclones and creates a 10,000 year synthetic dataset of wind speed which is then validated against the observations. IRIS captures important statistical characteristics of the observed data. The return periods of the landfall maximum wind speed are realistic globally.
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