Publications

Journal article

Bowen TA, Bale SD, Chandran BDG, Chasapis A, Chen CHK, Dudok de Wit T, Mallet A, Meyrand R, Squire Jet al., 2024,

Mediation of collisionless turbulent dissipation through cyclotron resonance

, NATURE ASTRONOMY, Vol: 8, Pages: 482-490, ISSN: 2397-3366

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Journal article

Fiedler S, Naik V, O'Connor FM, Smith CJ, Griffiths P, Kramer RJ, Takemura T, Allen RJ, Im U, Kasoar M, Modak A, Turnock S, Voulgarakis A, Watson-Parris D, Westervelt DM, Wilcox LJ, Zhao A, Collins WJ, Schulz M, Myhre G, Forster PMet al., 2024,

Interactions between atmospheric composition and climate change - progress in understanding and future opportunities from AerChemMIP, PDRMIP, and RFMIP

, GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT, Vol: 17, Pages: 2387-2417, ISSN: 1991-959X

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Journal article

Stephenson P, Galand M, Deca J, Henri Pet al., 2024,

Cold electrons at a weakly outgassing comet

, MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 529, Pages: 2854-2865, ISSN: 0035-8711

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Journal article

Sishtla CP, Pomoell J, Magyar N, Kilpua E, Good Set al., 2024,

Validity of using Elsasser variables to study the interaction of compressible solar wind fluctuations with a coronal mass ejection

, ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 683, ISSN: 0004-6361

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Conference paper

Murray-Watson R, Gryspeerdt E, 2024,

Air mass history linked to the development of Arctic mixed-phase clouds

<jats:p>The development of clouds during marine cold-air outbreaks (MCAOs) represent a complex phenomenon, transitioning from stratocumulus decks near ice edges to cumuliform fields downwind. This change cloud morphology changes the radiative properties of the cloud, and therefore is of importance to the surface energy budget. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors which may drive transition to a broken cloud field. Previous in situ and modelling studies suggest the formation of ice may enhance precipitation and therefore accelerate break-up. However, little is known about the development of mixed-phase clouds in MCAOs.&#160;This study uses pseudo-Lagrangian trajectories and satellite data to analyze this mixed-phase cloud development. We observe a rapid transition from liquid to ice phases in MCAO clouds, contrasting with similar cloud formations outside MCAO conditions. These mixed-phase clouds initially form at temperatures below -20&#176;C near ice edges but can dominate even at -13&#176;C further into outbreaks. This temperature shift suggests a significant role for biological ice nucleating particles (INPs), which increase in prevalence as air masses age over marine environments. The study also notes the influence of the air mass's history over snow- and ice-covered surfaces, which may be low in INPs, on cloud evolution. This link helps explain seasonal variations in Arctic cloud development, both during and outside of MCAOs. Our findings emphasize the importance of understanding local marine aerosol sources and the broader INP distribution in the Arctic for accurate cloud phase modeling in the region.&#160;</jats:p>

Journal article

Rojo M, Persson M, Sauvaud J-A, Aizawa S, Nicolaou G, Penou E, Barthe A, Andre N, Mazelle C, Fedorov A, Yokota S, Saito Y, Heyner D, Richter I, Auster U, Schmid D, Fischer D, Horbury T, Owen CJ, Maksimovic M, Khotyaintsev Y, Louarn P, Murakami Get al., 2024,

Electron moments derived from the Mercury Electron Analyzer during the cruise phase of BepiColombo

, ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 683, ISSN: 0004-6361

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Journal article

Kuhlbrodt T, Swaminathan R, Ceppi P, Wilder Tet al., 2024,

A glimpse into the future: the 2023 ocean temperature and sea ice extremes in the context of longer-term climate change

, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol: 105, Pages: E474-E485, ISSN: 0003-0007

In the year 2023, we have seen extraordinary extrema in high sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic and in low sea ice extent in the Southern Ocean, outside the 4σ envelope of the 1982–2011 daily time series. Earth’s net global energy imbalance (12 months up to September 2023) amounts to +1.9 W m−2 as part of a remarkably large upward trend, ensuring further heating of the ocean. However, the regional radiation budget over the North Atlantic does not show signs of a suggested significant step increase from less negative aerosol forcing since 2020. While the temperature in the top 100 m of the global ocean has been rising in all basins since about 1980, specifically the Atlantic basin has continued to further heat up since 2016, potentially contributing to the extreme SST. Similarly, salinity in the top 100 m of the ocean has increased in recent years specifically in the Atlantic basin, and in addition in about 2015 a substantial negative trend for sea ice extent in the Southern Ocean began. Analyzing climate and Earth system model simulations of the future, we find that the extreme SST in the North Atlantic and the extreme in Southern Ocean sea ice extent in 2023 lie at the fringe of the expected mean climate change for a global surface-air temperature warming level (GWL) of 1.5°C, and closer to the average at a 3.0°C GWL. Understanding the regional and global drivers of these extremes is indispensable for assessing frequency and impacts of similar events in the coming years.

Journal article

Kellogg PJ, Mozer FS, Moncuquet M, Malaspina DM, Halekas J, Bale SD, Goetz Ket al., 2024,

Heating and Acceleration of the Solar Wind by Ion Acoustic Waves-Parker Solar Probe

, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 964, ISSN: 0004-637X

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Journal article

Johnson M, Rivera YJ, Niembro T, Paulson K, Badman ST, Stevens ML, Dieguez I, Case A, Bale SD, Kasper Jet al., 2024,

Helium Abundance Periods Observed by the Solar Probe Cup on Parker Solar Probe: Encounters 1-14

, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 964, ISSN: 0004-637X

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Journal article

Coburn JT, Verscharen D, Owen CJ, Maksimovic M, Horbury TS, Chen CHK, Guo F, Fu X, Liu J, Abraham JB, Nicolaou G, Innocenti ME, Micera A, Jagarlamudi VKet al., 2024,

The Regulation of the Solar Wind Electron Heat Flux by Wave-Particle Interactions

, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 964, ISSN: 0004-637X

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Journal article

Liu YD, Zhu B, Ran H, Hu H, Liu M, Zhao X, Wang R, Stevens ML, Bale SDet al., 2024,

Direct In Situ Measurements of a Fast Coronal Mass Ejection and Associated Structures in the Corona

, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 963, ISSN: 0004-637X

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Journal article

Heinemann SG, Sishtla C, Good S, Grandin M, Pomoell Jet al., 2024,

Classification of Enhanced Geoeffectiveness Resulting from High-speed Solar Wind Streams Compressing Slower Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections

, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 963, ISSN: 2041-8205

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Journal article

Feingold G, Ghate VP, Russell LM, Blossey P, Cantrell W, Christensen MW, Diamond MS, Gettelman A, Glassmeier F, Gryspeerdt E, Haywood J, Hoffmann F, Kaul CM, Lebsock M, Mccomiskey AC, Mccoy DT, Ming Y, Muelmenstaedt J, Possner A, Prabhakaran P, Quinn PK, Schmidt KS, Shaw RA, Singer CE, Sorooshian A, Toll V, Wan JS, Wood R, Yang F, Zhang J, Zheng Xet al., 2024,

Physical science research needed to evaluate the viability and risks of marine cloud brightening

, Science Advances, Vol: 10, ISSN: 2375-2548

Marine cloud brightening (MCB) is the deliberate injection of aerosol particles into shallow marine clouds to increase their reflection of solar radiation and reduce the amount of energy absorbed by the climate system. From the physical science perspective, the consensus of a broad international group of scientists is that the viability of MCB will ultimately depend on whether observations and models can robustly assess the scale-up of local-to-global brightening in today’s climate and identify strategies that will ensure an equitable geographical distribution of the benefits and risks associated with projected regional changes in temperature and precipitation. To address the physical science knowledge gaps required to assess the societal implications of MCB, we propose a substantial and targeted program of research—field and laboratory experiments, monitoring, and numerical modeling across a range of scales.

Journal article

Grimmich N, Prencipe F, Turner DL, Liu TZ, Plaschke F, Archer MO, Nakamura R, Sibeck DG, Mieth JZD, Auster H-U, Constantinescu OD, Fischer D, Magnes Wet al., 2024,

Multi Satellite Observation of a Foreshock Bubble Causing an Extreme Magnetopause Expansion

, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 129, ISSN: 2169-9380

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Journal article

Matteini L, Tenerani A, Landi S, Verdini A, Velli M, Hellinger P, Franci L, Horbury TS, Papini E, Stawarz JEet al., 2024,

Alfvénic fluctuations in the expanding solar wind: Formation and radial evolution of spherical polarization

, PHYSICS OF PLASMAS, Vol: 31, ISSN: 1070-664X

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Journal article

Mostafavi P, Allen RC, Jagarlamudi VK, Bourouaine S, Badman ST, Ho GC, Raouafi NE, Hill ME, Verniero JL, Larson DE, Kasper JC, Bale SDet al., 2024,

Parker Solar Probe observations of collisional effects on thermalizing the young solar wind

, ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 682, ISSN: 0004-6361

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Journal article

Qi Y, Ergun R, Pathak N, Phan TD, Burch JL, Chasapis A, Li TC, Schwartz SJ, Ahmadi N, Vo T, Eriksson S, Newman D, Usanova M, Wilder FDet al., 2024,

Investigation of a Magnetic Reconnection Event with Extraordinarily High Particle Energization in Magnetotail Turbulence

, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 962, ISSN: 2041-8205

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Journal article

Trotta D, Larosa A, Nicolaou G, Horbury TS, Matteini L, Hietala H, Blanco-Cano X, Franci L, Chen CHK, Zhao L, Zank GP, Cohen CMS, Bale SD, Laker R, Fargette N, Valentini F, Khotyaintsev Y, Kieokaew R, Raouafi N, Davies E, Vainio R, Dresing N, Kilpua E, Karlsson T, Owen CJ, Wimmer-Schweingruber RFet al., 2024,

Properties of an Interplanetary Shock Observed at 0.07 and 0.7 au by Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter

, The Astrophysical Journal, Vol: 962, Pages: 147-147, ISSN: 0004-637X

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) and Solar Orbiter (SolO) missions opened a new observational window in the inner heliosphere, which is finally accessible to direct measurements. On 2022 September 5, a coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven interplanetary (IP) shock was observed as close as 0.07 au by PSP. The CME then reached SolO, which was radially well-aligned at 0.7 au, thus providing us with the opportunity to study the shock properties at different heliocentric distances. We characterize the shock, investigate its typical parameters, and compare its small-scale features at both locations. Using the PSP observations, we investigate how magnetic switchbacks and ion cyclotron waves are processed upon shock crossing. We find that switchbacks preserve their V–B correlation while compressed upon the shock passage, and that the signature of ion cyclotron waves disappears downstream of the shock. By contrast, the SolO observations reveal a very structured shock transition, with a population of shock-accelerated protons of up to about 2 MeV, showing irregularities in the shock downstream, which we correlate with solar wind structures propagating across the shock. At SolO, we also report the presence of low-energy (∼100 eV) electrons scattering due to upstream shocklets. This study elucidates how the local features of IP shocks and their environments can be very different as they propagate through the heliosphere.</jats:p>

Journal article

Laker R, Horbury TS, O'Brien H, Fauchon-Jones EJ, Angelini V, Fargette N, Amerstorfer T, Bauer M, Moestl C, Davies EE, Davies JA, Harrison R, Barnes D, Dumbovic Met al., 2024,

Using Solar Orbiter as an Upstream Solar Wind Monitor for Real Time Space Weather Predictions

, SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS, Vol: 22

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Journal article

Jones GH, Snodgrass C, Tubiana C, Kuppers M, Kawakita H, Lara LM, Agarwal J, Andre N, Attree N, Auster U, Bagnulo S, Bannister M, Beth A, Bowles N, Coates A, Colangeli L, van Damme CC, Da Deppo V, De Keyser J, Della Corte V, Edberg N, El-Maarry MR, Faggi S, Fulle M, Funase R, Galand M, Goetz C, Groussin O, Guilbert-Lepoutre A, Henri P, Kasahara S, Kereszturi A, Kidger M, Knight M, Kokotanekova R, Kolmasova I, Kossacki K, Kuehrt E, Kwon Y, La Forgia F, Levasseur-Regourd A-C, Lippi M, Longobardo A, Marschall R, Morawski M, Munoz O, Naesilae A, Nilsson H, Opitom C, Pajusalu M, Pommerol A, Prech L, Rando N, Ratti F, Rothkaehl H, Rotundi A, Rubin M, Sakatani N, Sanchez JP, Simon Wedlund C, Stankov A, Thomas N, Toth I, Villanueva G, Vincent J-B, Volwerk M, Wurz P, Wielders A, Yoshioka K, Aleksiejuk K, Alvarez F, Amoros C, Aslam S, Atamaniuk B, Baran J, Barcinski T, Beck T, Behnke T, Berglund M, Bertini I, Bieda M, Binczyk P, Busch M-D, Cacovean A, Capria MT, Carr C, Castro Marin JM, Ceriotti M, Chioetto P, Chuchra-Konrad A, Cocola L, Colin F, Crews C, Cripps V, Cupido E, Dassatti A, Davidsson BJR, De Roche T, Deca J, Del Togno S, Dhooghe F, Donaldson Hanna K, Eriksson A, Fedorov A, Fernandez-Valenzuela E, Ferretti S, Floriot J, Frassetto F, Fredriksson J, Garnier P, Gawel D, Genot V, Gerber T, Glassmeier K-H, Granvik M, Grison B, Gunell H, Hachemi T, Hagen C, Hajra R, Harada Y, Hasiba J, Haslebacher N, De La Revilla MLH, Hestroffer D, Hewagama T, Holt C, Hviid S, Iakubivskyi I, Inno L, Irwin P, Ivanovski S, Jansky J, Jernej I, Jeszenszky H, Jimenez J, Jorda L, Kama M, Kameda S, Kelley MSP, Klepacki K, Kohout T, Kojima H, Kowalski T, Kuwabara M, Ladno M, Laky G, Lammer H, Lan R, Lavraud B, Lazzarin M, Le Duff O, Lee Q-M, Lesniak C, Lewis Z, Lin Z-Y, Lister T, Lowry S, Magnes W, Markkanen J, Martinez Navajas I, Martins Z, Matsuoka A, Matyjasiak B, Mazelle C, Mazzotta Epifani E, Meier M, Michaelis H, Micheli M, Migliorini A, Millet A-L, Moreno F, Mottola S, Moutounaick B, Muet al., 2024,

The Comet Interceptor mission

, Space Science Reviews, Vol: 220, ISSN: 0038-6308

Here we describe the novel, multi-point Comet Interceptor mission. It is dedicated to the exploration of a little-processed long-period comet, possibly entering the inner Solar System for the first time, or to encounter an interstellar object originating at another star. The objectives of the mission are to address the following questions: What are the surface composition, shape, morphology, and structure of the target object? What is the composition of the gas and dust in the coma, its connection to the nucleus, and the nature of its interaction with the solar wind? The mission was proposed to the European Space Agency in 2018, and formally adopted by the agency in June 2022, for launch in 2029 together with the Ariel mission. Comet Interceptor will take advantage of the opportunity presented by ESA’s F-Class call for fast, flexible, low-cost missions to which it was proposed. The call required a launch to a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 point. The mission can take advantage of this placement to wait for the discovery of a suitable comet reachable with its minimum ΔV capability of 600 ms-1. Comet Interceptor will be unique in encountering and studying, at a nominal closest approach distance of 1000 km, a comet that represents a near-pristine sample of material from the formation of the Solar System. It will also add a capability that no previous cometary mission has had, which is to deploy two sub-probes – B1, provided by the Japanese space agency, JAXA, and B2 – that will follow different trajectories through the coma. While the main probe passes at a nominal 1000 km distance, probes B1 and B2 will follow different chords through the coma at distances of 850 km and 400 km, respectively. The result will be unique, simultaneous, spatially resolved information of the 3-dimensional properties of the target comet and its interaction with the space environment. We present the mission’s science background leading to these objectives, as

Journal article

Gershman DJ, Fuselier SA, Cohen IJ, Turner DL, Liu Y-H, Chen L-J, Phan TD, Stawarz JE, Dibraccio GA, Masters A, Ebert RW, Sun W, Harada Y, Swisdak Met al., 2024,

Magnetic Reconnection at Planetary Bodies and Astrospheres

, SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS, Vol: 220, ISSN: 0038-6308

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Journal article

Louarn P, Fedorov A, Prech L, Owen CJ, D'Amicis R, Bruno R, Livi S, Lavraud B, Rouillard AP, Genot V, Andre N, Fruit G, Reville V, Kieokaew R, Plotnikov I, Penou E, Barthe A, Lewis G, Berthomier M, Allegrini F, Alterman BL, Lepri ST, Raines JM, Verscharen D, Mele G, Fargette N, Horbury TS, Maksimovic M, Kasper JC, Bale SDet al., 2024,

Skewness and kurtosis of solar wind proton distribution functions: The normal inverse-Gaussian model and its implications

, ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 682, ISSN: 0004-6361

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Journal article

Wells CD, Kasoar M, Ezzati M, Voulgarakis Aet al., 2024,

Significant human health co-benefits of mitigating African emissions

, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol: 24, Pages: 1025-1039, ISSN: 1680-7316

Future African aerosol emissions, and therefore air pollution levels and health outcomes, are uncertain and understudied. Understanding the future health impacts of pollutant emissions from this region is crucial. Here, this research gap is addressed by studying the range in the future health impacts of aerosol emissions from Africa in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios, using the UK Earth System Model version 1 (UKESM1), along with human health concentration-response functions. The effects of Africa following a high-pollution aerosol pathway are studied relative to a low-pollution control, with experiments varying aerosol emissions from industry and biomass burning. Using present-day demographics, annual deaths within Africa attributable to ambient particulate matter are estimated to be lower by 150 000 (5th-95th confidence interval of 67 000-234 000) under stronger African aerosol mitigation by 2090, while those attributable to O3 are lower by 15 000 (5th-95th confidence interval of 9000-21 000). The particulate matter health benefits are realised predominantly within Africa, with the O3-driven benefits being more widespread - though still concentrated in Africa - due to the longer atmospheric lifetime of O3. These results demonstrate the important health co-benefits from future emission mitigation in Africa.

Journal article

Mcmanus MD, Klein KG, Bale SD, Bowen TA, Huang J, Larson D, Livi R, Rahmati A, Romeo O, Verniero J, Whittlesey Pet al., 2024,

Proton- and Alpha-driven Instabilities in an Ion Cyclotron Wave Event

, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 961, ISSN: 0004-637X

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Conference paper

Harrison J, Pearce P, Yang F, Nielsen M, Brindley H, Ekins-Daukes NJet al., 2024,

Evaluating Power Output of Terrestrial Thermoradiative Diodes with Atmospheric Modelling

, Pages: 1366-1369, ISSN: 0160-8371

A thermoradiative diode is a device capable of generating power through the emission of infrared light; this allows a diode on Earth to generate power at night through the passive radiative cooling of the Earth. Accurate assessment of the potential power output of such terrestrial thermoradiative diodes requires knowledge of the downwelling radiation incident on the device from the atmosphere. Here, atmospheric modelling of this radiation is used alongside a detailed balance model of the diode to evaluate its performance under nine different atmospheric conditions. In the radiative limit, the sampled conditions yield peak power densities between 0.34 and 6.5 W.m-2, with optimal bandgaps at or near 0.094 eV(13.2 μm). Non-radiative processes are also accounted for, which provides more realistic power density estimates and highlights the threshold past which higher bandgap materials with reduced non-radiative processes should be prioritized over the theoretically ideal low bandgap.

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Journal article

Krupar V, Kruparova O, Szabo A, Nemec F, Maksimovic M, Oliveros JCM, Lario D, Bonnin X, Vecchio A, Pulupa M, Bale SDet al., 2024,

Comparative Analysis of Type III Radio Bursts and Solar Flares: Spatial Localization and Correlation with Solar Flare Intensity

, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 961, ISSN: 0004-637X

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Journal article

Chen L, Ma B, Wu D, Zhou X, Pulupa M, Zhang P, Zucca P, Bale SD, Kasper JC, Duan Set al., 2024,

Weak Solar Radio Bursts from the Solar Wind Acceleration Region Observed by the Parker Solar Probe and Its Probable Emission Mechanism

, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 961, ISSN: 0004-637X

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Journal article

Hosner M, Nakamura R, Schmid D, Nakamura TKM, Panov EV, Volwerk M, Vörös Z, Roberts OW, Blasl KA, Settino A, Korovinskiy D, Marshall AT, Denton RE, Burch JL, Giles BL, Torbert RB, Le Contel O, Escoubet CP, Dandouras IS, Carr C, Fazakerley ANet al., 2024,

Reconnection inside a Dipolarization Front of a diverging Earthward fast flow

, JGR: Space Physics, Vol: 129, ISSN: 2169-9402

We examine a Dipolarization Front (DF) event with an embedded electron diffusion region (EDR), observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft on 08 September 2018 at 14:51:30 UT in the Earth's magnetotail by applying multi-scale multipoint analysis methods. In order to study the large-scale context of this DF, we use conjunction observations of the Cluster spacecraft together with MMS. A polynomial magnetic field reconstruction technique is applied to MMS data to characterize the embedded electron current sheet including its velocity and the X-line exhaust opening angle. Our results show that the MMS and Cluster spacecraft were located in two counter-rotating vortex flows, and such flows may distort a flux tube in a way that the local magnetic shear angle is increased and localized magnetic reconnection may be triggered. Using multi-point data from MMS we further show that the local normalized reconnection rate is in the range of R ∼ 0.16 to 0.18. We find a highly asymmetric electron in- and outflow structure, consistent with previous simulations on strong guide-field reconnection events. This study shows that magnetic reconnection may not only take place at large-scale stable magnetopause or magnetotail current sheets but also in transient localized current sheets, produced as a consequence of the interaction between the fast Earthward flows and the Earth's dipole field.

Journal article

Smith AW, Rae IJ, Stawarz JE, Sun WJ, Bentley S, Koul Aet al., 2024,

Automatic Encoding of Unlabeled Two Dimensional Data Enabling Similarity Searches: Electron Diffusion Regions and Auroral Arcs

, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 129, ISSN: 2169-9380

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Journal article

Walach M-T, Soobiah Y, Carter JA, Whiter DK, Kavanagh AJ, Hartinger MD, Oksavik K, Salzano ML, Archer MOet al., 2024,

SMILE winter campaign

, RAS Techniques and Instruments, Vol: 3, Pages: 556-564, ISSN: 2752-8200

This white paper is highly topical as it relates to the upcoming solar wind magnetosphere ionosphere link explorer (SMILE) mission: SMILE is a joint mission between the European Space Agency and the Chinese Academy of Sciences and it aims to build a more complete understanding of the Sun–Earth connection by measuring the solar wind and its dynamic interaction with the magnetosphere. It is a fully funded mission with a projected launch in 2025. This paper outlines a plan for action for SMILE’s first Northern hemisphere winter campaign using ground-based instruments. We outline open questions and which data and techniques can be employed to answer them. The science themes we discuss are: (i) Earth’s magnetosheath, magnetopause, and magnetic cusp impact on the ionospheric cusp region; (ii) defining the relationship between auroral processes, solar wind, and magnetospheric drivers; (iii) understanding the interhemispheric properties of the Earth’s magnetosphere–ionosphere system. We discuss open questions (different to the mission goals) which may be answered using existing ground-based instrumentation together with SMILE data to leverage the maximum scientific return of the mission during the first winter after launch. This paper acts as a resource for planning, and a call to collaborative action for the scientific community.

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