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• Journal article
  Valente de Almeida S, Hauck K, Njenga S, Nugrahani Y, Ayu R, Mawaddati R, Saputra S, Hasnida A, Pisani E, Anggriani Y, Gheorghe Aet al., 2024,

  Value for money of medicine sampling and quality testing: evidence from Indonesia

  , BMJ Global Health, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2059-7908

  Background Substandard and falsified medicines (SFMs) are a public health concern of global importance. Postmarket surveillance in the form of medicine sampling and quality testing can prevent and detect SFM, however, there is remarkably scarce evidence about the cost and value for money of these activities: how much do they cost and how effective are they in detecting SFM?Methods Between February and October 2022, Systematic Tracking of At Risk Medicines (STARmeds) collected and analysed for quality 1274 samples of 5 medicines from physical and online retail outlets in 7 Indonesian districts. We collated data on the resources consumed by STARmeds, related to all stages of medicines sampling and quality testing including design, fieldwork and laboratory analysis. We used activity-based costing principles to calculate the financial and economic cost of medicine quality surveillance from the perspective of a hypothetical medicines’ regulator. We calculated the cost per day and per week of fieldwork, per sample collected and per substandard sample. We used bootstrapping to capture uncertainty in the number of samples collected, by seller location type (urban, rural and online).Results The total cost of sampling and testing medicines from the market was US$712 964 (current 2022 values). Laboratory costs represented the largest share (70%), followed by other direct costs (12%) and indirect costs (7%). On average, it costs STARmeds US$479 (95% CI US$462 to US$516) to collect one medicine sample and US$5990 (95% CI US$5601 to US$6258) to identify one substandard sample.Conclusion Our findings bring urgently needed and novel information on the cost and value for money of medicine quality surveillance. These may support planning and budgeting of the Indonesian pharmaceutical regulator, but also of regulators and researchers elsewhere, particularly in low-income and middle-income settings, as well as international organisations with health regulation and quality of care

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• Journal article
  Cucunubá ZM, Gutiérrez-Romero SA, Ramírez J-D, Velásquez-Ortiz N, Ceccarelli S, Parra-Henao G, Henao-Martínez AF, Rabinovich J, Basáñez M-G, Nouvellet P, Abad-Franch Fet al., 2024,

  The epidemiology of Chagas disease in the Americas

  , The Lancet Regional Health - Americas, Vol: 37, ISSN: 2667-193X

  Chagas disease is a complex parasitic zoonosis that still threatens public health across the Americas. Initiatives to control Trypanosoma cruzi transmission via blood transfusion and non-native triatomine-bug vectors have yielded crucial advances; native vectors, however, actively bridge wild and domestic/peri-domestic transmission cycles throughout the region, and tens of thousands of people become infected each year. Oral-transmission outbreaks, urbanisation, and vertical transmission are additional/emerging issues calling for innovative strategic thinking. While critical for advocacy and sustained public health action, assessing Chagas disease burden remains difficult; the often-asymptomatic nature of T. cruzi infection, healthcare access limitations, pervasive underreporting, and other methodological hurdles inherent to reliably measuring incidence, prevalence, and disease progression all contribute to the difficulty. Whether and how parasite, vector, and host genetic makeups affect transmission dynamics and epidemiology is also unclear. Continued high-quality research and long-term, adaptive strategies combining vector control surveillance with enhanced case detection and integral patient care remain critical to effectively address the ethical and societal challenge of Chagas disease control.

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• Journal article
  Chukwudile B, Pan D, Silva L, Gogoi M, Al-Oraibi A, Bird P, George N, Thompson HA, Baggaley RF, Hargreaves S, Pareek M, Nellums LBet al., 2024,

  Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis - update from 2017 to 2023

  , ECLINICALMEDICINE, Vol: 75
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• Journal article
  Watson OJ, Hogan AB, 2024,

  Impact of COVID-19 vaccination programmes in Europe: lives saved and lessons learned

  , LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE, Vol: 12, Pages: 663-664, ISSN: 2213-2600
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• Book chapter
  Imai N, Baguelin M, Ferguson NM, 2024,

  Models in the COVID-19 pandemic

  , Principles and Practice of Emergency Research Response, Pages: 669-685

  The scale and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have challenged policymakers globally. Decisions on implementing socially and economically disruptive control measures have often had to be made on limited quantitative evidence. Epidemiological analysis and mathematical modeling are powerful tools for systematically synthesizing the knowns and unknowns to highlight key knowledge gaps and provide quantitative insights into potential policy options. The pandemic has reinforced the role of modeling and advanced analytics in informing policy responses. This chapter explores the advanced analytics and mathematical modeling used during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on key retrospective analyses and prospective modeling approaches.

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• Journal article
  Williams LR, Emary KRW, Phillips DJ, Hay J, Larwood JPJ, Ramasamy MN, Pollard AJ, Grassly NC, Voysey Met al., 2024,

  Implementation and adherence to regular asymptomatic testing in a COVID-19 vaccine trial

  , VACCINE, Vol: 42, ISSN: 0264-410X
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• Journal article
  Rhodes J, 2024,

  Genomic epidemiology of Candida auris introduction and outbreaks in the United Kingdom

  , npj Antimicrobials and Resistance, ISSN: 2731-8745

  Candida auris is a globally emerged fungal pathogen causing nosocomial invasive infections. Here, we use cutting-edge genomic approaches to elucidate the temporal and geographic epidemiology of drug-resistant C. auris within the UK. We analysed a representative sample of over 200 isolates from multiple UK hospitals to assess the number and timings of C. auris introductions, and infer subsequent patterns of inter- and intra-hospital transmission of azole drug resistant isolates. We identify at least one introduction from Clade I and two from Clade III into the UK, and observe temporal and geographical evidence for multiple transmission events of antifungal drug resistant isolates between hospitals and identified local within-hospital patient-to-patient transmission events. Our study confirms outbreaks of drug resistant C. auris are linked and that transmission amongst patients occurs, explaining local hospital outbreaks, and demonstrating a need for improved epidemiological surveillance of C. auris to protect patients and healthcare services.

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• Journal article
  Isaiah S, Westerhuis JA, Loots DT, Solomons R, van Furth MT, van Elsland S, van der Kuip M, Mason Set al., 2024,

  The diagnostic potential of urine in paediatric patients undergoing initial treatment for tuberculous meningitis

  , Scientific Reports, Vol: 14, ISSN: 2045-2322

  Tuberculous meningitis (TBM)—the extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis, is the most severe complication associated with tuberculosis, particularly in infants and children. The gold standard for the diagnosis of TBM requires cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through lumbar puncture—an invasive sample collection method, and currently available CSF assays are often not sufficient for a definitive TBM diagnosis. Urine is metabolite-rich and relatively unexplored in terms of its potential to diagnose neuroinfectious diseases. We used an untargeted proton magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) metabolomics approach to compare the urine from 32 patients with TBM (stratified into stages 1, 2 and 3) against that from 39 controls in a South African paediatric cohort. Significant spectral bins had to satisfy three of our four strict cut-off quantitative statistical criteria. Five significant biological metabolites were identified—1-methylnicotinamide, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid, 5-aminolevulinic acid, N-acetylglutamine and methanol—which had no correlation with medication metabolites. ROC analysis revealed that methanol lacked diagnostic sensitivity, but the other four metabolites showed good diagnostic potential. Furthermore, we compared mild (stage 1) TBM and severe (stages 2 and 3) TBM, and our multivariate metabolic model could successfully classify severe but not mild TBM. Our results show that urine can potentially be used to diagnose severe TBM.

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• Journal article
  Mills CL, Woodroffe R, Donnelly CA, 2024,

  An extensive re-evaluation of evidence and analyses of the Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT) I: Within proactive culling areas

  , ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE, Vol: 11, ISSN: 2054-5703
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• Journal article
  Mengistu B, Liyew EF, Chernet M, Tasew G, Maddren R, Collyer B, Anjulo U, Tamiru A, Forbes K, Mehari Z, Deribe K, Yadeta T, Salasibew M, Tollera G, Anderson Ret al., 2024,

  Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in the Wolaita zone in Southern Ethiopia: mid-stage evaluation of the Geshiyaro project and progress towards the interruption of transmission

  , PARASITES & VECTORS, Vol: 17, ISSN: 1756-3305
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