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Conference paperDai R, Gardner L, Wadee MA, 2025,
Formulae for calculating elastic buckling loads for web crippling of rectangular hollow sections
, Boca Raton, USA, 9th International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, Publisher: Taylor & Francis, Pages: 256-262Formulae for determining the elastic buckling loads of structural steel rectangular hollow sections (RHS) subjected to concentrated transverse forces are presented herein. The predicted elastic buckling load is bounded by a theoretical lower bound, where only the material within the bearing length is mobilised, and a practical upper bound, where the adjacent material is mobilised to its maximum extent. The lower bound is the elastic buckling load of a wide plate with a width equal to the bearing length and a length equal to the web depth, while the upper bound is determined from finite element (FE) analyses of various representative loading scenarios. The level of mobilisation of adjacent material (i.e., where a specific case lies between the lower and upper bounds) is quantified by introducing a coefficient ζ that is calibrated through FE analyses in the commercial package ABAQUS. The rotational stiffness afforded to the webs by the flanges is also captured. The four loading scenarios defined in the North American Specification (NAS) and Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS) for the design of cold-formed steel structures, namely the Interior-Two-Flange (ITF), End-Two-Flange (ETF), Interior-One-Flange (IOF) and End-One-Flange (EOF) loading conditions, alongside their transitional cases, are considered. Rectangular hollow sections with a broad spectrum of cross-sectional geometric proportions and bearing lengths encompassing the aforementioned loading conditions are considered. It is found that the developed formulae for predicting the elastic buckling loads under concentrated transverse forces provide accurate results that are typically within 5% of the numerical values. Hence, the developed formulae can be employed as a convenient alternative to numerical methods in advanced structural design methodologies, such as the Direct Strength Method (DSM) and the Continuous Strength Method (CSM).
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Journal articleNordas AN, Izzuddin BA, Li M, 2025,
Full shell surface coupling along a line with non-conforming meshes
, COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS, Vol: 76, Pages: 493-516, ISSN: 0178-7675 -
Journal articleHong W, Kyvelou P, Zhang R, et al., 2025,
Mechanical testing and microstructural analysis of wire laser beam directed energy deposited steel plates
, Materials and Design, Vol: 255, ISSN: 0264-1275Wire laser beam directed energy deposition, referred to herein as DED-LB, has emerged as a key technology in additive manufacturing, enabling the efficient and cost-effective production of large-scale components. By utilising a laser beam to melt and fuse metal wire, DED-LB enables precise control over the deposition process, resulting in parts with a consistent and refined surface finish, which is attracting increasing interest from engineers. However, the limited understanding of the mechanical behaviour of DED-LB steels impedes their broader adoption in structural applications. To address this limitation, a comprehensive experimental study into the microstructure and mechanical properties of DED-LB ER70S-6 carbon steel has been conducted and is presented in this paper. The microstructure of the DED-LB material was examined by electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD), which revealed a nearly isotropic crystallographic texture. The mechanical response was investigated by conducting a total of 33 tensile coupon tests, comprising 17 as-built and 16 machined specimens extracted in various orientations relative to the layer deposition direction from DED-LB steel plates of two nominal thicknesses. The tensile properties were found to be fairly consistent between the as-built and machined coupons, indicating only a limited influence from the surface undulations. Very minor material anisotropy was observed for the examined specimens, in line with the microstructural observations. In general, the examined DED-LB steel exhibited comparable values of Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, mechanical strength and ductility to conventionally produced normal-strength steels, highlighting the significant potential of DED-LB for use in construction applications.
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Conference paperAkbari S, Vollum R, Izzuddin B, 2025,
Performance assessment of structural joints againstprogressive collapse in precast concrete structures
, 2025 fib International Symposium, Publisher: fib International, ISSN: 2617-4820Adoption of precast concrete building systems is increasing, primarily due to reduced on-site construc-tion times and enhanced quality control. However, inherent discontinuity at the joints of precast struc-tures makes achievement of robustness challenging following sudden column loss. The paper uses acomponent-based NLFEA approach to investigate the effect of joint detailing on the robustness of apreviously tested full scale precast concrete building. The analysis shows that flexure was the principalload resisting mechanism following various sudden column removal scenarios. Detailed parametricinvestigations show that the global structural response is significantly influenced by choices made inthe modelling of the beam-column joints.
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Journal articleJunda E, Málaga-Chuquitaype C, 2025,
Life cycle impacts of structural deterioration and seismic events on cross-laminated timber buildings
, Journal of Building Engineering, Vol: 104, ISSN: 2352-7102Life cycle assessment (LCA) has become the preferred tool for evaluating the environmental impacts of buildings over their lifetime and informing infrastructure-related policy decisions. Traditionally, LCA is conducted using static inputs, which assume a building’s current performance remains representative of its long-term carbon emissions. However, buildings naturally deteriorate over time—a factor particularly significant for timber structures—and this deterioration can be exacerbated by extreme natural hazards such as earthquakes. The associated repair or replacement activities introduce additional material and energy demands that influence environmental performance. This study introduces a stochastic approach to incorporate the environmental impacts associated with repair and replacement of timber buildings subjected to seismic hazards. The approach is comprehensive in nature, it accounts for the progressive structural deterioration of timber over time, demonstrating its substantial influence on structural performance and subsequent LCA results. The proposed framework is applied to a series of multi-storey cross-laminated timber (CLT) apartment buildings located in a seismically active region in Europe. Using nonlinear response history analyses (NRHAs) under multiple earthquake intensities, various structural deterioration rates are considered to assess their effects on building performance. A comparative LCA is conducted to analyse the contributions from both structural and non-structural damage, while also evaluating the impacts of design behaviour factors and number of storeys. Our findings highlight the importance of an integrated approach to incorporate long-term structural deterioration and seismic hazard impacts into LCA, providing a more realistic and dynamic assessment of timber buildings’ environmental footprint over their lifecycle.
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Journal articleSpinasa A, Weber B, Meng X, et al., 2025,
Influence of process parameters on the physical and material properties of WAAM steels
, Construction and Building Materials, Vol: 479, ISSN: 0950-0618Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a metal 3D printing technique that offers the opportunity to fabricate large-scale structural components with high geometric flexibility and reduced material waste. This study aims to investigate the influence of different process parameters and cooling methods on the physical, mechanical and microstructural properties of WAAM steels with a view to assessing their suitability for use in construction. Six WAAM steel plates with nominal thicknesses of 3.5 mm, 5 mm, 8 mm and 12 mm, printed using ER90S-D2 welding wire, different process parameters and active or passive cooling, were examined. A total of 72 tensile coupons extracted at different orientations relative to the print layers with either as-built or machined surface conditions were tested. 3D laser scanning was performed to capture the as-built surface undulations and facilitate the calculation of surface roughness. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) scanning was conducted on selected coupon specimens to examine the printing defects. The tensile testing revealed that the WAAM steels exhibited largely isotropic elastic behaviour, which aligned with the weak crystallographic texture found in the microstructural analysis. The as-built geometry led to notable reductions in strength and ductility, particularly in as-built specimens loaded perpendicularly to the print layers. The results also showed that the thicker WAAM plates generally exhibited lower yield strength due mainly to the slower cooling rate leading to coarser grains, as revealed by the microstructural examinations. High porosity was observed in the XCT scan results of some coupons and was shown to significantly reduce the material ductility. Finally, the adopted active cooling method was found to increase productivity, but to have a minimal effect on the resulting mechanical properties. The presented findings contribute to the understanding of the material behaviour of WAAM steel and its link to the key process p
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Journal articleRiedel K, Vollum RL, Rust G, et al., 2025,
Design and behaviour of moment resisting precast concrete connections with cast-in shear fasteners
, Engineering Structures, Vol: 330, ISSN: 0141-0296The paper proposes a novel design procedure for an innovative connector that provides flexural continuity between ribbed precast concrete flooring units. The innovation was driven by the goal of rapid onsite assembly which precluded the use of structural toppings, complex in-situ stitching of projecting bars or onsite welding. Assembly on site is a simple process of bringing the precast elements together on temporary supports and grouting the prefabricated steel connectors into well-voids cast into the member ends. The benefits of the developed connection have been successfully demonstrated within a number of full-scale prototypes. Due to the novel and unconventional form of the proposed connector, physical testing was crucial to provide an in-depth understanding of its response characteristics under serviceability and ultimate loading conditions. Towards this end, three full size specimens were tested to failure under four-point bending. The outcomes of these experiments are used to validate 3-D high-fidelity nonlinear finite element analysis models. These are finally used in a wide-ranging study to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed design procedure for this novel precast concrete connection system.
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Journal articleChen X, Macorini L, Izzuddin BA, 2025,
Nonlinear macroelement for steel shear walls under seismic loading
, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol: 228, ISSN: 0143-974XThis paper proposes an efficient macroscale representation for unstiffened thin steel shear walls, enabling accurate and efficient predictions under earthquake loading. The 8-noded macroelement incorporates six nonlinear springs with asymmetric constitutive relationships to represent the cyclic response of steel panels. The macroelement formulation is introduced first, followed by the constitutive model for the nonlinear springs, which allows for strain-hardening in tension, strength degradation in compression, residual strength at the strain reversal point, and stiffness reduction. The material parameters for the constitutive model are calibrated by multi-objective optimisation with Genetic Algorithms based on the numerical results provided by accurate nonlinear FE models with shell elements. Linear regression is utilised to establish the material parameters for infill plates with different geometric properties. The residual of dissipated energy for the calibrated macroelement models lies between 3 % overestimation and 12 % underestimation compared to detailed shell element models, whereas the computational demand is reduced with wall-clock time reductions of more than 97 %. Finally, the proposed macroelement is verified in numerical examples, where a substandard RC frame enhanced with different types of steel shear walls is analysed under cyclic loading using detailed shell element models and the proposed macroelement for the steel wall components. The excellent comparisons confirm that the proposed macroelement model provides an efficient and accurate description of unstiffened steel wall components, and it can be used for realistic nonlinear dynamic simulations of framed buildings equipped with steel walls under earthquake loading.
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Journal articleOrnthammarath T, Tha Toe TT, Rupakhety R, et al., 2025,
Empirical formulas and Artificial Neural Networks to estimate the fundamental periods of existing and instrumented RC buildings in Thailand
, Journal of Building Engineering, Vol: 100, ISSN: 2352-7102Even though Bangkok is situated away from known active faults (about 150 km), due to the soft alluvial basin in and around the capital city of Thailand, several of these high- rise buildings experienced noticeable structural and non-structural responses caused by recent long-distance and moderate earthquakes from Mw > 7.5 in the Sumatra subduction zone and Mw > 6 in Myanmar, Northern Thailand, and Laos. This raises the awareness to assess the dynamic characteristics of buildings in Bangkok and other provinces in Thailand. In the current study, ambient vibration measurements have been performed on 98 reinforced concrete (RC) buildings to determine relationships between the building fundamental period and height of existing structures built prior and after seismic design code issued in 2009. The measured buildings’ height ranges of 7 to 142 m (2 to 35 stories) e.g., hospitals, condominiums, offices, etc. Different techniques are adopted to determine the two main translational fundamental periods in orthogonal directions of considered structures including Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio, Fourier spectrum analysis, and Half-power bandwidth method, and all considered methods show comparable results, and the empirical formulas are proposed. In order to validate this finding, the estimated fundamental periods of two instrumented hospitals from local and regional earthquakes give similar results to the proposed empirical formulas. In addition, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been adopted to train and predict the fundamental period using the newly compiled database. For the same RC structures, the soil-structure interaction in Bangkok leading to a longer fundamental period than those reported in published literatures.
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Journal articlePan X, Yang TTY, Li J, et al., 2025,
A review of recent advances in data-driven computer vision methods for structural damage evaluation: algorithms, applications, challenges, and future opportunities
, ARCHIVES OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, ISSN: 1134-3060- Cite
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