Passing the Viva: Beginning the Viva Process
The success guide for doctoral students explains that the viva is an opportunity for you to discuss your findings, as well as to demonstrate you have become an independent researcher:
“Your viva is a chance to show your in-depth knowledge of your subject area and discuss the important research findings that you have made - whether they are positive or negative. A doctoral degree is a training process. Your examiners are there to establish you have achieved this training and that the work contained in your thesis is your own. They want to see that during the course of your degree you have started to become an independent well-rounded researcher who is making a valuable contribution to the research community”.
There is more information on the Progressing through your PhD pages.
Expand the questions below to learn more.
Viva Process
- What is the viva process?
- What forms need to be completed for the viva to be arranged?
- How are examiners chosen for the viva?
- Who arranges where the viva examination takes place?
- Should I prepare a presentation for the viva?
- Reasonable adjustements?
- What is the role of my supervisor during the viva?
- What are the possible outcomes?
- What are the assessment criteria?
- How can I handle my nerves before and during the viva?
During the viva you will discuss your research with examiners: why and how you developed it, what are the main and innovative findings, what is the impact of your research.
The viva is an open book exam, you will have a copy of your thesis with you to use it during your discussion and refer to specific parts (Imperial regulations. Paragraph 66. A student for the PhD or MPhil degree may bring to the viva voce examination a copy of their thesis paginated in the same way as the copies submitted electronically to the university).
All viva candidates must enter for examination at least four months prior to thesis submission. You’ll need to complete your details via the Examination Entry milestone in your Postgraduate Research Milestones tile in My Imperial.
Your main supervisor will be asked to nominate examiners for your thesis, in accordance with the Imperial's Procedure for Appointment of Examiners for Research Degrees. Your supervisor should forward the request to the Director of Postgraduate Studies for your Department for approval, and they will return it to Student Records.
PhD students will need to submit the above entry form no later than 44 months (full time) and 88 months (part time) after initial registration for the research degree. (Paragraph 61).
Candidates must submit their thesis by the given deadline displayed via My Imperial, regardless of the status of the examination entry paperwork.
More information available on the Examination Entry Forms web page.
Internal and external examiners are nominated following the Procedure for appointment of examiners for research degrees (paragraph 5, 7 & 8 pp. 1-2):
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Paragraph 5 : The role of the internal examiner is essentially that of custodian of the College regulations and standards. Staff appointed as internal examiners for MPhil, PhD, EngD or MD(Res) examinations should fulfil the following criteria: All staff: |
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must have supervised at least one PhD or EngD or MD (Res) student to successful completion at the University |
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must have acted as an assessor for either/or a successful MPhil/PhD transfer, an Early Stage Assessment or a Late Stage Review, normally on at least 3 occasions and |
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ideally they must have experience of examining research degrees at Imperial College London. |
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Paragraph 7: In addition, Lecturers and Senior Research Fellows must have successfully completed their probation period (including completion of the mandatory training course Fundamentals of Supervising PhD Students and/or their prescribed faculty courses) |
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Paragraph 8: Senior Lecturers, Readers, Professors and Principal Research Fellows joining the university must have attended an induction course covering; teaching practice: research student supervision; the conduct of university examinations and the adherent regulations; pastoral care. |
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Paragraph 9: The external examiner should be a recognised international expert normally with experience of examining a research student at a leading university. The external examiner ought normally to be a Reader or Professor (or equivalent in an overseas university or if nominated from outside the higher education sector) and their role is essentially that of the subject expert. |
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According to the same document, exclusion criteria are (paragraphs 12, 13, 14):
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12 |
The following persons may not be appointed to examine a research candidate: the candidate’s supervisor(s); the candidate’s mentor; anyone who has played a significant advisory role in the candidate’s research; anyone who has published with the supervisor in the last five years. |
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13 |
In proposing examiners, supervisors must be mindful of all connections between candidate, supervisors, mentors and proposed examiners. Such connections may be kinship, professional, academic or personal and may include, for example, co-publication, joint holding of grants, etc. Supervisors are asked to declare any such connections in the examiner nomination form. Supervisors are also asked to state briefly why each examiner is appropriate for their role and why the pairing of the examiners is particularly suitable. |
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A person who has been involved in the assessment of a candidate’s Early Stage Assessment or Late Stage Review is not debarred from serving as one of the examiners of the final thesis (but see point 13 above): this connection must be stated and the rationale justified on the nomination form. |
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An individual should not normally be appointed an External Examiner if they: a. Have previously been involved in the supervision or assessment of the student in question. b. Were previously a member of the same research group as the student in question. c. Are a former member of university staff, except where a period of five years has passed and subject to 20 (a) and (b) above. d. Are a former student of the university, except where a period of five years has passed and subject to 20 (a) and (b) above. e. Have previously held an Honorary or Visiting appointment with the university, except where a period of five years has passed and subject to 20 (a) and (b) above |
There is more information available on the Procedure for Appointment of Examiners for Research Degrees (MPhil, PhD, MD(Res), EngD) document (PDF, 196 kb).
The viva is typically organised by your supervisor or a staff member of your department:
Once you have submitted your thesis, the Registry will ensure that copies are provided to your examiners, in advance of your viva examination.
Your supervisor, or another member of staff in your department/division, will be responsible for organising the viva and making all the necessary arrangements.
There is more information available on the Thesis Submission & Vivas webpage
A formal presentation with slides is not usually required. However, since one of the first questions might be “explain your research project to me in 5 minutes”, you are suggested to prepare it (similar to an elevator pitch), with no slides unless your examiners have given you other instructions. During this short presentation you can refer to specific sections of your thesis in support of your explanation.
You can practice your speech at the "Present your Research" course provided by the Early Career Researcher Institute (ECRI)
In advance of your Viva ensure that you have a Suggested Reasonable Adjustment Document (SRAD) agreed with the University's Disability Advisory Service (DAS). Appropriate arrangements to facilitate any adjustments for you viva examination can then be made in advance and the internal examiner notified of the necessary arrangements so that they can ensure these are in place during the examination.
Information on SRAD's and guidance on how to facilitate these, can be obtained from the Departmental disability officers.
According to Imperial regulations (Paragraph 93):
The supervisor shall not be invited unless the student indicates otherwise at the point of entry to the examination. If invited to attend as an observer, the supervisor does not have the right to participate in the examination of the student but may contribute if invited to do so by the examiners. The viva voce examination shall be held in private. In exceptional circumstances and also in the early stages of a joint or collaborative degree the Academic Registrar may appoint an independent observer to attend a student’s viva.
Outcomes are defined in the Imperial regulations (section 15 , pp. 15-20 and paragraph 98 ) the below is an extract:
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Paragraph 98: The following options are open to examiners in determining the result of the PhD examination: |
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Pass: The student is permitted to submit typographical amendments within one month which can be reviewed by the examiners, or nominees. |
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Pass, subject to minor amendments: The student must submit amendments within six months, which must be reviewed by the examiners, or nominees. |
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Not pass, further viva voce examination required: If the thesis meets the criteria for the award, but the student fails to satisfy the examiners at the viva voce examination, the examiners may determine that the student be permitted to re-present the same thesis, and submit to a further viva voce examination within six months. |
| d) | Not pass, major amendments required: If the thesis does not meet the required criteria for the award, but the examiners consider there is sufficient merit in the work, the student is permitted to re-present their thesis following revision and resubmit within 18 months for examination by the same examiners. The examiners may at their discretion exempt from a further viva voce examination, on re-presentation of their thesis, a student who under this regulation has been permitted to re-present it in a revised form. This outcome is only available to examiners at the first examination of the student. |
| e) | Fail PhD: If, after completion of the examination including the viva voce examination or re examination for the PhD degree, the examiners determine that a student has not reached the standard required for the award of the degree nor for the re-presentation of the thesis in a revised form for that degree, they shall consider whether the thesis does or might be able to satisfy the criteria for the award of the MPhil degree. If they so decide, the examiners shall submit a report which demonstrates either (a) how the criteria for the MPhil degree are satisfied, or (b) what action would need to be taken in order for these criteria to be satisfied2. Thereafter the following conditions and procedures will apply [see full document]. |
| f) | Outright Fail. The examiners may determine that the student has not satisfied them in the examination and that there is no reassessment opportunity available to the student. The examiners shall not, however, save in very exceptional circumstances, make such a decision without submitting the student to a viva voce examination. |
- If the examiners are unable to reach agreement, their reports shall be referred to a panel comprising the Director of the Early Career Researcher Institute, a University Consul for the appropriate Faculty and the Academic Registrar (or nominee[s]), which shall determine the action to be taken.
- A student who fails to satisfy the examiners will not be permitted to re-enter for the examination. A student may however apply to the university to register for another programme of study leading to the submission of a thesis on a different topic.
Requirements of a Thesis are defined in the Imperial regulations (Part 4 Section 13, pp. 11-12):
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Section 13: Thesis for the PhD degree |
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73 The thesis shall: |
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consist of the student’s own account of their investigations, the greater proportion of which shall have been undertaken during the period of registration under supervision for the degree; [The part played by the student in any work undertaken jointly with the supervisor(s) and/or fellow research workers must be clearly stated by the student.] |
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and form a distinct contribution to the knowledge of the subject and afford evidence of originality by the discovery of new facts and/or by the exercise of independent critical power; |
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and be an integrated whole and present a coherent argument; [A series of papers, whether published or otherwise, is not acceptable for submission as a thesis. Research work already published, or submitted for publication, at the time of submission of the thesis, either by the student alone or jointly with others, may be included in the thesis. The published papers themselves may not be included in the body of the thesis, but may be adapted to form an integral part of the thesis and thereby make a relevant contribution to the main theme of the thesis. Publications derived from the work in the thesis may be attached as supplementary material to the thesis.] |
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and give a critical assessment of the relevant literature, describe the method of research and its findings, include discussion on those findings and indicate in what respects they appear to the student to advance the study of the subject; and, in so doing, demonstrate a deep and synoptic understanding of the field of study, (the student being able to place the thesis in a wider context), objectivity and the capacity for judgment in complex situations and autonomous work in that field; |
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and be written in English and the literary presentation shall be satisfactory, although a student may make application for a thesis in the field of modern foreign languages and literatures only to be written in the language of study, to be considered on an exceptional basis by the Early Career Researcher Institute; in such cases the thesis shall include additionally a submission of between 10,000 and 20,000 words which shall be written in English and shall summarise the main arguments of the thesis; |
| f) | and not exceed 100,000 words; [The bibliography is excluded from the word count; footnotes are included within the word count; appendices are excluded from the word count and should only include material which examiners are not required to read in order to examine the thesis, but to which they may refer if they |
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and include a full bibliography and references; |
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and demonstrate research skills relevant to the thesis being presented |
| i) | and be of a standard to merit publication in whole or in part or in a revised form (for example, as a monograph or as a number of articles in learned journals). |
The Success guide for Doctoral students contains tips to overcome stress and relax before and during the viva.
- Anticipate questions - Ask your supervisor to provide you with a list of questions that they would anticipate may be asked. Identify areas that you are uncertain about and discuss further with your supervisor if you have concerns about what you could be questioned on.
- Mock viva to practice - You may find your supervisor or department will automatically organise a mock viva. If not, ask your supervisor if they will conduct a mock viva with you, perhaps including another member of the research team who is familiar with your research work and could ask you relevant questions.
- Review your material - Make sure you have not missed anything along the way. If there is anything you are unsure of, make time to focus on that area again. Mark up key parts of your thesis. Remember you are allowed to take a copy of your thesis into the examination. You can refer to it if needed, such as when discussing key figures and tables in relation to the data that you have generated. Some time may have passed since you submitted your thesis, so make sure you are up to date with relevant publications published after your thesis submission. If you don't you may find that your examiners are more up to date on relevant published research findings than you.
- Keep calm - When re-reading your thesis and revising for your viva do not let yourself get too stressed. Allow yourself plenty of time to prepare for the examination. Do not leave things until the last minute - especially not the night before the viva.
Allow yourself time to relax, eat properly, and sleep. You will function better in your viva if you are not tired, hungry and grumpy - and you'll make a better impression on your examiners (there is more information in the Viva pages of the Doctoral Success Guide).
During the viva, important things to remember are:
Just as when delivering any other presentation, remember to breathe, pause between sentences and engage with your examiners. Regular eye contact is key.
If you do not understand the question, ask the examiner to repeat it. If you do not know the answer to a question, just be honest and say so.
When answering questions, take a moment to think before you speak. That way you will ensure you give a detailed but concise answer and will avoid waffling in an unfocused manner (there is more information in the Viva Pages of the Doctoral Success Guide).