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• Journal article
  Evans B, Kaiser L, Keiser O, Jombart Tet al., 2025,

  Routine Immunisation Coverage Shows Signs of Recovery at Global Level Postpandemic, but Important Declines Persist in About 20% of Countries

  , Vaccines, Vol: 13

  Background/Objectives: Routine immunisation (RI) coverage declines during the COVID-19 pandemic, from 2020 to 2022, are well-reported. With the declared end to the Public Health Emergency of International Concern in May 2023, and the cessation of most nonpharmaceutical interventions that were introduced to prevent or minimise COVID-19 spread, we (I) assess whether routine immunisation coverage has rebounded to the level of prepandemic trends and (II) seek to identify factors that help predict whether country performance has exceeded, maintained, or declined compared with expectations (based on time-series forecasting). Methods: We quantified global and country-level routine immunisation diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP) coverage trends postpandemic (2023) compared with prepandemic trends using time-series forecasting across 190 countries. We used discriminant analysis of principal components and random forests to identify relevant predictors of country-level coverage performance, including twenty-eight indicators of health system strength, health workforce, country income, pandemic containment, economic and health policies, and demographic aspects. Results: We show that mean global DTP third-dose coverage levels remained on average 2.7% [95% confidence intervals: 1.1–4.3%] lower than expected in 2023. However, once accounting for temporal demographic changes, we find that this translated to the total number of immunised children almost reverting to expected levels because of decreasing fertility reducing global-level immunisation target populations. At the country level, notable disruption remained in over thirty countries (16.8% of countries below expectations, 81.6% within expected ranges, and 1.6% above expectations). Neither predictive method performed well at identifying factors associated with coverage disruptions. Conclusions: Despite the end of COVID-19 pandemic measures, RI remains below expectations in about 20% of countries. No clear dr

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• Conference paper
  Hardy CSC, Bahr LE, Rothman AL, Anderson KB, Barba-Spaeth G, Weiskopf D, Ooi EE, Marques ETA, Bonsignori M, Barrett ADT, Kirkpatrick BD, Castanha PMS, Hamins-Puertolas M, Christofferson RC, Dimopoulos G, Oliveira F, Chiang LW, Ko AI, Gunale B, Kulkarni P, Perkins TA, Dorigatti I, Stewart T, Shaw J, Johansson MA, Thomas SJ, Waickman ATet al., 2025,

  Proceedings of the second annual dengue endgame summit: A call to action

  , ISSN: 1935-2727

  On August 7–9, 2024, the second annual dengue “endgame” summit was held in Syracuse, NY, hosted by the Global Health Institute at SUNY Upstate Medical Uni-versity. The meeting brought together attendees from around the world, with talks spanning healthcare, government control programs, basic research, and medical countermeasure development efforts. The summit goal was to work toward a better understanding of what dengue control could look like and the steps required to reach such a goal. The objectives of the meeting were to discuss the current global state of dengue, what dengue “control” might look like, and to discuss actionable pathways for achieving dengue control. Topics covered throughout the meeting included DENV immunity and pathogenesis, challenges in countermeasure development, innovative vector control strategies, dengue diagnostics, addressing challenges in science communication, and vaccine hesitancy. Several fundamental knowledge gaps were repeatedly highlighted by the summit attendees and were cited as critical barriers to the development, deployment, and evaluation of effective dengue countermeasures. These gaps include (1) the lack of a broadly applicable immunologic biomarker/ correlate of DENV immunity and (2) the lack of universally accepted/applicable metrics for quantifying dengue severity in the setting of countermeasure evaluations. In addition, the lack of clear and consistent international leadership in the global dengue control effort was cited as a barrier to widespread and synergistic research and countermeasure development/deployment activities. Despite these persistent roadblocks, summit attendees expressed optimism that holistic and multi-tiered approaches—incorporating optimal use of existing and nascent countermeasure technologies deployed in collaboration with local communities—could be effective in progressing toward dengue control.

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• Journal article
  Menegale F, Vezzosi L, Tirani M, Scarioni S, Odelli S, Morani F, Borriello C, Pariani E, Dorigatti I, Cereda D, Merler S, Poletti Pet al., 2025,

  Impact of routine prophylaxis with monoclonal antibodies and maternal immunisation to prevent respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisations, Lombardy region, Italy, 2024/25 season

  , Eurosurveillance, Vol: 30, Pages: 1-11, ISSN: 1025-496X

  Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospitalisation in children worldwide. Recent regulatory approval of monoclonal antibody (mAb) nirsevimab for infants and the RSVpreF vaccine for pregnant women offers promising approaches to mitigate RSV-associated morbidity. Aim: To evaluate potential impacts of routine prophylactic campaigns (mAbs targeting infants or maternal vaccination) introduced in the 2024/25 season on hospitalisations from RSV lower respiratory tract infections in Lombardy, Italy. Methods: We used a catalytic model informed by data from pre-COVID-19 pandemic (before 2020) and post-pandemic periods (until 2022) to quantify the number of cases and hospitalisations that could be averted by seasonal nirsevimab administration to infants and RSVpreF maternal vaccination, considering changes in susceptibility caused by reduced RSV circulation during the pandemic. Results: As a marked proportion of RSV hospitalisations occurs in infants aged ≤ 1 year, seasonal mAb administration to 80% of newborns (uptake levels observed in Spain) was estimated to avert 50.2% (95% CI: 43.5-55.8) of hospitalisations in the total population. Coverage levels close to those observed for childhood vaccines (95%) could result in an additional average 18% reduction in hospitalisations. Vaccination of 65% of pregnant women, resembling the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine coverage in Lombardy for this population, was estimated to avert 30.5% (95% CI: 19.6-39.7) of hospitalisations. At influenza vaccine coverage (12%), less than 8% of hospitalisations could be averted by maternal immunisation. Conclusion: Routine nirsevimab administration to infants demonstrates clear potential to reduce RSV-associated hospitalisations. Maternal immunisation can help in achieving high protection in at-risk populations.

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• Journal article
  Carter C, Shah A, 2025,

  The Fungal Frontier: Understanding the Impact of Aspergillus in Bronchiectasis

  , Chest, Vol: 167, Pages: 914-916, ISSN: 0012-3692
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• Journal article
  Geng L, Whittles LK, Dickens BL, Chio MTW, Chen Y, Tan RKJ, Ghani A, Lim JTet al., 2025,

  Correction: Potential public health impacts of gonorrhea vaccination programmes under declining incidences: a modeling study

  , PLoS Medicine, Vol: 22, ISSN: 1549-1277
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• Journal article
  Morgenstern C, Rawson T, Routledge I, Kont M, Imai-Eaton N, Skarp J, Doohan P, McCain K, Johnson R, Unwin HJT, Naidoo T, Dee D, Parchani K, Cracknell Daniels B, Vicco A, Drake K, Christen P, Sheppard R, Leuba SI, Hicks J, McCabe R, Nash R, Santoni C, Cuomo-Dannenburg G, van Elsland S, Bhatia S, Cori Aet al., 2025,

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) mathematical models and disease parameters: a systematic review

  , The Lancet Microbe, ISSN: 2666-5247

  We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42023393345) of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) transmission models and parameters characterising its transmission, evolution, natural history, severity, risk factors and seroprevalence. Information was extracted using a custom database and quality assessment tool. We extracted 519 parameters, 243 risk factors, and 112 models from 289 papers. Our analyses show SARS is characterised by high lethality (case fatality ratio 10.9%), transmissibility (R0 range 1.1-4.59), and is prone to superspreading (20% top infectors causing up to 91% of infections). Infection risk was highest among healthcare workers and close contacts of infected individuals. Severe disease and death were associated with age and existing comorbidities. SARS's natural history is poorly characterised, except for the incubation period and mean onset-to-hospitalisation. Our associated R package, epireview, contains this database, which can continue to be updated to maintain a living review of SARS epidemiology and models, thus providing a key resource for informing response to future coronavirus outbreaks.

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• Journal article
  Fu M, Lambert G, Cook A, Ndow G, Haddadin Y, Shimakawa Y, Hallett TB, Harvala H, Sicuri E, Lemoine M, Nayagam ASet al., 2025,

  Quality of life in patients with HBV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  , JHEP Reports, Vol: 7, ISSN: 2589-5559

  Background & AimsDespite nearly 250 million people worldwide estimated to have chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in HBV-related disease has not been well characterised. We aimed to summarise existing data on HBV-related HRQOL and quantify summary utility values by stage of disease.MethodsEmbase, Global Health, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for articles investigating HBV HRQOL. Meta-analyses for utility scores were pooled by stage of disease and utility instrument; meta-regression was further adjusted for the effect of current health expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product (CHE/GDP) as a proxy of the importance of healthcare perceived by different countries.ResultsTwenty-two articles from nineteen studies, comprising 10,311 patients, were included. 74% of studies were performed in the Western Pacific Region, and 47% used the EuroQoL-5D-3L instrument. HRQOL was found to decrease with advancing stages of HBV-related disease. Meta-regression showed the following predicted mean utility scores for the different stages of chronic HBV infection: non-cirrhotic 0.842, compensated cirrhosis 0.820 (p=0.474 compared to non-cirrhotic), decompensated cirrhosis 0.722 (p=0.001) and hepatocellular carcinoma 0.749 (p=0.008). The type of tool used affected HRQOL and studies in populations where there was a higher CHE/GDP were associated with higher predicted utility values.ConclusionsChronic HBV infection impairs patients' HRQOL, even when there is no evidence of cirrhosis, and HRQOL is particularly impaired in the advanced stages of decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These results have important implications for global hepatitis elimination efforts and are useful for economic analyses. However, further research is needed, particularly in high-burden, low-income settings where data is lacking.Impact and ImplicationsThis study's findings from 22 articles and 10,311 patients contribute to the

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• Journal article
  Adam M, LaBeaud D, Mbewu N, Gates J, Waechter R, Borbor-Cordova MJ, Kibe L, Alvarez S, Dori A, Bilimale AS, Mwoka M, Deffler J, Spring M, Diaz AR, Farquhar R, Dunbar W, Phiri CR, Luzadis VA, Redvers N, Alonso C, Rochford R, Lowe R, Coomansingh K, Laman M, Sultana R, Ryan S, Bustinduy AL, Hargrave-Bouagnon AS, Ruybal-Pesántez SN, Kerry Z, Kelebi T, McEwen S, Robinson L, Salazar Campo M, Bärnighausen Tet al., 2025,

  Protecting global health partnerships in the era of destructive nationalism

  , PLOS Global Public Health, Vol: 5, ISSN: 2767-3375
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• Journal article
  Laufer Halpin A, Mathers AJ, Walsh TR, Zingg W, Okeke IN, McDonald LC, Elkins CA, Harbarth S, Peacock SJ, Srinivasan A, Bell M, Pittet D, Cardo D, 3rd Geneva Infection Prevention and Control Think Tanket al., 2025,

  A framework towards implementation of sequencing for antimicrobial-resistant and other health-care-associated pathogens.

  , Lancet Infect Dis, Vol: 25, Pages: e235-e244

  Antimicrobial resistance continues to be a growing threat globally, specifically in health-care settings in which antimicrobial-resistant pathogens cause a substantial proportion of health-care-associated infections (HAIs). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and the analysis of the data produced therein (ie, bioinformatics) represent an opportunity to enhance our capacity to address these threats. The 3rd Geneva Infection Prevention and Control Think Tank brought together experts to identify gaps, propose solutions, and set priorities for the use of NGS for HAIs and antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. The major deliverable recommendation from this meeting was a proposed framework for implementing the sequencing of HAI pathogens, specifically those harbouring antimicrobial-resistance mechanisms. The key components of the proposed framework relate to wet laboratory quality, sequence data quality, database and tool selection, bioinformatic analyses, data sharing, and NGS data integration, to support public health and actions for infection prevention and control. In this Personal View we detail and discuss the framework in the context of global implementation, specifically in low-income and middle-income countries.

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• Journal article
  Pons-Salort M, Blake IM, Grassly NC, 2025,

  Duration of immunity after inactivated poliovirus vaccine: how many booster doses are needed?

  , Clin Microbiol Infect, Vol: 31, Pages: 494-496
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