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  • Journal article
    Thrän J, Green TC, Shorten R, 2026,

    Levelised cost of demand response: estimating the cost-competitiveness of flexible demand

    , Energy Conversion and Management, Vol: 349, ISSN: 0196-8904

    To make well-informed investment decisions, energy system stakeholders require reliable cost frameworks for demand response and storage technologies. While the levelised cost of storage permits comprehensive cost comparisons between different storage technologies, no generic cost measure for the comparison of different demand response schemes exists. This paper introduces the levelised cost of demand response, which is an analogous measure to the levelised cost of storage but crucially differs from it by considering consumer reward payments. Additionally, the value factor from cost estimations of variable renewable energy is adapted to account for the variable availability of demand response. The levelised cost of demand response is estimated for four direct load control schemes and twelve storage applications, and then contrasted against literature values for the levelised cost of the most competitive storage technologies. The direct load control schemes are vehicle-to-grid, smart charging, smart heat pumps, and heat pumps with thermal storage. The results show that only heat pumps with thermal storage consistently outcompete storage technologies, with EV-based schemes being competitive for some applications. The results and the underlying methodology offer a tool for energy system stakeholders to assess the competitiveness of demand response schemes even with limited user data.
  • Journal article
    Tu Y, Wu B, Martínez-Pañeda E, 2026,

    Phase field modelling of cracking and capacity fade in core-shell cathode particles for lithium-ion batteries

    , Applied Energy, Vol: 403, ISSN: 0306-2619

    Core-shell electrode particles are a promising morphology control strategy for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. However, experimental observations reveal that these structures remain prone to mechanical failure, with shell fractures and core-shell debonding occurring after a single charge. In this work, we present a novel, comprehensive computational framework to predict and gain insight into the failure of core-shell morphologies and the associated degradation in battery performance. The fully coupled chemo-mechano-damage model presented captures the interplay between mechanical damage and electrochemical behaviours, enabling the quantification of particle cracking and capacity fade. Both bulk material fracture and interface debonding are captured by utilising the phase field method. We quantify the severity of particle cracking and capacity loss through case studies on a representative core-shell system (NMC811@NMC532). The results bring valuable insights into cracking patterns, underlying mechanisms, and their impact on capacity loss. Surface cracks are found to initiate when a significantly higher lithium concentration accumulates in the core compared to the shell. Interfacial debonding is shown to arise from localised hoop stresses near the core-shell interface, due to greater shell expansion. This debonding develops rapidly, impedes lithium-ion transport, and can lead to more than 10 % capacity loss after a single discharge. Furthermore, larger particles may experience crack branching driven by extensive tensile zones, potentially fragmenting the entire particle. The framework developed can not only bring new insight into the degradation mechanisms of core-shell particles but also be used to design electrode materials with improved performance and extended lifetime.
  • Journal article
    Zou Y, Childs P, Li Y, Mi P, Teng F, Garvey B, Dieckmann E, Duan H, Zhao Cet al., 2026,

    Society Optioneering: Designing Societal Alternatives Through Morphological Analysis

    , LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FRONTIERS
  • Journal article
    Pinson P, 2026,

    Editorial and introduction to the special section on the Bernanke's review of the Bank of England's forecasting activities

    , INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FORECASTING, Vol: 42, Pages: 1-2, ISSN: 0169-2070
  • Journal article
    Zhao Y, Chen Q, Li H, Zhou H, Attar HR, Pfaff T, Wu T, Li Net al., 2026,

    Recurrent U-Net-based Graph Neural Network (RUGNN) for accurate deformation predictions in sheet material forming

    , Advanced Engineering Informatics, Vol: 69, ISSN: 1474-0346

    In recent years, various artificial intelligence-based surrogate models have been proposed to provide rapid manufacturability predictions of material forming processes. However, traditional AI-based surrogate models, typically built with scalar or image-based neural networks, are limited in their ability to capture complex 3D spatial relationships and to operate in a permutation-invariant manner. To overcome these issues, emerging graph-based surrogate models are developed using graph neural networks. This study developed a new graph neural network surrogate model named Recurrent U Net-based Graph Neural Network (RUGNN). The RUGNN model can achieve accurate predictions of sheet material deformation fields across multiple forming timesteps. The RUGNN model incorporates Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) to model temporal dynamics and a U-Net inspired graph-based downsample/upsample mechanism to handle spatial long-range dependencies. A novel ’node-to-surface’ contact representation method was proposed, offering significant improvements in computational efficiency for large-scale contact interactions. The RUGNN model was validated using a cold forming case study and a more complex hot forming case study using aluminium alloys. Results demonstrate that the RUGNN model provides accurate deformation predictions closely matching ground truth FE simulations and outperforming several baseline GNN architectures. Model tuning was also performed to identify suitable hyperparameters, training strategies, and input feature representations. These results demonstrate that RUGNN is a reliable approach to support sheet material forming design by enabling accurate manufacturability predictions.
  • Journal article
    Baxter W, Echavarri IV, Porat T, 2025,

    Exploring the impact of changing government policy on vaccination eligibility for 50-64 year olds: A qualitative thematic analysis in England and Scotland

    , HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS, Vol: 21, ISSN: 2164-5515
  • Journal article
    Nutbeam T, Leech C, E Baker C, Box E, R Rodgers L, Dungay K, Johnson L, Lee B, MacQueen M, Fenwick R, Marritt I, Dunbar I, Barnard EBGet al., 2025,

    Identifying research priorities for post-collision care in the United Kingdom: protocol for a road injury priority setting partnership.

    , Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med, Vol: 33

    BACKGROUND: Road traffic injury remains a significant global health challenge, causing over 1.2 million deaths and tens of millions of non-fatal injuries each year. In the United Kingdom (UK), more than 1,600 people died and nearly 30,000 sustained serious injuries on the roads in 2024. While improvements in vehicle design, road infrastructure, emergency response, and road user behaviour have contributed to a sustained reduction in road deaths over recent decades, outcomes for those injured remain variable, and post-collision care has received comparatively less research attention. The Road Injury Chain of Survival framework identifies five interdependent stages where timely, coordinated interventions can improve survival and recovery, however, there has been no systematic effort to define the most important research questions in this area. METHODS: This protocol describes a UK-wide Road Injury Priority Setting Partnership (PSP) conducted using the established methodology of the James Lind Alliance. Research uncertainties will be gathered via a national open-access survey and supplemented by a targeted evidence scan of published research recommendations and clinical guidelines. Submissions will be collated, categorised, and checked against the current evidence base to ensure that only true uncertainties progress. A multi-stakeholder consensus workshop, using the Nominal Group Technique, will identify a 'Top 10' list of research priorities. A secondary output will map priorities to each stage of the Road Injury Chain of Survival to guide targeted research and innovation. DISCUSSION: This is the first PSP focused specifically on post-collision care in the UK. By integrating the perspectives of patients, carers, bystanders, clinicians, policymakers, and researchers, the PSP aims to produce priorities that are directly actionable and relevant to national needs. The findings will inform funders, guideline developers, and service providers, supporting more effective
  • Journal article
    Huppe M, Myant C, 2025,

    3D tibial HU reconstruction from biplanar X-rays utilizing a hybrid PCA-CNN framework

    , Computers in Biology and Medicine, ISSN: 0010-4825

    High-resolution Computed Tomography (CT) is the gold standard medical imaging technique for bone assessment. However, its clinical use is limited by high radiation dose (8.8 mSv; biplanar X-rays 1.4 mSv), cost, and reduced accessibility. These barriers are particularly significant for patients requiring frequent imaging. This study introduces a novel hybrid framework combining statistical intensity modeling with Deep Learning to reconstruct 3D tibial CT volumes including internal density distributions from biplanar radiographs. The method employs principal component analysis (PCA) to capture intensity variations in a compact latent space and trains a convolutional neural network (CNN) to regress PCA coefficients directly from radiographs. The framework was developed and validated using 60 subjects from the publicly available Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) database. Compared to ground truth CT, it achieved a mean absolute error of 127.17 ± 12.08 Hounsfield Units (HU), a structural similarity index of 0.8558 ± 0.0215, and a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 21.40 ± 0.78 dB. The method has the potential to achieve substantial radiation dose reduction compared to conventional CT while preserving sufficient anatomical detail for potential clinical tasks such as patient-specific implant planning and bone quality triage. However, the actual dose reduction depends on clinical imaging protocols and requires validation through protocol-matched dosimetry on actual radiographs. Moreover, it produces interpretable outputs that reflect anatomical intensity variations (e.g., cortical vs. trabecular regions), demonstrating feasibility for hybrid statistical-Deep Learning bone reconstruction. The proposed pipeline establishes a foundation for reduced-dose 3D bone imaging and offers a pathway toward clinical translation pending validation on real-world radiographic data.
  • Journal article
    Vohra S, Childs P, 2025,

    Making Creative Thinking Visible: Learner and Teacher Experiences of Boundary Objects as Epistemic Tools in Adolescent Classrooms

    , Education Sciences, Vol: 16, Pages: 13-13

    <jats:p>Creative thinking has become more important in education globally due to industry demand and a fast-paced world. In this study, boundary objects that can be tangible and digital objects are investigated to understand their role in facilitating creative thinking across five subject areas for teenagers aged 13–18 and their teachers, in their natural learning environment. A multiple case study method is used to investigate learners’ and their teachers’ experience in using boundary objects, to enable communication and understanding between individuals or groups in learning. Participants from an inner London secondary school comprised case groups: 8 Teachers and 16 Learners (8 from the lower school, aged 13–15 years, and 8 from the upper school, aged 16–18 years). Participants were invited through email and a short presentation. Consented participants were organised into male and female across teachers and students and were approached in lessons where boundary objects were being used. Data was collected through interviews and comprised photos of tool use, analysed through Reflexive Thematic Analysis for data analysis. The resulting five themes for teacher and student themes showed that boundary objects were perceived to facilitate creative thinking across all case groups within the studied context, with important insights such as iterative design, which develops real-world skills; metacognition, which is critical in learning and enables students to actively question their own thinking; memory, which is very important in enabling students to remember what they learned and how; and individual liberty, suggesting that learning need not be linear nor prescribed but that there must be freedom to learn in ways that are enjoyable and challenging too, amongst others. This study’s interpretive results indicate that when participants experience the use of boundary objects in a natural classroom or learning setting, the learning pro
  • Journal article
    Chan EYK, Yu X, Qin C, Ghajari Met al., 2025,

    Balancing efficiency and accuracy: extreme gradient boosting and neural networks for near real-time brain deformation prediction in sports collisions

    , Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Vol: 162, ISSN: 0952-1976

    Rapid head motion during sports collisions can cause traumatic brain injury. Head motion can be measured with instrumented mouthguards and fed into finite element (FE) models to predict brain strain, a measure of brain deformation and injury. Due to the computational cost of FE models, deep neural networks have been developed for near real-time prediction. However, they are not used in pitch-side assessments due to their complexity and reliance on full kinematic data, which cannot be reliably transmitted in real-time.We propose an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model with simple input of two kinematic features. Its accuracy and efficiency were compared with two deep learning models: a multilayer perceptron (MLP) using 20 features, and a convolutional neural network (CNN) using entire kinematics. All models were trained on 1701 rugby impacts collected with mouthguards and simulated using the Imperial brain FE model. The XGBoost model predicted strain in key brain regions, while the deep learning models predicted whole-brain strain distributions.All models showed reasonable accuracy in predicting regional strain, with R2 values 0.764–0.851 for XGBoost, 0.721–0.876 for MLP, and 0.744–0.887 for CNN. XGBoost required orders of magnitude fewer floating-point operations, and it used simple input that can be calculated on mouthguards and reliably transmitted in real-time.This study suggests that different models can be used at different stages of brain injury assessment. We hope that the XGBoost model proposed here will lower the barriers for adopting brain strain combined with instrumented mouthguards for pitch-side assessments from elite to grassroot collision sports.
  • Journal article
    Batcup C, Almukhtar A, Menon A, Leff D, Judah G, Demirel P, Porat Tet al., 2025,

    Barriers and enablers to sustainable anaesthetic practice: a mixed-methods study

    , British Journal of Anaesthesia, ISSN: 0007-0912

    Background: Anaesthetic practices contribute significantly to the environmental impact of healthcare. Using local or regional anaesthesia instead of general anaesthesia, and TIVA instead ofinhalational anaesthesia, can reduce this impact. This study investigated why general anaesthesia is sometimes used over local and regional anaesthesia, and why inhalational agents are often chosen over TIVA.Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study in the UK (June 2023–April 2024), underpinned by the Theoretical Domains Framework. Semi-structured interviews (n=19) with anaesthetists, surgeons and nurses of differing seniority were analysed using Framework Analysis. A national survey (n=347), distributed via posters and professional networks, was developed from early interview findings. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively and open-text responses were coded using the qualitative framework.Results: Four key themes were identified: (1) contextual factors affecting anaesthesia decision making; (2) patient differences and preferences; (3) influence of key decision makers on anaesthesia choice; and (4) default practices and lack of confidence in alternatives. These encompassed 17subthemes and mapped to 9 of 14 Theoretical Domains Framework domains.Conclusions: This study provides new insights into behavioural influences underlying anaesthetic practice, which can inform the design of interventions to improve the sustainability of anaesthesia, without compromising patient safety and comfort. Addressing systemic and behavioural barriers through dedicated local anaesthesia operating lists, improved patient communication, targeted training and supportive technologies may enhance efficiency while promoting safe, sustainable, patient-centred practice. Future interventions should be co-designed with surgeons, anaesthetists and patients to ensure clinical acceptability, feasibility, and sustainability
  • Conference paper
    Robson N, McPherson A, Bryan-Kinns N, 2025,

    Listening Together-Apart: On the Social Mediation of Sound Installation Listening

    , Pages: 164-177

    Enacted across the disciplines of sound art and HCI, this paper explores physical behaviours associated with sound installation listening and their mediation by social factors. It presents an ethnomethodological study conducted during the public exhibition of an ultrasonic installation, Being With The Waves. Inaudible to the naked ear, the artwork is heard via custom headphones and, as an experience, manifests differently for individual listeners according to their spatial orientation to speakers, body position, movement, and perceptual behaviour. Arguably, the installation is antisocial by design, foregrounding private rather than collective experience. However, up to six listeners may experience it together, creating a social dimension that inevitably mediates behaviour. An interaction analysis of video observations identifies important ways in which the physical behaviour of listeners appears to be mediated by the presence (or absence) of other people in the exhibition space. The study's findings indicate that the local social dynamic strongly impacts how listeners move and use their bodies, which affects the discovery and exploration of spatial and interactive effects. Critiquing the study from a feminist new materialist perspective, methodological changes are considered that might connect social behaviours with the material design of the installation and foreground situated knowledge.
  • Journal article
    Vohra S, Childs P, 2025,

    Boundary objects as catalysts for creative thinking in adolescent education

    , Education Sciences, ISSN: 2227-7102

    Creative thinking has become more important in education globally due to industry demand and a fast-paced world. Boundary objects that can be tangible or digital objects are investigated to understand their role in facilitating creative thinking across 5 subject areas for teenagers aged 13-18 and their teachers, in their natural learning environment. A multiple case study method is used to investigate learners’ and their teachers’ experience in using boundary objects, to enable communication and understanding between individuals or groups in learning. Participants from an inner London secondary school comprised case groups: 8 Teachers and 16 Learners (8 from the lower school, aged 13-15 years, and 8 from the upper school, aged 16-18 years). Participants were invited through email and a short presentation. Consented participants were organised into male and female across teachers and students and were approached in lessons where boundary objects were being used. Data was collected through interviews and comprised photos of tool use, analysed throughReflexive Thematic Analysis for data analysis. The resulting five themes for teacher and student themes showed that boundary objects were perceived to facilitate creative thinking across all case groups within the studied context, with important insights such as iterative design which develops real-world skills; metacognition which is critical in learning that enables students to actively question their own thinking; memory which is very important in enabling students to remember what they learned and how; individual liberty suggesting that learning need not be linear nor prescribed but with freedom to learn in ways that are enjoyable and challenging too, amongst others. The study’s interpretive results indicate that when participants experience the use of boundary objects in a natural classroom or learning setting, the learning process is perceived to bring benefits that allow for the process of creative
  • Journal article
    Vicente T, González-Toledo D, Cuevas-Rodríguez M, Molina-Tanco L, Reyes-Lecuona A, Picinali Let al., 2025,

    Exploring the relationship between task difficulty, head-related transfer function and spatial release from masking in a speech-on-speech experiment.

    , Hear Res, Vol: 470

    It is known that individuals make use of spatial hearing cues to improve the audibility of a target signal and separate it from competing sounds. This phenomenon is known as spatial release from masking (SRM). Recent research has shown that this happens also when sources are located in the median plane, where interaural differences are limited. When assessing this within virtual conditions, it has been shown that employing individually measured head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) results in higher SRM abilities compared to using non-individual filters. In a previously published work, we found that Spanish speakers benefit from individual HRTFs when discriminating a target English speech from a single masker in the median plane. This study replicates the protocol of that previous work, varying the number of maskers and participants' English proficiency levels to explore relationships among task difficulty and HRTF use. Results from a first experiment show that English speakers behave differently to Spanish ones; their SRM advantage is not significant. We suggest that this is due to their language proficiency, which allows them to rely on spectral glimpsing alone, that is, exploiting spectro-temporal gaps between voices rather than spectral cues introduced by spatial separation. A second experiment introduces a second speech masker, co-located with the first; by making the task more complex, participants seem to increase their reliance on spatial cues, resulting in significant effects of masker position and HRTF. This highlights a trade-off between the use of target glimpsing and spatial cues and the need for further exploration into how task difficulty influences SRM with different HRTFs.
  • Journal article
    Lai H, Soreq E, Bourke N, Baker C, Zimmerman K, Parkinson M, Daniels S, Gregg E, Sharp D, Li Let al., 2025,

    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and mortality in older adults with and without pre-injury dementia

    , Age and Ageing, ISSN: 0002-0729

    Background: Incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is rising in older adults. Dementia is a common comorbidity and may worsen post-TBI outcomes, but its effects have not been studied. Objective: To compare all-cause mortality following TBI or non-TBI trauma (NTT) and quantify the impacts of age, deprivation, and dementia.Design: Population-based retrospective cohort studySetting: Linked primary and secondary care electronic health records (EHRs) from the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) DatabankSubjects: Adult residents in Wales aged 18-100 with hospitalised TBI or NTT recorded between January 2000-December 2022. Methods: Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate survival within 1, 6, and 12 months of hospitalised TBI/NTT in those with and without pre-injury dementia diagnosis. Groups were propensity-matched by age, sex, and morbidities. Models were stratified by age, sex, and deprivation.Results: 23,428 TBIs (n=18,940) and 589,169 NTTs (n=421,259) were identified. TBIs were associated with higher mortality than NTT at all timepoints. Older age was associated with higher mortality after TBI, with 16.9% one-month mortality in patients aged 65-79, and 31% in patients aged 80-100.In TBI patients, 30-day mortality was significant irrespective of dementia. 6- and 12-month mortality were higher in those with than without pre-injury dementia diagnosis. Conclusions: TBI is associated with higher all-cause mortality than NTT, particularly in older age. Among those with TBI, patients with pre-injury dementia had particularly high chronic mortality. There is an urgent need to understand the reasons for poor outcomes in older adult TBI populations, especially those with dementia.
  • Journal article
    Miranda JJ, Lucar-Flores M, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Calvo RA, Cardenas MK, Custodio N, Cutipe-Cardenas YL, Diez-Canseco F, Hawkins J, Landeiro F, Lazo-Porras M, Moore G, Vera-Tudela JC, Whiteley W, Cuba MS, Butler CRet al., 2025,

    Rethinking and transforming health systems for dementia care in low- and middle-income country settings

    , PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH, Vol: 5
  • Journal article
    Thillaithevan D, Murphy R, Hewson R, Santer Met al., 2025,

    Correction to: Inverse design of periodic microstructures with targeted nonlinear mechanical behaviour

    , Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, Vol: 68, ISSN: 1615-147X
  • Journal article
    Hana Frade JL, Engracia Giraldi JDM, Porat T, 2025,

    The influence of national origin cues in HPV vaccination advertising: an eye-tracking study of visual attention and vaccine perception using quantitative and qualitative analysis

    , Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Vol: 21, ISSN: 2164-5515

    This study is among the first to investigate how national origin cues influence visual attention and perception in HPV vaccine advertisements, using eye-tracking technology to provide objective insights into consumer responses. By integrating methods from public health, psychology, and advertising research, this study explores how visual attention is shaped by national affiliation cues. In a controlled experimental setting with a sample of 40 UK university students, we investigated visual attention and effectiveness of HPV vaccination advertisements by comparing ads disclosing the national origin of the vaccine and without any origin information. We assessed total fixation duration and time to first fixation to various elements of the ad, along with intention and attitude measures. Contrary to one of our hypotheses, we did not find significant differences in intention (p = .758) and attitude (p = .620) measures. However, there was significant difference in total fixation duration toward one of the ad images between conditions (p = .043). The qualitative analysis reveals the role of country-of-origin (COO) in HPV vaccination advertising, suggesting a shift in attention from that image to the COO cue. Furthermore, eight out of the 20 participants in the treatment condition did not fixate at the COO cue. Findings provide critical insights for public health communication strategies, suggesting that the use (or omission) of national origin cues in vaccine advertisements could influence vaccine perception and hesitancy. These results highlight the need for strategic messaging approaches to enhance HPV vaccine acceptance and improve public trust in domestic and international vaccines.
  • Journal article
    Kharman AM, Jursitzky C, Zhou Q, Ferraro P, Marecek J, Pinson P, Shorten Ret al., 2025,

    An adversarially robust data market for spatial, crowd-sourced data

    , Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice, Vol: 4, Pages: 1-20, ISSN: 2769-6472

    We describe an architecture for a decentralised data market for applications in which agents are incentivised to collaborate to crowd-source their data. The architecture is designed to reward data that furthers the market’s collective goal, and distributes reward fairly to all those that contribute with their data. We show that the architecture is resilient to Sybil, wormhole and data poisoning attacks. In order to evaluate the resilience of the architecture, we characterise its breakdown points for various adversarial threat models in an automotive use case.
  • Journal article
    Lei G, Cooper SJ, 2025,

    Do Llamas understand the periodic table?

    , Digital Discovery, Vol: 4, Pages: 3455-3465, ISSN: 2635-098X

    Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable abilities in synthesizing scientific knowledge, yet their limitations, particularly with basic arithmetic, raise questions about their reliability. As materials science increasingly employs LLMs for tasks like hypothesis generation, understanding how these models encode specialized knowledge becomes crucial. Here, we investigate how the open-source Llama series of LLMs represent the periodic table of elements. We observe a 3D spiral structure in the hidden states of LLMs that aligns with the conceptual structure of the periodic table, suggesting that LLMs can reflect the geometric organization of scientific concepts learned from text. Linear probing reveals that middle layers encode continuous, overlapping attributes that enable indirect recall, while deeper layers sharpen categorical distinctions and incorporate linguistic context. These findings suggest that LLMs represent symbolic knowledge not as isolated facts, but as structured geometric manifolds that intertwine semantic information across layers. We hope this inspires further exploration into the interpretability mechanisms of LLMs within chemistry and materials science, enhancing trust of model reliability, guiding model optimization and tool design, and promoting mutual innovation between science and AI.
  • Journal article
    Serban AI, Horrocks S, Walsh C, Harrison M, Soreq E, Marzuki A, Woodbridge M, Nilforooshan R, Calvo RA, Sharp DJet al., 2025,

    Dementia Care Research and Psychosocial Factors

    , Alzheimer S Dementia the Journal of the Alzheimer S Association, Vol: 21

    BACKGROUND: Dementia impairs cognitive abilities such as memory and decision-making, significantly affecting activities of daily living. As the condition progresses, confusion, forgetfulness, and wandering become increasingly common, with wandering occurring in approximately 60% of people living with dementia (PLwD). Night-time wandering poses substantial safety risks and increases caregiver burden. Despite its prevalence, there is a lack of effective tools to monitor and address these risks. METHOD: We developed a system that leverages ambient sensing technologies, including door sensors, in-home motion detectors, and under-mattress sleep sensors (Figure 1a-b), combined with automated algorithms to monitor night-time safety. Using a rule-based decision model, the system analyses sequences of door usage and motion patterns to identify potential safety risks, such as leaving the house at night or leaving doors open. The algorithm underwent rigorous multi-stage testing, including living lab evaluation, synthetic data simulation, retrospective analysis, and prospective validation. RESULTS: Validation was conducted across 94 households over 365 nights, totalling 297,297 monitoring hours. At least one night-time safety alert was triggered in 33 households, while no abnormal events were recorded in 61 households. Two hundred alerts were generated across 142 nights, with an average time outside 2 hours and 40 minutes per event. Of these alerts, 91.2% were validated as night-time going out events, with 14.9% representing routine activities. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the algorithm's effectiveness in timely, accurate night-time safety monitoring. Implementing it has the potential to enhance safety and reduce caregiver burden for PLwD in clinical and home care settings.
  • Journal article
    Panahi AA, Luder D, Wu B, Offer G, Sauer DU, Li Wet al., 2025,

    Fast and generalisable parameter-embedded neural operators for lithium-ion battery simulation

    , ENERGY AND AI, Vol: 22, ISSN: 2666-5468
  • Journal article
    Cacciarelli D, Pinson P, Panagiotopoulos F, Dixon D, Blaxland Let al., 2025,

    Do we actually understand the impact of renewables on electricity prices? A causal inference approach

    , IENERGY, Vol: 4, Pages: 247-258
  • Journal article
    Serban A-I, Horrocks S, Walsh C, Harrison M, Soreq E, Marzuki A, Woodbridge M, Nilforooshan R, Calvo RA, Sharp DJet al., 2025,

    Technology and Dementia Preconference.

    , Alzheimers Dement, Vol: 21 Suppl 9

    BACKGROUND: Dementia impairs cognitive abilities such as memory and decision-making, significantly affecting activities of daily living. As the condition progresses, confusion, forgetfulness, and wandering become increasingly common, with wandering occurring in approximately 60% of people living with dementia (PLwD). Night-time wandering poses substantial safety risks and increases caregiver burden. Despite its prevalence, there is a lack of effective tools to monitor and address these risks. METHOD: We developed a system that leverages ambient sensing technologies, including door sensors, in-home motion detectors, and under-mattress sleep sensors (Figure 1a-b), combined with automated algorithms to monitor night-time safety. Using a rule-based decision model, the system analyses sequences of door usage and motion patterns to identify potential safety risks, such as leaving the house at night or leaving doors open. The algorithm underwent rigorous multi-stage testing, including living lab evaluation, synthetic data simulation, retrospective analysis, and prospective validation. RESULTS: Validation was conducted across 94 households over 365 nights, totalling 297,297 monitoring hours. At least one night-time safety alert was triggered in 33 households, while no abnormal events were recorded in 61 households. Two hundred alerts were generated across 142 nights, with an average time outside 2 hours and 40 minutes per event. Of these alerts, 91.2% were validated as night-time going out events, with 14.9% representing routine activities. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the algorithm's effectiveness in timely, accurate night-time safety monitoring. Implementing it has the potential to enhance safety and reduce caregiver burden for PLwD in clinical and home care settings.
  • Journal article
    Porras ML, Serruto FT, Butler CR, Cuba MS, Vilchez DR, Quinoso SPL, Flores ML, Miranda J, Bernabe A, Canseco FD, Moore G, Landeiro F, Cardenas MK, Tudela CV, Calvo RA, Whiteley W, Hawkins Jet al., 2025,

    Public Health.

    , Alzheimers Dement, Vol: 21 Suppl 6

    BACKGROUND: Dementia is a high burden condition in many low- and middle- income countries (LMIC). However, data are limited in terms of the patients' journey to receive a dementia diagnosis and treatment. There is also a lack of guidance on how to conduct this kind of research. This is the first study of its kind in Peru, providing a patient-centered approach to understand the patient journey of people with dementia (PWD) and their carers. Understanding this journey is essential for improving healthcare practices that address the unique challenges faced in this context METHOD: This qualitative study used in-depth interviews to map the patient journey of PWD. Participants included PWD, carers, and healthcare workers. A draft of the journey map was shared with a sub-sample of participants for validation, involving individual and group discussions at each site. Participants reflected on their experiences, identifying missing steps, emotions, touch points, timelines, and actors involved. RESULT: We interviewed 39 participants: 4 PWD (2 female, 2 male), 18 carers (15 female, 3 male), and 17 healthcare workers (12 female, 5 male). Mapping the patient journey revealed that PWD and carers navigate more steps than healthcare professionals perceive. They often make logistical decisions, engaging with multiple health systems before obtaining a diagnosis and treatment. The validation process highlighted missing details in the initial map. Participants offered valuable feedback, enriching the map to better reflect the fragmented pathways to dementia care in Peru. Additionally, these sessions provided a supportive environment for carers and healthcare workers to share experiences, fostering a sense of community and engagement with the research process. CONCLUSION: Mapping the experiences of PWD and carers revealed longer, more complex journeys than previously recognised by healthcare professionals. The validation process further enriched the findings, providing key insights into
  • Journal article
    Lyu D, Onori S, Tao S, Howey DA, Zhang B, Quade KL, Dubarry M, Wu B, Li Wet al., 2025,

    Next steps for battery diagnostics

    , Cell Reports Physical Science, Vol: 6

    Batteries are a cornerstone of expanding sustainable infrastructure. Battery behavior has an impact on consumers recharging their electric vehicles, industries designing battery-powered equipment, large-scale electric grid performance, warranties for electronics, and safety for everyday users. Correctly planning, executing, and succeeding in battery deployment relies on an accurate understanding of how batteries function and fail. We sought out researchers on the leading edge of battery diagnostic and prognostic techniques to describe where the field is headed. In this Voices piece, they provide their expert opinions—including evolving definitions, data as a key resource, future battery formats, and diagnostics motivating industry investment—to portray the future of battery diagnostics and prognostics.
  • Journal article
    Almukhtar A, Batcup C, Jagannath S, Leff D, Porat T, Judah G, Demirel Pet al., 2025,

    Understanding sustainability in operating theatres: an ethnographic study to determine drivers of unsustainable behaviours

    , Annals of Surgery Open, ISSN: 2691-3593

    BackgroundClimate change is the biggest threat to human health. Paradoxically, the healthcare sector is a major contributor to climate change, and operating theatres are among the highest sources of emissions. Unsustainable practices are actions that compromise environmental, social, and financial sustainability, leading to unnecessary resource use, avoidable harm to the wider population, and reduced ability to provide effective healthcare in the future. Drivers of unsustainable practices and barriers to sustainability in practice (a top priority identified by the James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership) are unexplored, hindering interventions which can help meet net-zero targets within healthcare. We conducted the first known ethnographic study to investigate behaviours related to sustainability in operating theatres, and their influences on those behaviours to inform the design of effective behaviour change interventions.MethodsNon-participant ethnographic observations with opportunistic discussions in elective general surgical operating theatres were conducted between June and December 2023 at two university hospitals in Central London. Data were collected until saturation using a template developed during the initial observations. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted, with sub-themes (influences) deductively mapped to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF).ResultsTwenty-six procedures were observed (42 hours). Unsustainable behaviours included: (i) unnecessary and inappropriate glove use, potentially compromising safety (average 8-10 pairs per operation), (ii) incorrect waste disposal, (iii) unnecessary package opening, and (iv) energy waste. Thematic analysis generated 6 themes and 16 influences (mapped to 9 TDF domains). Key themes were that sustainable practices are “infrequent and inconsistent” due to limited awareness (Knowledge) and low environmental concerns (Memory, Attention and Decision Processes). Unsustainable behaviours we
  • Journal article
    Liu H, Luo W, Xu M, Zhang S, Xue J, Chen Q, Zhao Y, Hu N, Gao Zet al., 2025,

    Emerging bioelectronics and optogenetics for neurogastroenterology

    , BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS, Vol: 288, ISSN: 0956-5663
  • Conference paper
    Sun S, Cao J, Zhang Z, Calvo RAet al., 2025,

    Culturally Adapted Design of a Digital Mental Health Intervention to the Chinese context: A design case study

    , Pages: 120-130

    Culture plays a crucial role in the design of mental health interventions since it influences how people seek assistance, participate in healthy behaviours, and how services are provided. It is believed that including cultural factors in the intervention will improve its relevance, acceptability, effectiveness, and sustainability. In this paper, we present the design process of a case study of adapting an evidence-proven Australian digital mental health intervention to the Chinese context, following culturally sensitive design frameworks including the ADAPT Model and the Ecological Validity Model. Through cultural adaptation, the localised intervention, namely 云舒 (CloudEase), received a higher overall satisfaction score on the System Usability Scale compared to the literal translated version of the original intervention. Documenting each step of this process demonstrates a practical roadmap and guidelines for customising similar digital mental health interventions in Chinese or other cultural settings.
  • Conference paper
    Cho M, Re MD, Simpson T, Harrison M, Calvo RAet al., 2025,

    Conversational AI in Community Care: Preliminary Insights from a Scoping Review

    , Pages: 471-480

    Community-based care represents a strategic priority for healthcare systems globally, yet the integration of conversational artificial intelligence (CAI) in these settings remains underexplored. This ongoing scoping review investigates current applications of CAI in community care settings to identify and categorise functional capabilities that can guide future implementation decisions. Through systematic database searches, we identified 65 papers for detailed analysis. Our initial observation surfaced eight CAI capabilities: identify, detect, generate, create, record, send, adapt, and operate. ‘Generation’ was frequently observed to produce personalised responses, data summaries or care recommendations. ‘Adaptation’ appeared particularly relevant in community care, facilitating linguistically and culturally responsive care. Emergent insights include the role of CAI in supporting relational care, enhancing cultural and contextual sensitivity, enabling collaboration with human agents, and processing multimodal data inputs for diverse care settings. This capability-centred analysis will provide an evidence-based foundation for innovators and clinical teams to make informed decisions about CAI integration in community care environments, with implications for scaling accessible and culturally appropriate care delivery.

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