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  • Journal article
    Daugintis R, Barumerli R, Geronazzo M, Pauwels J, Picinali L, Poole KCet al., 2025,

    Listener acoustic personalisation challenge – LAP24: head-related transfer function dataset harmonization

    , IEEE Open Journal of Signal Processing, Vol: 6, Pages: 950-964, ISSN: 2644-1322

    Big data analysis and collation for data-driven head-related transfer function (HRTF) personalization methods are often hindered by systematic differences between HRTF datasets. To address this issue, we designed Task 1 of the inaugural listener acoustic personalisation (LAP) challenge. Researchers were invited to propose strategies for harmonizing HRTFs from a collection of eight different datasets so that dataset-specific artifacts were mitigated while preserving the perceptually relevant attributes of the original HRTFs. Defining the two-sided task required a deeper assessment of the acoustic and perceptual HRTF descriptions to find an evaluation framework that encompassed the two domains. Consequently, a two-stage evaluation was devised to assess the submissions. First, an auditory sound localization model was used to test the perceptual validity of the harmonized HRTFs by estimating the difference in sound localization performance between the original and the harmonized versions. Then, a machine learning classifier was employed to differentiate harmonized HRTF datasets, and its accuracy was used to rank submissions. Three submissions were received, and one was declared a winner according to the evaluation criteria. Further analysis of the submissions revealed some limitations of the evaluation system, prompting a comprehensive review of the task’s inherent complexities. This paper serves as a systematic account of the challenge and relevant considerations, intended to guide future advancements in the field of HRTF personalization research.
  • Journal article
    Tan R, Baker C, Xiancheng Y, Ghajari Met al., 2025,

    Superior linear and comparable rotational protection of an air-filled helmet versus foam helmets

    , Scientific Reports, Vol: 15, ISSN: 2045-2322

    Air-filled chambers offer a promising approach for designing lightweight and portable bicycle helmets, yet their effectiveness in real-world cycling accidents, particularly under oblique impacts, remains unexplored. Here, for the first time, we evaluated the brain injury mitigation performance of a commercially available air-filled helmet, Ventete aH-1, under oblique impacts, and compared it with three conventional cycle helmets, ranking high, middle and low in a recent study of 30 cycle helmets. Helmets were fitted to a new headform with more biofidelic physical properties than other existing headforms, allowing for more accurate measurements of linear and rotational motion during impacts. The helmeted headform was subjected to impacts to the front, front-side, side and rear against a 45° anvil at 6.5 m/s. The risk of linear and rotational injuries was calculated using risk functions based on PLA (peak linear acceleration) and BrIC (brain injury criterion) and exposure weighting. The PLA and linear risk were lower for the air-filled helmet than the EPS helmets in all impact locations. The air-filled helmet showed a 44% reduction in overall linear brain injury risk compared to the best-performing EPS helmet, attributed to its nearly twice as long impact duration. The air-filled helmet’s rotational performance compared to the EPS helmets was dependent on the impact location, with its overall rotational risk being slightly better than the EPS helmet ranked middle. Our study shows that air-filled chambers have the potential to provide superior protection compared with EPS liner helmets under oblique impacts. We hope our results will inspire new helmet designs which adopt air-filled chambers to improve brain injury protection and address portability concerns that limit helmet adoption.
  • Journal article
    Dahari A, Docherty R, Kench S, Cooper SJet al., 2025,

    Prediction of Microstructural Representativity From A Single Image

    , ADVANCED SCIENCE
  • Journal article
    Liu D, Baldi S, Yang K, Astolfi Aet al., 2025,

    Equipping Vehicular Platoons With Partial-State Immersion and Invariance Adaptation

    , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, ISSN: 1063-6536
  • Journal article
    Wang Z, Gupta S, Page F, Agg C, Spivey AC, Hazeri K, Zou Y, Zhao C, Lucas C, Childs Pet al., 2025,

    Group project practices and guidance in higher education contexts

    , Frontiers in Education, Vol: 10, ISSN: 2504-284X

    Anecdotal good practice in group projects is widely available. In the academic context group project work offers potential for real world experience development along with enabling activities to be undertaken within limited resources. Nevertheless, concerns exist regarding aspects such as fairness, burden and unpopularity. This paper provides a review of commonly cited best practice for group projects, supplemented by a cross-university review undertaken by students of group projects at Imperial in combination with guidance from three other universities. Arising highlighted good practice principles include prioritization, holding a kick-off meeting, establishment of project scope and objectives, attention to group composition, resource planning, change management, project planning, risk management, documentation, communication, cooperation, culture and psychological safety, dependability, sense of purpose, conflict management and feedback. From the extensive body of guidance available it is evident that we could learn more from industrial approaches to project management. However, it is also acknowledged that maximizing outcomes may not maximize learning, especially for academically weaker and stronger students. A recommendation arising from practice in some modules and industry includes ongoing attention to project management training and role development during a project so that practitioners can continue to learn and upskill within a project and specific role, rather than relying on training sessions before a project.
  • Journal article
    Carman F, Bresme F, Wu B, Dini D, Ewen JPet al., 2025,

    Water nanofilms mediate adhesion and heat transfer at hematite-hydrocarbon interfaces

    , Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol: 12, ISSN: 2196-7350

    A detailed understanding of nanoscale heat transport at metal oxide-hydrocarbon interfaces is critical for many applications that require efficient thermal management. Under ambient conditions, water nanofilms are expected to form at these interfaces, but these are rarely accounted for in simulations. Using molecular dynamics simulations, it is shown that water nanofilms at the hydroxylated hematite/poly-α-olefin (PAO) interface significantly affect wettability and thermal transport. Including water nanofilms improves agreement with experimental work of adhesion, which cannot be replicated with anhydrous systems using realistic solid–liquid interactions. For water films thicker than one monolayer, interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) converges to a consistent value, independent of solid–liquid interaction strength. This value is dominated by the ITR at the water/PAO interface. The ITR at the water/PAO interface is dependent on the surface area between the water film and the PAO and the magnitude of the interfacial potential. These simulations provide a more precise estimate of ITR at the hematite/PAO interface by accounting for surface hydration expected in experiments under ambient conditions. This study offers crucial insights into the roles of surface hydroxylation and water nanofilms in controlling wettability and thermal transport at industrially important interfaces.
  • Journal article
    Fornier Z, Leclere V, Pinson P, 2025,

    Fairness by design in shared-energy allocation problems

    , COMPUTATIONAL MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, Vol: 22, ISSN: 1619-697X
  • Conference paper
    Binyamini Ben-Meir N, Healy PGT, Deterding S, 2025,

    Domestic cultures of plant care: a moss terrarium probe

    , New York, New York, Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS ’25), Publisher: ACM

    Houseplants are increasingly being used as part of interactive sys- tems that aim to foster pro-environmental concern and awareness of more-than-human life. Yet such interventions rely on conflicting and untested assumptions about how people relate to houseplants. We therefore studied domestic plant care in 11 purposefully sampled households, applying a sensor-equipped moss terrarium as a living ‘thing ethnography’ probe, supplemented with semi-structured in- terviews. We find that social and intergenerational cultures of plant care inform people’s individual concern and accountability through constituents and mechanisms like gift-giving, signalling, knowledge transfer, or joint practical care. We identify five domestic cultures of plant care in our sample, each of which frames plants differently and leads to different practical approaches to plant care. We propose design considerations that emphasise enculturation and shared care over individual behaviour change and reframe houseplants from decorative objects into living household members.
  • Journal article
    Daubner S, Weichel M, Reder M, Schneider D, Huang Q, Cohen AE, Bazant MZ, Nestler Bet al., 2025,

    Simulation of intercalation and phase transitions in nano-porous, polycrystalline agglomerates

    , NPJ COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS, Vol: 11
  • Journal article
    Zhou H, Zhao Y, Li H, Pfaff T, Li Net al., 2025,

    A multi-level graph-based surrogate model for real-time high-fidelity sheet forming simulations

    , Advanced Engineering Informatics: the science of supporting knowledge-intensive activities, Vol: 66, ISSN: 0954-1810

    Surrogate models with structured data representations, mainly images and graphs, have been widely investigated in various domains, including automotive manufacturing. Despite advances, existing approaches still face significant challenges in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and generalisability. To address these challenges, a promising direction is to combine the advantages of both images and graphs. This study proposes a graph-based surrogate model, which has a multi-level architecture with enhanced graph convolutional operations using image-inspired spatial edge weights. To evaluate its performance, three additional graph-based surrogate models are developed for comparison, each differing in the formulation of spatial edge weights. All four models are assessed on a real-world hot-stamping B-pillar case study, which involves variations in blank shapes under multiple parameterisations and post-stamped thickness distributions exhibiting complicated local patterns. The proposed architecture significantly outperforms the three comparison models, achieving high accuracy with a relatively low computational burden during training and deployment. Furthermore, it demonstrates strong robustness in hyperparameter calibration and shows the potential for generalisation to other manufacturability-related real-time simulation problems. This study presents an effective methodology for future surrogate model development by integrating the advantages of different structured data representations.
  • Conference paper
    Bhattacharjee D, Mao J, Moreschini A, Scarciotti G, Astolfi Aet al., 2025,

    Using Explicit Generators and Filters in Two-Sided Moment Matching

    , Pages: 532-537, ISSN: 2405-8971

    We study the two-sided moment matching problem for time-varying systems connected to an explicit signal generator and an explicit filter. We first provide the notion of moment in a time-varying setting for both the standard and the swapped interconnection. By leveraging these notions of moment, we derive reduced-order models that achieve two-sided moment matching. Finally, we illustrate the result on a benchmark example.
  • Journal article
    Chen L, Cai Z, Jiang Z, Sun L, Childs P, Zuo Het al., 2025,

    A knowledge graph-based bio-inspired design approach for knowledge retrieval and reasoning

    , Journal of Engineering Design, Vol: 36, Pages: 1321-1351, ISSN: 0954-4828

    Bio-inspired Design (BID) is a method that draws principles from biological systems to solve complex real-world problems. While diverse knowledge-based tools have served BID, the retrieval and reasoning capabilities of knowledge graphs have not been explored in BID. This study introduces a novel knowledge graph-based BID approach, exploiting the power of knowledge graphs to support BID. In the approach, a comprehensive ontology is defined and then applied to construct a BID-specific knowledge graph, enabling efficient representation of the diverse and rich biological knowledge. The knowledge graph supports BID by facilitating knowledge retrieval and reasoning. Retrieval in BID is accomplished by finding potential links between biological systems and relevant design applications. Reasoning in BID is supported by a link prediction model that follows the design process of mapping from biological systems to design applications. Two case studies are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. The first case shows that our approach outperforms other benchmarks in retrieving related biological knowledge, and the second case presents how the link prediction model aids in generating relevant and inspirational design ideas.
  • Journal article
    Zhao Y, Du H, Kang Y, Zhang J, Lan B, Guo Z, Titirici M-M, Zhao Y, Tavajohi N, Kang F, Li Bet al., 2025,

    Spent battery regeneration for better recycling

    , NATURE REVIEWS MATERIALS, ISSN: 2058-8437
  • Journal article
    Tarantino L, Astolfi A, Sassano M, 2025,

    To play or not to play: A characterization of the marginal contribution of the opponent in a class of LQ differential games☆

    , AUTOMATICA, Vol: 177, ISSN: 0005-1098
  • Journal article
    Baker CE, Ghajari M, 2025,

    How do demographic factors, non-standard and out-of-position seating affect vehicle occupant injury outcomes in road traffic collisions?

    , SAFETY SCIENCE, Vol: 187, ISSN: 0925-7535
  • Conference paper
    Cieslak C, Rivers S, Childs P, 2025,

    In-Situ Wind Turbine Blade Inspection Using Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing

    , ASME Turbo Expo 2025: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers

    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Offshore and onshore wind turbine blades present significant inspection, maintenance and repair challenges arising from location, economic drivers, environment and the specific blade architecture concerned. In-situ tasks have traditionally been undertaken by people abseiling from the tower or use of gantries. Harsh conditions associated with windy environs, along with pressures to limit downtime, have led to a range of new technologies becoming available. This paper presents results from the use of ultrasonic non-destructive testing (NDT) measurements of subsurface blade topography arising from in-situ and static blade inspection for a range of wind turbine types. The measurements have been enabled using a hexapod robot that can accommodate NDT scanners within its chassis and can, using pneumatic suction for the robot pedipulators, navigate the convex, concave and flexing form of in-situ wind turbine blades. The arising NDT tomographic scans provide detailed information on blade integrity, the presence or otherwise of bonding materials and local feature condition. Measurements, presented over a 600 mm traverse span, have confirmed the reliability of the robotic platform to deliver high quality, consistent and reliable data to be acquired with limited NDT experience and to allow subsurface inspections to be performed and analysed remotely. In addition to detailed measurement of subsurface blade features, the robot system has also demonstrated capacity to undertake functions such as lightning protection system verification.</jats:p>
  • Journal article
    Albanese A, Wang Y, Brunelli D, Boyle Det al., 2025,

    Is That Rain? Understanding Effects on Visual Odometry Performance for Autonomous AAVs and Efficient DNN-Based Rain Classification at the Edge

    , IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, Vol: 12, Pages: 20230-20238, ISSN: 2327-4662
  • Journal article
    Asher GN, Viswanathan M, Takyi A, Middleton JC, Baker C, Kahwati LCet al., 2025,

    Screening for Syphilis Infection During Pregnancy Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force

    , JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, Vol: 333, Pages: 2015-2017, ISSN: 0098-7484
  • Journal article
    Jagtap SS, Childs PRN, Stettler MEJ, 2025,

    Comparative life cycle evaluation of alternative fuels for a futuristic subsonic long-range aircraft

    , Sustainable Production and Consumption, Vol: 56, Pages: 431-446, ISSN: 2352-5509

    Liquid hydrogen (LH2) and 100 % synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK), or sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), represent viable alternatives to conventional Jet-A for long-haul aviation, provided they are produced via pathways enabling net-zero well-to-wake (WTWa) emissions. This study evaluates the WTWa performance, including non-CO2 emissions, of a blended wing body aircraft (300 passengers, 13,890 km range) powered by either LH2 or 100 % SPK. Use-phase emissions are quantified, and fuel production impacts are assessed using the GREET model. Analysis of over 100 production pathways reveals that LH2 can achieve net-zero or negative WTWa CO2-equivalent emissions when produced from biomass or integrated fermentation with carbon sequestration. Non-CO2 emissions are shown to contribute significantly to WTWa impacts. When miscanthus is used as a feedstock, 100 % SPK reduces WTWa CO2-equivalent emissions by 70–85 % compared to Jet-A. A high-level supply analysis indicates that SAF and hydrogen production in 2050 could meet the energy demands of long-haul aviation, assuming a 4 % annual traffic growth rate and full adoption of these fuels. These findings provide critical insights to guide R&D investments, fuel cost analyses, and aviation policy development for sustainable long-haul aviation.
  • Journal article
    Poole KC, Cappotto D, Martin V, Sztandera J, Chait M, Picinali L, Shiell Met al., 2025,

    Assessing behavioral and neural correlates of change detection in spatialized acoustic scenes

    , Hearing Research, Vol: 462, ISSN: 0378-5955

    The ability to detect changes in complex auditory scenes is crucial for human survival, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this process remain elusive. This study investigates how the presence and location of sound sources impacts active auditory change detection as well as neural correlates of passive change detection. Stimuli were naturalistic temporal envelopes applied to synthesized broadband carriers designed to eliminate semantics and minimize contextual information while preserving naturalistic temporal envelopes and broadband spectra, presented in a spatial loudspeaker array. Behavioral change detection experiments tasked participants with detecting new sources added to spatialized and non-spatialized multi-source auditory scenes. In a passive listening experiment, participants were given a visual decoy task while neural data were collected via electroencephalography (EEG) during exposure to unattended spatialized scenes and added sources.Our two behavioral experiments (N = 21 and 21) demonstrated that spatializing sounds facilitated change detection compared to non-spatialized presentation, but that performance declined with increasing number of sound sources and higher hearing thresholds at mid-high frequencies, exclusively in spatialized conditions. Slower reaction times were also observed when changes occurred from above or behind the listener, exacerbated by a higher number of sources. Two EEG experiments (N = 32 and 30), using the same stimuli, showed robust change-evoked responses. However, no significant differences were detected in our analysis as a function of spatial location of the appearing source. These findings provide fresh insights into the mechanisms of spatial auditory change detection, emphasizing the dynamic interplay of spatial cues, change location, and scene complexity.
  • Journal article
    Pandey SR, Pinson P, Popovski P, 2025,

    Privacy-Aware Data Acquisition Under Data Similarity in Regression Markets

    , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS AND LEARNING SYSTEMS, Vol: 36, Pages: 10580-10591, ISSN: 2162-237X
  • Journal article
    Grimaldi RA, Astolfi A, 2025,

    Exact Penalizations for Optimal Control Problems

    , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATIC CONTROL, Vol: 70, Pages: 4101-4108, ISSN: 0018-9286
  • Conference paper
    Zhou B, Liu M, Bian S, Geiβler D, Lukowicz P, Miranda J, Dan J, Atienza D, Riahi MA, Wehn N, Torah R, Yong S, Liu J, Beeby S, Kohler M, Greinke B, Yu J, Nierstrasz V, Sheldrick L, Stewart R, Nieri T, Maccanti M, Spinelli Det al., 2025,

    Multi-partner project: Sustainable Textile Electronics (STELEC)

    , DATE 2025, Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 1-5

    E-textiles are rapidly emerging as an important area of electronic circuit applications. It also facilitates many socially important applications such as personalized health, elderly care, and smart agriculture. However, the environmental impact and sustainability of e-textiles remain very problematic. STELEC, short for Sustainable Textile ELECtronics, is an interdisciplinary research project funded by the European Innovation Council (EIC) under the Pathfinder programme on the responsible elec-tronics topic seeking cutting-edge innovation. STELEC started in September 2024 and is in its initial stage. The project is a multinational collaboration of research institutes, universities and companies across Europe. It aims at developing next-generation textile-based electronics in applications from sensing, processing to AI, with a commitment to full lifecycle sustainability.
  • Journal article
    Yang D, Hu Y, Liu S, Yang W, Ren X, Li Y, Xu F, Gong M, Zhao Y, Qiu X, Hou Het al., 2025,

    Synthesis and assembly strategy of electroactive biomaterials and systems for soft tissue engineering applications

    , Chem, ISSN: 2451-9294

    Soft tissue injuries are a common issue affecting human health, and the extent and duration of injuries often constrain the healing process. Electroactive biomaterials have become a key medium for tissue regeneration by modulating cellular behavior, but a systematic evaluation of their potential and challenges is still limited. This review comprehensively explores electroactive biomaterials, focusing on their chemical synthesis, assembly processes, application potential, challenges faced, and future directions. First, this work elaborates on the unique and innovative features of electroactive biomaterials’ chemical synthesis and preparation techniques. Subsequently, the principles of electroactive devices and their interactions with biological tissues are described to optimize tissue repair. Finally, the application prospects of electrical stimulation technology in soft tissue engineering are explored, emphasizing its role in cell and tissue regeneration and its clinical potential. In conclusion, this review provides theoretical and practical insights into the development and application of electroactive biomaterials.
  • Journal article
    Davies B, Szyniszewski S, Dias MA, de Waal L, Kisil A, P Smyshlyaev V, Cooper S, Kamotski IV, Touboul M, Craster RV, Capers JR, Horsley SAR, Hewson RW, Santer M, Murphy R, Thillaithevan D, Berry SJ, Conduit GJ, Earnshaw J, Syrotiuk N, Duncan O, Kaczmarczyk Ł, Scarpa F, Pendry JB, Martí-Sabaté M, Guenneau S, Torrent D, Cherkaev E, Wellander N, Alù A, Madine KH, Colquitt DJ, Sheng P, Bennetts LG, Krushynska AO, Zhang Z, Mirzaali MJ, Zadpoor Aet al., 2025,

    Roadmap on metamaterial theory, modelling and design

    , Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol: 58, ISSN: 0022-3727

    This Roadmap surveys the diversity of different approaches for characterising, modelling and designing metamaterials. It contains articles covering the wide range of physical settings in which metamaterials have been realised, from acoustics and electromagnetics to water waves and mechanical systems. In doing so, we highlight synergies between the many different physical domains and identify commonality between the main challenges. The articles also survey a variety of different strategies and philosophies, from analytic methods such as classical homogenisation to numerical optimisation and data-driven approaches. We highlight how the challenging and many-degree-of-freedom nature of metamaterial design problems call for techniques to be used in partnership, such that physical modelling and intuition can be combined with the computational might of modern optimisation and machine learning to facilitate future breakthroughs in the field.
  • Conference paper
    Yin Y, Childs P, 2025,

    An EEG study to understand semantic and episodic memory retrieval in creative processes

    , Design 2024
  • Journal article
    Qian Q, Wang Y, Boyle D, 2025,

    Adaptive Probabilistic Planning for the Uncertain and Dynamic Orienteering Problem

    , IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, Vol: 12, Pages: 13988-14001, ISSN: 2327-4662
  • Journal article
    Guo H, Xiao Y, Pinson P, Wang X, Zhang L, Wang Xet al., 2025,

    A negotiation-based incentive mechanism for efficient Transmission Expansion Planning considering generation investment equilibrium in deregulated environment

    , APPLIED ENERGY, Vol: 386, ISSN: 0306-2619
  • Conference paper
    Boguslavskiy M, Chappell D, Nanayakkara T, 2025,

    Towards passively actuated short-range telehaptics for astronauts

    , SpaceCHI 4.0 at the European Astronaut Centre, Publisher: Schloss Dagstuhl

    Human extra-vehicular activity (EVA) plays a vital role in current and near future space exploration for two reasons: the superior dexterity exhibited by human astronauts, and their flexible problem-solving and decision-making capabilities. However, the dexterity of astronauts during EVA is limited by the flexibility and tactility of their EVA suit gloves, which are primarily designed to provide thermal insulation and pressure for the hand. This creates a compromise between utility and protection. To address this compromise, a Passively Actuated Short-range Telehaptic (PAST) device is proposed. The PAST device couples the motion of fingers between a robotic hand and a human hand through a hydraulically actuated linkage. It also transfers tactile information, including pressure, direction of motion, and position of contact, via a taxel array. Results demonstrate that the proposed prototype PAST device surpasses an unpressurised benchmark heavy work glove(HWG) in tasks involving tactile position and motion direction identification. This provides evidence supporting the feasibility of enhancing astronaut dexterity during EVA through the use of PAST devices as an alternative paradigm to gloves.
  • Journal article
    Deady M, Collins DAJ, Glozier N, Gardiner E, Arena A, Gayed A, Bryant R, Calvo RA, Harvey SBet al., 2025,

    Naturalistic evaluation of HeadGear: a smartphone app to reduce depressive symptoms in workers

    , Behavior Therapy, Vol: 56, Pages: 529-542, ISSN: 0005-7894

    Mobile health (mHealth) apps have the potential to expand access to evidence-based interventions for mental health conditions, including depression. HeadGear was developed to prevent depression and improve well-being among the working population and was associated with significant positive effects in an efficacy trial. This study presents the results from a naturalistic trial intended to evaluate real-world usage of the app. We examined the naturalistic use of HeadGear between March 2019 and March 2022, using app analytic data, in-app event data, and surveys assessing depressive symptoms, well-being, and work performance repeated at 30-day intervals over 5-month app usage. During the observation period, HeadGear was widely disseminated to the public, and downloaded 26,455 times. Of those who downloaded the app, 12,995 completed baseline. The mean age of users was 38.23 (SD = 12.39) and 60% were women. Approximately one in four met criteria for probable depression at baseline. Depressive symptoms showed consistent improvement at all time points (Cohen’s d ranging from 0.24 at 1 month to 0.13 at 5 months). A similar pattern emerged for well-being. Work performance showed improvement to 2-month follow-up only. The strongest change was found for those with greater symptom severity at baseline, and those with high app engagement. Attrition at follow-up points was high. Findings regarding the real-world use of HeadGear are promising and highlight the use of such apps among those with higher symptom severity (despite the intended use of the app as a prevention tool). Further work is required to tailor mHealth apps to reach their full potential through an enhanced understanding of the utility of individual features for effectiveness and engagement.

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