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  • Journal article
    Zhao Z, Yang P, Guerrero JM, Xu Z, Green TCet al., 2015,

    Multiple-time-scales hierarchical frequency stability control strategy of medium-voltage isolated microgrid

    , IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol: 31, Pages: 5974-5991, ISSN: 1941-0107
  • Journal article
    Chen HT, Cheung YF, Choi HW, Tan SC, Hui SYet al., 2015,

    Reduction of Thermal Resistance and Optical Power Loss Using Thin-Film Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Structure

    , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, Vol: 62, Pages: 6925-6933, ISSN: 0278-0046
  • Journal article
    Barocio E, Pal BC, Thornhill NF, Roman Messina Aet al., 2015,

    A Dynamic Mode Decomposition Framework for Global Power System Oscillation Analysis

    , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, Vol: 30, Pages: 2902-2912, ISSN: 0885-8950
  • Conference paper
    Ferrari RMG, Boem F, Parisini T, 2015,

    An algebraic approach to modeling distributed multiphysics problems: The case of a DRI reactor

    , 4th IFAC Workshop on Mining, Mineral and Metal Processing MMM 2015, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 155-160, ISSN: 1474-6670

    This paper deals with the problem of modelling a chemical reactor for the Direct Reduction of Iron ore (DRI). Such a process is being increasingly promoted as a more viable alternative to the classic Blast Furnace for the production of iron from raw minerals. Due to the inherent complexity of the process and the reactor itself, its effective monitoring and control requires advanced mathematical models containing distributed-parameter components. While classical approaches such as Finite Element or Finite Differences are still reasonable options, for accuracy and computational efficiency reasons, an algebraic approach is proposed. A full multi-physical, albeit one-dimensional model is addressed and its accuracy is analysed.
  • Conference paper
    Chaffey G, Green TC, 2015,

    Directional current breaking capacity requirements for HVDC circuit breakers

    , 2015 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 5371-5377, ISSN: 2329-3721

    Circuit breakers are expected to be a vital element within any high capacity HVDC network. This paper examines the directional current breaking capacity requirements that might be seen on a typical HVDC grid, as required for the specification of backup protection. It is shown that there is a significant difference between the peak prospective fault currents observed when the current direction is analysed. Several meshed network topologies are examined in order to evaluate and quantify the characteristics of the directional breaker requirement. Results are presented determining that both the current breaking magnitude duty and the time constraint typically associated with the DC fault are both significantly different when comparing the current direction through the breaker, which may influence future breaker design.
  • Journal article
    Akhtar Z, Chaudhuri B, Hui S, 2015,

    Smart Loads for Voltage Control in Distribution Networks

    , IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol: 8, Pages: 937-946, ISSN: 1949-3061

    This paper shows that the smart loads (SLs) couldbe effective in mitigating voltage problems caused by photovoltaic(PV) generation and electric vehicle (EV) chargingin low-voltage (LV) distribution networks. Limitations of thepreviously reported SL configuration with only series reactivecompensator (SLQ) (one converter) is highlighted in this paper.To overcome these limitations, an additional shunt converter isused in back-to-back (B2B) configuration to support the activepower exchanged by the series converter, which increases the flexibilityof the SL without requiring any energy storage. Simulationresults on a typical U.K. LV distribution network are presented tocompare the effectiveness of an SL with B2B converters (SLBCs)against an SLQ in tackling under- and over-voltage problemscaused by EV or PV. It is shown that SLBCs can regulate themain voltage more effectively than SLQs especially under overvoltagecondition. Although two converters are required for eachSLBC, it is shown that the apparent power capacity of eachconverter is required to be significantly less than that of anequivalent SLQ.
  • Conference paper
    Sheridan CE, Merlin MMC, Green TC, 2015,

    Benefits of Operating a Four Terminal HVDC Network with a Normally Open Point

    , International High Voltage Direct Current Conference 2015

    It is likely that any HVDC grids will evolve over time and will likely be multi-vendor and use several different technologies. This paper studies a four terminal network where the interconnecting link is operated as a normally open point. This allows the network to be reconfigured in the event of DC side fault, without the need for DC circuit breakers. The network uses the popular Modular Multi-level converter at one terminal and a fault tolerant converter at the other terminal. A simple cost benefit shows the economic advantage of the interconnecting link. The operation of this network is then verified through simulation for a normal operating scenario and a DC fault scenario.
  • Conference paper
    Pipelzadeh Y, Chaudhuri B, Green T, 2015,

    Modelling and Dynamic Operation of the Zhoushan DC Grid: Worlds First Five-Terminal VSC-HVDC Project

    , International High Voltage Direct Current 2015 Conference, Publisher: IET, Pages: 87-95

    This paper highlights the world’s first operational MTDC grid, namely the 5-terminal Zhoushan DC grid. The scheme went under operation in 2014. The topology and operation of the Zhoushan DC grid are demonstrated with recorded measurements obtained from the converter station, after being subjected to system disturbances. A generic modeling framework for the Zhoushan DC grid is developed inPSCAD/EMTDC. One particular concern is how the Zhoushan DC grid would react to DC side faults and the resulting power imbalance. Despite the completion of the Zhoushan MTDC grid, technological barriers such as the unavailability of fast protection systems, DC circuit breakers and highly efficient VSCs with DC side fault-clearing capabilities have all been bottlenecks at the time of commissioning, but are now under extensive research and development. The challenges and importance of DC grid protection are highlighted through case studies performed on the DC grid model in PSCAD/EMTDC.
  • Journal article
    Teng F, Aunedi M, Strbac G, 2015,

    Benefits of flexibility from smart electrified transportation and heating in the future UK electricity system

    , Applied Energy, Vol: 167, Pages: 420-431, ISSN: 1872-9118

    This paper presents an advanced stochastic analytical framework to quantify the benefits of smart electric vehicles (EVs) and heat pumps (HPs) on the carbon emission and the integration cost of renewable energy sources (RES) in the future UK electricity system. The typical operating patterns of EVs/HPs as well as the potential flexibility to perform demand shifting and frequency response are sourced from recent UK trials. A comprehensive range of case studies across several future UK scenarios suggest that smart EVs/HPs could deliver measurable carbon reductions by enabling a more efficient operation of the electricity system, while at the same time making the integration of electrified transport and heating demand significantly less carbon intensive. The second set of case studies establish that smart EVs/HPs have significant potential to support cost-efficient RES integration by reducing: (a) RES balancing cost, (b) cost of required back-up generation capacity, and (c) cost of additional low-carbon capacity required to offset lower fuel efficiency and curtailed RES output while achieving the same emission target. Frequency response provision from EVs/HPs could significantly enhance both the carbon benefit and the RES integration benefit of smart EVs/HPs.
  • Conference paper
    Boem F, Riverso S, Ferrari-Trecate G, Parisini Tet al., 2015,

    A plug-and-play fault diagnosis approach for large-scale systems

    , 9th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes SAFEPROCESS 2015, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 601-606, ISSN: 1474-6670

    This paper proposes a novel Plug-and-Play (PnP) dynamic approach for the monitoring of Large-Scale Systems (LSSs). The proposed architecture exploits a distributed Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) methodology for nonlinear LSS in a PnP framework. The LSS consists of several interconnected subsystems and the designed FDI architecture is able to manage plugging-in of novel subsystems and un-plugging of existing ones. Moreover, the proposed PnP approach performs the unplugging of faulty subsystems in order to avoid the propagation of faults in the interconnected LSS. Analogously, once the issue has been solved, the disconnected subsystem can be re-plugged-in. The reconfiguration processes only involves local operations of neighboring subsystems, thus allowing a distributed architecture.
  • Conference paper
    Boem F, Ferrari RMG, Parisini T, Polycarpou MMet al., 2015,

    Optimal topology for distributed fault detection of large-scale systems

    , 9th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes SAFEPROCESS 2015, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 60-65, ISSN: 1474-6670

    The paper deals with the problem of defining the optimal topology for a distributed fault detection architecture for non-linear large-scale systems. A stochastic modelbased framework for diagnosis is formulated. The system structural graph is decomposed into subsystems and each subsystem is monitored by one local diagnoser. It is shown that overlapping of subsystems allows to improve the detectability properties of the monitoring architecture. Based on this theoretical result, an optimal decomposition design method is proposed, able to define the minimum number of detection units needed to guarantee the detectability of certain faults while minimizing the communication costs subject to some computation cost constraints. An algorithmic procedure is presented to solve the proposed optimal decomposition problem. Preliminary simulation results show the potential of the proposed approach.
  • Journal article
    Zhao Z, Yang P, Cai Z, Zhou S, Green TCet al., 2015,

    Cooperative control of transient voltage stability for islanded medium-voltage microgrid with wind power

    , Dianli Zidonghua Shebei Electric Power Automation Equipment, Vol: 35, Pages: 1-9, ISSN: 1006-6047

    The transient operating characteristics of DFIG(Doubly-Fed Induction Generator) and dynamic loads are analyzed for islanded medium-voltage microgrid. A locally coordinative control strategy based on the energy storage stability control, fast wind turbine pitch angle control and dynamic load shedding is proposed to improve the transient voltage stability of microgrid with DFIG. The medium-voltage microgrid system of Dongao Island and the corresponding stability control strategy model are established based on PSCAD/EMTDC. Research results indicate that, the transient voltage stability of microgrid is closely related to the penetration rate of wind power and the load characteristic;the proposed control strategy can effectively enhance the voltage stability of microgrid under serious disturbance.
  • Journal article
    Zhong W, Hui SYR, 2015,

    Auxiliary Circuits for Power Flow Control in Multifrequency Wireless Power Transfer Systems With Multiple Receivers

    , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, Vol: 30, Pages: 5902-5910, ISSN: 0885-8993
  • Journal article
    Ng WM, Hui SYR, 2015,

    Ultralow-Loss Passive T5 Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts for Subzero Temperature Operation

    , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, Vol: 30, Pages: 5792-5799, ISSN: 0885-8993
  • Conference paper
    Scarciotti G, 2015,

    Model reduction of power systems with preservation of slow and poorly damped modes

    , IEEE PES General Meeting 2015, Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 1-5, ISSN: 1944-9925

    In this paper a recently proposed variation of the Krylov subspace method for model reduction is applied to power systems. The technique allows to easily enforce constraints on the reduced order model. Herein this is used to preserve the slow and poorly damped modes of the systems in the reduced order model. We analyze the role that these modes have in obtaining a good approximation and we show that the order of the reduced model can be decreased if the 'right' modes are preserved. We validate the theory on the 68-Bus, 16-Machine, 5-Area benchmark system (NETS-NYPS).
  • Journal article
    Newbery D, Strbac G, 2015,

    What is needed for battery electric vehicles to become socially cost competitive?

    , Economics of Transportation, Vol: 5, Pages: 1-11, ISSN: 2212-0122

    Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) could be key to decarbonizing transport, but are heavily subsidized. Most assessments of BEVs use highly taxed road fuel prices and ignore efficient pricing of electricity. We use efficient prices for transport fuels and electricity, to judge what battery costs would make BEVs cost competitive. High mileage, low discount rates and high oil prices could make BEVs cost competitive by 2020, and by 2030 fuel costs are comparable over a wider range. Its contribution lies in careful derivation of efficient fuel and electricity prices and the concept of a target battery cost.
  • Journal article
    Scarciotti G, Astolfi A, 2015,

    Model reduction by matching the steady-state response of explicit signal generators

    , IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol: 99, ISSN: 1558-2523
  • Conference paper
    Calvo JL, Tindemans S, Strbac G, 2015,

    Managing Risks from Reverse Flows under Distribution Network Outage Scenarios

    , IET International Conference on Resilience of Transmission and Distribution Networks (RTDN 2015), Publisher: IET

    Distribution networks have been traditionally conceived fortransporting electricity downstream into low voltage demandnodes. However, the connection of significant amounts ofdistributed generation may reverse this condition, resulting indistribution nodes exporting power to other parts of thenetwork. The current planning standard of the UK distributionnetworks (Engineering recommendation P2/6) requires makingavailable sufficient capacity and redundancy for downstreamflows under peak demand levels. However, it does notexplicitly consider the implications of DG-mediated flowreversals that may cause flow constraints under circuit outageconditions. Relying on a Monte Carlo approach to sample windand demand with adjustable correlations, this paper providesinsights into the risks associated with an increase of variabledistributed generation to the point where reverse flows mayexceed the connection capacity under circuit outage conditions.Remote tripping schemes that disconnect distributedgenerators upon occurrence of a fault are explored to mitigateoutage related costs. The latter strategy carries benefits but alsonovel risks in the form of a reliance on real-timecommunication and control, which may malfunction. It isshown that even unreliable corrective actions conveysignificant benefits to system reliability.
  • Conference paper
    Djapic P, Tindemans S, Strbac G, 2015,

    Comparison of Approaches for Quantifying Demand Side Response Capacity Credit for the Use in Distribution Network Planning

    , IET International Conference on Resilience of Transmission and Distribution Networks (RTDN 2015), Publisher: IET

    The present UK distribution network planning standard,Engineering Recommendation P.2/6 (P2/6), defines theacceptable durations of supply outages following first andsecond circuit outage conditions as function of group demand.In addition, P2/6 specifies a capacity value for distributedgeneration (DG) to be used in future circuit capacity planning.The approach does not consider other elements of thedistribution network. This paper analyses the reliabilityperformance of distribution system when DSR is used todefer network upgrades driven by load growth. The analysisuses actual DSR performance data from trials that wereexecuted as part of the Low Carbon London project. The DSRcontribution to security of supply is assessed using aprobabilistic risk modelling framework to further inform anumber of topics (i) reliability contribution of DSRtechnologies in a network context, (ii) strengths andweaknesses of P2/6 in estimating contribution to security ofsupply, (iii) benefits of contractual redundancy, (iv) impact ofDSR coincidence in delivery (common mode failures) oncontribution to security, and (v) impact of DSR scale andmagnitude on contribution to security of supply.
  • Journal article
    Colet-Subirachs A, Gomis-Bellmunt O, Clos-Costa D, Martin-Segura G, Junyent-Ferre A, Villafafila-Robles R, Ferrer-Marti Let al., 2010,

    Electromechanical Modelling and Control of a Micro-Wind Generation System for Isolated Low Power DC Micro Grids

    , EPE JOURNAL, Vol: 20, Pages: 42-48, ISSN: 0939-8368
  • Journal article
    Li S, Qi W, Tan SC, Hui SYRet al., 2015,

    Integration of an Active Filter and a Single-Phase AC/DC Converter with Reduced Capacitance Requirement and Component Count

    , IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol: 31, Pages: 4121-4137, ISSN: 0885-8993

    Existing methods of incorporating an active filter into an AC/DC converter for eliminating electrolytic capacitors usually require extra power switches. This inevitably leads to an increased system cost and degraded energy efficiency. In this paper, a concept of active-filter integration for single-phase AC/DC converters is reported. The resultant converters can provide simultaneous functions of power factor correction, DC voltage regulation, and active power decoupling for mitigating the low-frequency DC voltage ripple, without an electrolytic capacitor and extra power switch. To complement the operation, two closed-loop voltage-ripple-based reference generation methods are developed for controlling the energy storage components to achieve active power decoupling. Both simulation and experiment have confirmed the eligibility of the proposed concept and control methods in a 210-W rectification system comprising an H-bridge converter with a half-bridge active filter. Interestingly, the end converters (Type I and Type II) can be readily available using a conventional H-bridge converter with minor hardware modification. A stable DC output with merely 1.1% ripple is realized with two 50-μF film capacitors. For the same ripple performance, a 900-μF capacitor is required in conventional converters without an active filter. Moreover, it is found out that the active-filter integration concept might even improve the efficiency performance of the end converters as compared with the original AC/DC converter without integration.
  • Journal article
    Padoan A, Astolfi A, 2015,

    A Note on Delay Coordinates for Locally Observable Analytic Systems

    , IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol: 61, Pages: 1409-1412, ISSN: 1558-2523

    In this short note, the problem of locally reconstructing the state of a nonlinear system is studied. To avoid computational difficulties arising in the numerical differentiation of the output, the so-called delay coordinates are considered. The assumptions of analyticity and (local) observability of the system are shown to imply that a family of mappings, induced by the delay coordinates and parameterized by a time delay parameter, gives a local diffeomorphism for generic values of such delay parameter on a certain set. A worked-out example illustrates the result.
  • Conference paper
    Das HB, Evangelou SA, Dhinagar SJ, 2015,

    An objective analysis of drivability for two wheeler powertrain with control oriented dynamic model

    , Pages: 292-299, ISSN: 1474-6670

    The objective of this work is to estimate drivability characteristics parameters of two wheeler powertrain with control oriented powertrain model. The evaluation is essential for defining drivability characteristics for a future electric variable transmission (EVT) powertrain. The mathematical model for the complete powertrain is developed using suitable modeling approaches for the different sub-modules of the complete system. The Spark Ignition (SI) engine model used for this work is developed from mean value model approach and experimentally validated with test data from TVS Motor Company, India. The model is integrated with two types of transmission models, Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT) and Manual Transmission (MT). It simulates dynamic power-flow from the engine to wheel for analyzing longitudinal drivability of the vehicle for both powertrain configurations. It is proposed that the drivability can be measured with certain parameters which show good correlation with subjective assessments for vehicle launch as well as tip in condition. The objective assessment of both types of powertrains is performed using the above mentioned powertrain models. The results of the simulation for drivability tests are discussed in this paper.
  • Journal article
    Nunna K, Sassano M, Astolfi A, 2015,

    Constructive interconnection and damping assignment for port-controlled Hamiltonian systems

    , IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol: 60, Pages: 2350-2361, ISSN: 0018-9286

    The Interconnection and Damping Assignment Passivity-Based Control (IDA-PBC) problem for port-controlled Hamiltonian systems is revisited. We propose a methodology that exploits the novel notion of algebraic solution of the so-called matching equation. This notion is instrumental for the construction of an energy function, defined on an extended state-space, which does not rely upon the solution of any partial differential equation. This yields, differently from the classical solution, a dynamic state feedback that stabilizes a desired equilibrium point. In addition, conditions that allow to preserve the port-controlled Hamiltonian structure in the extended closed-loop system are provided. The theory is validated on two physical systems: the magnetic levitated ball and a third order food-chain system. A dynamic control law is constructed for both these systems by assigning a damping factor that cannot be assigned by the classical IDA-PBC.
  • Journal article
    Prieto-Araujo E, Junyent-Ferre A, Lavernia-Ferrer D, Gomis-Bellmunt Oet al., 2015,

    Decentralized Control of a Nine-Phase Permanent Magnet Generator for Offshore Wind Turbines

    , IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol: 30, Pages: 1103-1112, ISSN: 0885-8969

    This paper presents a decentralized current controlapproach for a nine-phase wind turbine generator. This type ofgenerator has three different three-phase stators sharing the samemachine yoke and connected to the grid by means of three differentvoltage source back-to-back power converters. Due to themachine configuration, magnetic couplings are present betweenthe three stators, complicating the design and implementation ofthe machine current controllers. Rather than a centralized controlapproach, this paper proposes a methodology to design a decentralizedmachine control to regulate the active and reactive powerflowing through each stator independently. A complete dynamicanalysis is performed in order to design the controller to reducethe coupling effects within the machine, while ensuring a properdynamic performance. The control strategy is validated throughsimulation and experimental results.
  • Journal article
    Tindemans SH, Trovato V, Strbac G, 2015,

    Decentralized control of thermostatic loads for flexible demand response

    , IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol: 23, Pages: 1685-1700, ISSN: 1063-6536

    Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), such as refrigerators, air-conditioners and space heaters, offer significant potential for short-term modulation of their aggregate power consumption. This ability can be used in principle to provide frequency response services, but controlling a multitude of devices to provide a measured collective response has proven to be challenging. Many controller implementations struggle to manage simultaneously the short-term response and the long-term payback, whereas others rely on a real-time command-and-control infrastructure to resolve this issue. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to the control of TCLs that allows for accurate modulation of the aggregate power consumption of a large collection of appliances through stochastic control. By construction, the control scheme is well suited for decentralized implementation, and allows each appliance to enforce strict temperature limits. We also present a particular implementation that results in analytically tractable solutions both for the global response and for the device-level control actions. Computer simulations demonstrate the ability of the controller to modulate the power consumption of a population of heterogeneous appliances according to a reference power profile. Finally, envelope constraints are established for the collective demand response flexibility of a heterogeneous set of TCLs.
  • Journal article
    Yang Y, Mok K-T, Tan S-C, Hui SYRet al., 2015,

    Nonlinear Dynamic Power Tracking of Low-Power Wind Energy Conversion System

    , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, Vol: 30, Pages: 5223-5236, ISSN: 0885-8993
  • Journal article
    Teng F, Aunedi M, Pudjianto D, Strbac Get al., 2015,

    Benefits of demand-side response in providing frequency response service in the future GB power system

    , Frontiers in Energy Research, Vol: 3, ISSN: 2296-598X

    The demand for ancillary service is expected to increase significantly in the future Great Britain (GB) electricity system due to high penetration of wind. In particular, the need for frequency response, required to deal with sudden frequency drops following a loss of generator, will increase because of the limited inertia capability of wind plants. This paper quantifies the requirements for primary frequency response and analyses the benefits of frequency response provision from demand-side response (DSR). The results show dramatic changes in frequency response requirements driven by high penetration of wind. Case studies carried out by using an advanced stochastic generation scheduling model suggest that the provision of frequency response from DSR could greatly reduce the system operation cost, wind curtailment, and carbon emissions in the future GB system characterized by high penetration of wind. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the benefit of DSR shows significant diurnal and seasonal variation, whereas an even more rapid (instant) delivery of frequency response from DSR could provide significant additional value. Our studies also indicate that the competing technologies to DSR, namely battery storage, and more flexible generation could potentially reduce its value by up to 35%, still leaving significant room to deploy DSR as frequency response provider.
  • Report
    Canizares C, Fernandes T, Geraldi Jr E, Gerin-Lajoie L, Gibbard M, Hiskens I, Kersulis J, Kuiava R, Lima L, Marco FD, Martins N, Pal BC, Piardi A, Ramos R, Santos JD, Silva D, Singh AK, Tamimi B, Vowels Det al., 2015,

    Benchmark Systems for Small-Signal Stability Analysis and Control

    , Publisher: IEEE Power and Energy Society

    This report documents the work of the IEEE PES Task Force (TF) on Benchmark Systems for Stability Controls. The following sections present the objectives of the TF, the guidelines used to select the benchmarks, a brief description of each benchmark system so the reader can select the most suitable system for the intended application, the input data and results for each benchmark system, and a set of conclusions.Detailed descriptions of each system are also presented in the Appendices to this report and in the website created by this Task Force to share the data and simulation results related to the benchmark systems.
  • Journal article
    Singh AK, Pal BC, 2015,

    Decentralized Control of Oscillatory Dynamics in Power Systems using an Extended LQR

    , IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol: 31, Pages: 1715-1728, ISSN: 1558-0679

    This paper proposes a decentralized algorithm for real-time control of oscillatory dynamics in power systems. The algorithm integrates dynamic state estimation (DSE) with an extended linear quadratic regulator (ELQR) for optimal control. The control for one generation unit only requires measurements and parameters for that unit, and hence the control at a unit remains completely independent of other units. The control gains are updated in real-time, therefore the control scheme remains valid for any operating condition. The applicability of the proposed algorithm has been demonstrated on a representative power system model.

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